3. Executive Summary
Warung Pintar is committed in improving mitra's literacy
skills in technology and finance. In doing so, we regularly
evaluates Mitra's literacy skills.
In this research we studied mitra's literacy skills towards
technology and internet access which includes knowing
mitra's literacy level in using gadgets, social media, online
transactions, digital banking and accessing informations on
the internet.
Some of the important findings are:
This research uses Australia Digital
Inclusion Index framework which
includes Access Affordability Index
and Digital Ability Index, adjusted
with Warung Pintar's context in
operating tech savvy warung. Both
Index is made up from 5 major
components with 28 variables and
sub-variables. Those components
consists of internet access, internet
technology, internet data allowance
& expenditures, attitudes, and basic
skills & activities.
On average, Mitra only have 1
gadget; smartphone.
Mitra's daily internet usage is 5.4
hours compared to national's daily
average of 8 hours.
They usually spend 10GB / month
on quota while the national's
average is 21GB / month.
More than 48% of mitra did not
read information they receive
whole fully. They tend to only read
the titles and subtitles and 56% of
them did not clarify informations
that they receive.
In conclusion, mitra's literacy skills is
on the phase of only looking for
informations that they want to
know.
3
4
Technology and internet usage has
reach more than 90%. This includes
owning a social media account,
online transactions and info
gathering from the internet. 64%
have access to financial services, both
bank or non-bank.
5
1
2
43
WP Mitra's Index
Digital Inclusion Index = 61.13 / 100
(Moderate Category)
Access-Affordability Index = 47.31 / 100
(Low Category)
Digital Ability Index = 74.96 / 100
(Moderate Category)
The gap between the two index that
make up Digital Inclusion Index is
caused by limited operation from
warung due to minimum gadget
usage along with a permanentlocation
of warung. Minimum gadgets usage
along with locations from which one
can access the internet affects the
Internet Accessibility Index.
4. Background
There are 171.17 million internet
users in Indonesia, 64.8% of
total populations. Users from
Java alone made up 55% of that
64.8%.
Data above is based on research conducted
by Polling Indonesia and Asosiasi
Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia
(APJII).
The number of Indonesian internet users can show digital inclusion in the country. Digital
inclusion is based on the premise that everyone has to be able to take advantage of digital
technology. Having said that, digital inclusion isn’t limited to the available access to digital
technology but also affected by digital literacy (skills and creativity), whether a person can see
the benefits of involvement, motivation, and the attitude towards the internet, including the
fear of their safety in the digital world.
The development of the digital world brings two opposite sides for the users; challenge and
opportunity. Digital world access makes it possible for its users to find information easily,
quickly, and without location boundaries.
In 2019, internet users grow 10.12% compared to 2018.
By January 2019, there are 1.94 billion
accessible websites on the internet.
Various types of contents are available and
easily accessed on the internet, both
positive and negative. A good digital literacy
is necessary for one to differentiate contents
available on the internet..
The importance of digital literacy has
pushed Kementrian Komunikasi dan
Informatika (KenKomInfo) to create
SiBerKreasi initiative. It is an initiative to
increase Indonesia's digital literacy to fight
the spread of negative contents on the
internet. Digital literacy is necessary for an
individual to thrive in today's world
especially with what the internet has to
offer. One should be able to understand and
choose those informations.
Warung Pintar as a tech company aims to
change micro businesses in Indonesia
especially warung by educating both the
warung and mitra to better prepare them
for their future and facing future economy.
Warung Pintar supports mitra by supplying
them with technology like Juragan
application, WIFI and payment system.
Through such facilities provided, it is proven
that Warung Pintar's support towards mitra's
digital education are endless and an
end-to-end process. Not only Warung Pintar
provides such technologies but (we) provides
regular classes to better educate mitra to use
technologies that is provided.
Digital Inclusion Index is Warung Pintar’s
form of support towards the government’s
effort in improving digital literacy and
technology usage.
From this index, we can see the impacts
produce from educating towards digital
technology usage. This index also acts as a
tool for Warung Pintar to evaluate progress
towards technology development which can
accelerate inclusion level and digital literacy
for citizens.
65
5. Research Method Research Framework
Qualitative and
Quantitative
Methodology
The samples are from 434 mitra active for the
last 6 months (January - June 2019), spread
across available area; Jakarta, Depok,
Tangerang, South Tangerang, and
Banyuwangi.
The data is taken
through an online
questionnaire with
close-ended
questions.
Survey uses Simple Random Sampling
Method, with 4% margin of error and 95%
confidence level. Survey occurs between 1 - 5
August 2019.
After acquiring quantitative data, we research
further by conducting an in-depth interview
on 30 Mitra based on the location spread and
warung activeness. This interview focuses on
behavior towards technology usage and
Warung Pintar's influence towards improving
mitra's digital literacy. Interview occurs
between 1-8 September 2019.
The conceptualization for the digital inclusion index calculation in this research
is developed from the Australian Digital Inclusion Index (ADII), which was first
published in 2016. ADII measures digital inclusion with 3 aspects: Access,
Affordability, and Digital Ability.
Those 3 aspects then derived into several components, then several variables
that consist of:
Internet Access, measured by internet
access frequency, internet access
location, and the number of internet
access.
Internet Technology, measured by the
gadget, mobile internet broadband, and
fixed internet broadband.
Internet Data Allowance, access capacity
spent in a certain period, whether it’s
mobile or fixed.
Relative Expenditure that observes the
amount of money spent to access the
internet, compared to the average usage
of each area.
Value of Expenditure that observes the
internet data price per dollar spent,
compared to the average usage of each
area.
Attitudes, to observe the attitude in
using internet/technology, consists of
the desire to use the
internet/technology, self-control in
information access, and the confidence
in using the internet/technology.
Basic Skills, to observe the basic skills in
using technology, consists of basic
internet knowledge, skills in using
smartphones, digital banking, online
shopping, social media, and information
literacy.
Activities, to observe the way to access
information, media, communication,
contents, online shopping, and internet
transactions.
1 2 3
Access Affordability Digital Ability
with 3 components: with 2 components: to measure how far the knowledge
and technology usage literacy in
daily life, with 3 components:
87
6. Access-Affordability Index is made up of 10
variables, meanwhile Digital Ability Index is
made up of 18 variables.
These variables are derived from the component of each aspect to make a questionnaire
material. On the other hand, the questionnaire is based on the ADII framework that would be
later adjusted to Mitra Warung Pintar’s context with several additions such as, technology
usage aspect for warung businesses and how well Mitra knows technology. This questionnaire is
later tested for its validity and reliability on several indicators. To simplify the understanding,
below is the research framework that is used in this study.
109
Index
Component
Variable
Sub-Variable
Access & Affordability
Internet Access
Frequency of Internet Access
Internet Access in a
Week
Internet Access
Everyday
Internet Usage Duration
1
2
3
Internet Access Internet Technology
Internet Data Allowance &
Relatives Expenditure
Frequency
Accessing
Location
Number
of access
Gadget
possession
Mobile
Internet
Broadband
Fixed Internet
Broadband
Internet cost
per month
Quota spent
Internet Access
in a Week
Location
to access
the internet
Gadget
connected to
the internet
Mobile
internet cost
for a month
Wi-Fi (fixed
internet) cost
per month
Quota spent
each month
Number of
gadgets
owned
Internet connection
ownership
Internet Access
Everyday
Internet Usage
Duration
Access &
Affordability
Attitudes
Basic skills & Activities
General
internet
skills
Mobile
phone
skills
Internet
community
skills
Internet
shopping
skills
Internet
banking
skills
Internet
information
skills
Technology benefit
for warung
Internet
browser
knowledge
Internet
banking
transaction
Types of
information
Mobile
internet
access
Social media
ownership
Online
transaction
experience
Search
engine usage
Reading
comments
Apps
downloads
Product
information
literacy
Desire to access
internet
Desire to learn new
technology
Photo uploads
and downloads
Giving
comments
Product
review/rating
literacy
Private
blog/website
ownership
Software update
Digital
Ability
Digital Inclusion Index Research Framework
Index Calculation Structure Example
Digital Ability
Attitudes
Basic Skills & Activities
Australian Digital
Inclusion Index
framework uses area
as analytical unit
while Mitra's
Warung Pintar
Digital Inclusion
Index uses individual
level as analytical
unit.
1
2
Access dan Affordability
Internet Access
Internet Technology
Internet Data Allowance & Relative Expenditure
So, there is an adjustment in the main
components that made up the Digital
Inclusion Index. In this study, the calculation of
Mitra Warung Pintar’s Digital Inclusion Index
is simplified into 2 aspects:
1
2
3
4
The index of each aspect is accounted toward
the Digital Inclusion Index where to get the
Digital Inclusion Index value, we took the
average from Access and Affordability Index
and Digital Ability Index. The index value of
each aspect is acquired from factor analytic
calculation.
Factor analysis is a statistical method used to
describe correlated variables. The correlated
variables formed a linear combination from
the real data. In the factor analysis, we will see
the inter-variables correlation that is grouped
into several common factors.
The process to calculate each variable’s weight
with a factor analysis consists of 4 steps:
To calculate factor loading and identify a
common factor
To calculate rotated factor loading
To group variables into several factors
Rescaled factor loading
7. Digital Demographics
12
11
95,4 % of mitra are accessing the
internet from their phones.To get the big picture of mitra's technology
usage, we display how far the technology
penetration is statistically, starting from the
internet, gadget usage, social media, online
shopping, digital banking, and information
access literacy. Other than that, this section
also displays the activities that are conducted
using technology as a part of technology
usage literacy. Here are the statistics data of
mitra warung’s technology penetration and
usage
1 Accessibility
2500+
Warung Population
98.3%
Social Media
Penetration
91.2%
Online Shopping
Penetration
95.6%
Internet
Penetration
95.4%
Mobile Phone
Penetration
64.52%
Digital Banking
Penetration
95.6%
Digital
InformationAccess
Mitra Warung’s
Internet
Penetration is
almost 40%
higher than the
national
internet scale in
2019 at 56%.
The gap is understandable since the
access and information technology
development is not spread equally.
There is still a significant gap between
infrastructure development in big
cities compared to rural areas in
Indonesia.
(According to data published by Statistics Indonesia
and The Ministry of Technology and Communication,
the gap between the highest index (DKI Jakarta) and
Papua reached 5 points. Meanwhile, the gap between
DKI Jakarta’s Index and the second-highest index (DI
Yogyakarta) is 1.29 points; this gap is too high since the
average gap is below 0.50 points. In conclusion, the
information and technology infrastructure
development is still focused in Jakarta.)
Mitra Warung Pintar’s Technology Penetration
This is parallel with the data that are released by APJII in 2018 stating that phones in Indonesia,
that phones in Indonesia are contributing to 93.9% of internet users.
Only 64.52% Mitra have done a balance check through mobile/internet banking. This number is
slightly higher than the overall data in Indonesia at 61%. Meanwhile, 91.24% Mitra Warung Pintar
has done an online shopping transaction. This number is higher than the overall Indonesian
data at 86%. The other aspects will be exposed in detail in the table below.
North and Central
Jakarta*
Jakarta and
surrounding
South Jakarta
East Jakarta
West Jakarta
Depok
Tangerang
South
Tangerang
Notes:
*samples in North and Central Jakarta don not represent the whole region since there are not many Warung Pintar kiosks in the area.
BanyuwangiBanyuwangi
Area
Technology Penetration
100.00%
Internet
Mobile
Phone
Social
Media
Online
Shopping
Digital
Banking
Digital
Information
Access
97.50%
100.00%
95.24%
97.00%
91.43%
92.73%
91.89%
100.00%
98.75%
98.48%
100.00%
97.00%
97.14%
100.00%
98.65%
100.00%
95.00%
98.48%
95.24%
93.00%
91.43%
96.36%
100.00%
100.00%
87.50%
92.42%
90.48%
95.00%
91.43%
98.18%
83.78%
100.00%
63.75%
59.09%
66.67%
64.00%
68.57%
63.64%
68.92%
100.00%
97.50%
100.00%
95.24%
97.00%
91.43%
92.73%
91.89%
100.00%
90.50%
88.57%
90.61%
89.19%
IT
Development
Index
Technology
Penetration
Average
Almost every technology aspects reach
more than 90%, except digital banking
that is still lying around 60%. The reason
is, there are other factors such as the
financial literacy that is proportional to
digital banking instrument usage.
Mitra Warung’s
literacy scale is still in
the index of 69.40,
which confirms the
previous data.
Technology Penetration based on area
90.00%
91.41%
90.48%
7.61
4.51
4.82
4.27
8. 14
This shows that mobile phones are strategic tools to get mitra closer to technology. There are
also some stimulus factors that pushes mitra to use gadgets. These factors include using
gadgets to communicate with their families, friends, and neighbors, shopping for supplies and
to look for information for their business needs; stock order and sales.
Meanwhile, the average internet quota spent each month reach 10.9GB,
which means that mitra could spend 25-100 thousand rupiahs to buy
internet quota. And for the fixed internet costs with unlimited quota, mitra
spent an average of 230 thousand rupiahs per month.
93.1% mitra access the internet every day, this number is higher than the Indonesian
average of 79%. However, the duration average of internet surfing is only 5.4 hours, way
lower number compared to the national average of 8 hours.
2390 Mitra or more than 95.6% are active
internet users (in the past week) with a
handphone as the main access.
Autodidact 78%
22%Family
Warung Pintar
Books
Videos
Others
(friends, work)
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
22%
8%
8%
17%
Source of Mitra’s Gadget and Internet learning
62.4%
1 Gadget
24.4%
2 Gadget
9%
3 Gadget
4.6%
>4 Gadget
Number of Gadgets connected to the internet
2 Usability
Owned house
Public space (free, e. g. Park, terminal, etc)
Public space (paid, e. g. Cafe, restaurant, theatre, etc)
On the move
Others
80.20%
25.60%
7.10%
21.00%
18.90%
31.80%
This discussion will focus on the detailed
usage of each type of technology
Internet and Mobile Phone
10.98 GB
Average Internet
Package Spent per month
5.4 hours
Duration average of Internet
Access per day
95.4%Internet Connected Phones
25-100
thousand
Average cost to
buy data package
230
thousand
Average cost for Fixed
Internet Connection
1-5 GB
6-10 GB
11-15 GB
16-20 GB
>20 GB
0% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Types of Gadgets connected to the internet
Internet Surfing Duration Internet Accessing Location
Number of Gadgets Connected to the internet
<1 hour 1-2 hours >3 hours2-3 hours
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
9.90%
13.10% 12.00%
65.00%
24.12%
45.67%
11.48%
6.79%
11.94%
95.6%Active Internet Users
13
Handphone 95.40%
34.80%
16.60%
Tablet
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
10.40%Computer/
PC
Laptop/
Notebook
School/campus
Not an owned house
Place of work/office
20.70%
13.40%
9. 98.3%
Social Media Account Ownership
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Facebook
88.25%
Instagram
67.28%
Whatsapp
79.80%
Line
1.15%
Twitter
24.19%
Linkedin
13.59% 0%
30%
60%
Shopee
56.68%
Blibli
10.83%
Lazada
14.06%
Others
3.92%
Instagram
15.90%
Tokopedia
45.61%
Bukalapak
41.94%
Facebook
18.89%
Media Social
Online Transactions Options
It is proven that mitra uses the internet for important things like checking the texts and social
media, they do not have to stand by to see all the notifications. Other than that, there is also an
influence from warung’s way of work that is not dependent to the internet in its day to day
operations, compared to the office workers that need the internet as the main support.
From the way they learn how to use gadgets and the internet, mitra self-taught themselves in
general to operate their gadgets and the internet. 21.7% mitra learned from Warung Pintar,
which is also connected to the accompaniment program through warung facilitator, that has
been done systematically and simultaneously.
Other than that, the learning process also comes from repeating the lessons from the family,
cousins, friends, or other mediums. Also, mitra’s adaptation duration of using the gadget or new
technology varies according to how often mitra use the gadget/technology.
The objective of social media usage varies, depending on the type of social media. For example,
Facebook and WhatsApp are mostly used to communicate with family, friends, cousins, and
neighbors. Instagram and Youtube are used to browse for information, news, and
entertainment. Sometimes we found that these social media are used for online transactions.
Some mitra also utilize social media to save personal photos and videos.
The most active social media usage is
for calling via the internet (84.33%),
chatting (71.89), and video call (66.82%).
Around 2400 mitra warung have their
own social media account. Facebook is
the highest number of ownership at
88.25%, followed by WhatsApp at 79.80%,
and Instagram at 67.28%.
1615
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Sell
inventory
39.40%
pay
the bill
85.41%
Buy
inventory
78,34%
Looking for
product info
89.86%
reading
review/rating
86.64%
Online Transactions Activities
Mitra’s choice to do
online transactions
mostly falls on
Shopee.
Social Media
91.2%Have done online transactions
Online Shopping
10. Type of Digital Wallet Ownership
It is clear that the impact of Shoppe’s
promotion through April - July 2019; a huge
different from 2018’s research that shows
Tokopedia and Bukalapak as the first and
second choice. The other interesting finding is
mitra’s literacy process before buying
(89.86%).
The majority of mitra stated that they often
buy PPOB products like phone credits,
internet packages, and electricity tokens,
followed by personal needs like clothing and
electronics.
This literacy process
is done by reading
the reviews/rating of
the product that
they were going to
buy (86.64%).
The reason for
mitra shops online
is a cheaper price
than offline stores
(especially if there
is a flash sale, sale,
or cashback)
which gives them
more benefits.
Other than promos and discounts, people
choose a certain application to shop online by
judging the user friendliness of the app and
features offered by the app. For example,
Lazada has a COD feature, Shopee has free
delivery, and Tokopedia has more various
inventory.
We also observe mitra’s patterns in using
online transactions platform to sell. The
stimulus is to open a wider market, so they
have a bigger chance to be known by a bigger
society, and also it is easier and cheaper in
terms of operation; they do not need an offline
store, which means a cheaper operational
burden.
This is worth observing for Warung Pintar, so
we can provide a PPOB facility to be warung’s
feature since there are more than 70% mitra
that wanted to provide PPOB products in
their warungs. Currently, there are only 25%
mitra that provides a PPOB service from other
e-commerce.
Digital
Banking
64.52%Have used digital banking services
63%
Mobile and i-Banking
38.2%
E-Money Card
44.2%
Digital Wallet
More than 82.44% of mitra warung have at least 1 digital product.
The digital banking positive trend in urban
society is proportional to this study's findings.
OVO ownership is still slightly higher of 1.5%
from Go-Pay ownership. The other finding is
64.52% mitra have checked their balance
through internet/mobile banking.
Based on Mitra Warung Pintar’s financial
literacy research in 2019, in practice, digital
product usage, there is a tendency that mitra
asks their family members for help, especially
their children, to pay various bills (water and
electricity). Digital products are also used for
common savings, this usually happens to
warungs that have online motorcycle taxi
communities. From the aspects of knowledge,
mitra have an adequate understanding that
digital products can facilitate some needs, but
on the other hand, in practice, some of our
findings stated that mitra haven’t been able
to use the digital products fluently.
1817
27.3%
28.8%
11.6%
3.8%6.3%
11. Digital Information Access
95.6%Mitra uses the internet to access content/information
20
Digital information access is how mitra warung access content/information that they needed.
In browsing for content/information, 97.37% mitra will open the browser
first. Meanwhile, only 62.67% that uses search engines (Google, Yahoo, etc)
to help the content/information browsing.
Types of browsed information
79.49%
News
13.13%
Weather
26.73%
Sports
43.55%
Entertainment
57.60%
Location/Maps
66.13%
Health
52.53%
Government
Administration
28.57%
Public
Transport
23.73%
Traffic
34.33%
Travel
35.48%
Restaurant
47.24%
Job opening
65.21%
Technology
3.92%
Others
Games 37.33%
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Video/TV/
Online Movies
58.99%
Music/
Online Radio
67.74%
News/
Information
95.60%
Type of browsed contents
We also observe the literacy process to access information that is done by
mitra, divided into 3 parts:
Browsing process for desired contents
To get access to the information, mitra used various
applications starting from Google, Facebook,
Youtube, and Instagram. For usage through Google,
browser, and Youtube, mitra entered the desired
keywords. Meanwhile, for Facebook and Instagram,
mitra used feed feature by following various
information accounts or scrolling to find the news
that they want.
The process of understanding information
comprehensively
How the information is acquired wholly whether by
reading, watching, or listening.
The result is, some of mitra tried to understand
information comprehensively for various reasons,
one of them being the acquired information is
clear and accurate, and to avoid hoax/fake news.
However, not all acquired information can be
understood comprehensively; only the interesting
parts. There are also some mitra who read the bullet
points. The rest stated that they didn’t go through
the complete understanding process for various
reasons like being busy and reading the title and
visual is enough.
The process of information confirmation by
checking the truth
Mitra’s pattern in this matter varies, depending on
the type of information they acquired. If it is
entertainment, there are some mitra that does
not bother to check if the information is true. The
other reasons are time factor and their busy
activities so they only did a basic literacy process
like reading the title/looking at the visuals. If the
information is acquired from social media like
Facebook and Instagram, mitra felt the need to
confirm it. Some of mitra did the confirmation
process through trusted information sources by
looking at the information publisher. Others
confirmed by asking other people. If we look at the
proportion, there are only a few mitra with a
complete literacy process. This is influenced by
various factors other than the technical factors like
information types, business, and limited time:
education level.
1 3
2
19
Digital Inclusion Index
Mitra Warung Pintar's Digital Inclusion Index
Mitra is made of 2 sub-index:
Access-Affordability Index (AAI) and Digital
Ability Index (DAI).
The detailed indicators are stated in the
previous discussion. After both indexes are
acquired, then the average of the
Access-Affordability Index and Digital Ability
Index is the Digital Inclusion Index (DII).
Access-Affordability Index is made up of 10
indicators, and Digital Ability Index is made
up of 18 indicators.
1 Access-Affordability Index
This index measured the way mitra warung
accessing internet and technology tools,
starting from frequency, used tools, location of
access, quota, and the cost spent. From the
factor analysis, there are at least 4 main
factors that made up of Access-Affordability
Index:
a. Factor 1 including access in the past week, daily
access, and duration spent to surf the internet in 1 day.
b. Factor 2 including the location to access the internet,
the number of gadgets owned, and the number of
gadgets connected to the internet.
c. Factor 3 including the ownership of internet
connection and the cost for fixed internet connection
d. Factor 4 including mobile internet costs and mobile
internet quota spent.
0.29
0.04
0.10
0.43
0.06
0.21
-0.04
-0.04
0.17
0.1
0.27
-0.10
RC1No
3
4
8
9
0.24 0.16 -0.1210
RC2 RC3 RC4Variabel
0.04 0.25 0.121 Internet access for the past week
0.15 0.24 0.142 Daily internet access
Daily internet duration
Internet accessing location
0.05 0.20 0.055 Gadgets owned
0.14 0.23 0.026 Gadgets connected to the internet
0.30 0.11 0.187 Internet connection ownership
Mobile network costs
Fixed internet costs
Quota spent monthly
After a rescaled factor loading to get the
weight for each variable, we did an index
calculation for each respondent. To simplify
the interpretation, we categorize the Access
and Affordability Index into 3 categories:
a. Access-Affordability Index with a value below 50
categorized as low Access-Affordability Index
(0 ≤ AAI ≤ 50);
b. Access-Affordability Index with a value over 50 and
below 60 categorized as moderate Access and
Affordability Index (50 < AAI ≤ 60);
c. Access-Affordability Index with a value above 50
categorized as high Access and Affordability Index
(AAI>60).
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
15 30 45 60 75 90
Frequency
Moderate
High
AAI Category Proportion
AAI
Average Score
Low
19.13%
62.44%
54.86
38.56
18.43% 69.27
47.31Access-Affordability Index LOW CATEGORY
Access-Affordability Index Distribution
Rotated Component Factor Loading
Access-Affordability Index
Access and Affordability Index distribution
based on categories
Based on table 8, Access and Affordability
Index is in the low category with an index of
below 50. The cause could be seen below:
1. The number of gadgets owned and connected to the
internet. 80% mitra own 1-2 gadgets; with a majority of
phones and tablets given by Warung Pintar. Meanwhile,
the tablet usage is at 32%, where the tablets that are
given by Warung Pintar haven’t been effectively used.
2. Locations limitation and internet access connection.
Warung operational system that tends to stay in one
place, so the location to access the internet is limited to
1 location, including the ownership of internet
connection in an average of 1.
0.65
0.69
0.90
0.88
0.83
0.86
0.85
0.92
0.91
0.85
12. 2 Digital Ability Index
3 Digital Inclusion Index
2221
So, in the context of Mitra Warung
Pintar, the Digital Inclusion Index
measurement is focusing more on
the technology and internet usage
ability.
This index measure how far mitra warung
can use technology and internet tools. Not
only on the aspects of knowledge but also
refers to the literacy towards wise technology
usage starting from filtering information to
online transactions. At least there are 4 main
factors that made up the Digital Ability Index:
a. Factor 1 including the benefit of technology for
warung, the interest to access the internet, the desire
to learn new technology, software update, search
engine usage, photo uploading and downloading,
mobile internet access, application downloads,
information literacy, and also reading product
rating/review before shopping online.
b. Factor 2 including social media account ownership,
online transaction experience, reading and giving
comments, to private blog/website.
c. Factor 3 including internet banking transaction
experience and the types of browsed information.
d. Factor 4 including internet browser usage knowledge.
After a rescaled factor loading to get the
weight for each variable, we did an index
calculation for each respondent. To simplify
the interpretation, we categorize the Digital
Ability Index into 3 categories:
a. Digital Ability Index with a value below 60
categorized as low Digital Ability Index
(0 ≤ DAI ≤ 60);
b. Digital Ability Index with a value over 60 and below
75 categorized as moderate Digital Ability Index
(60 < DAI ≤ 75);
c. Digital Ability Index with a value above 75
categorized as high Digital Ability Index (DAI>75).
From both index we acquire a score for Digital Inclusion Index. There are 3 index score
categories:
a. DI Index with a value below 55 categorized as low Digital Inclusion Index (0 ≤ DII ≤ 55);
b. DI Index with a value over 55 and below 70 categorized as moderate Digital Inclusion Index (55 < DII ≤ 70);
c. DI Index with value above 70 categorized as high Digital Inclusion Index (DII>70).
RC1No
3
4
8
9
0.2710
RC2 RC3 RC4Variabel
1 Benefit of technology for warung
2 Benefit of technology for warung
Desire to learn new technology
Software updates
0.305 Internet browser knowledge
6 Search engine knowledge
7 Photo uploads and downloads
0.46
13
14
0.2411 Online transaction experience
12 Product information literacy
Product rating/review literacy
Internet banking transaction
0.1115 Types of information
0.0916 Reading comments
0.1417 Giving comments
-0.0618 Private blog or website ownership
Mobile internet access
Application downloads
Social media accounts
-0.04
0.03
0.20
0.20
-0.04
0.00
-0.04
0.04
0.17
0.26
0.22
0.25
0.09
0.56
0.39
0.52
0.08
0.07
-0.02
0.34
0.18
-0.13
0.10
0.14
0.09
0.01
0.12
0.18
0.08
0.15
0.09
0.17
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.07
0.24
0.30
0.25
-0.15
-0.09
-0.19
-0.08
-0.04
0.56
0.54
0.01
Rotated Component Factor Loading
Access and Affordability Index
50
40
30
20
10
48 56 64 72 80 88 96
Moderate
High
DAI Category Proportion DAI
Average Score
Low
48.16%
5.76%
69.61
52.53
46.08% 83.35
74.96Digital Ability Index LOW CATEGORY
Digital Ability Index based on category
Moderate
High
DII Category Proportion
DII
Score Average
Low
52.31%
28.34%
61.98
49.10
19.35% 76.46
61.13Digital Inclusion Index MODERATE CATEGORY
Digital Inclusion Index based on CategoryDigital Inclusion Index Distribution
Digital Ability Index Distribution
Frequency
Frequency
After further examined, there are some
variables that are categorized as the low
index that contributed to the index scale:
1. Private blog or website ownership. From a
proportion aspect, there is only 12.6% mitra that own
private blog/website, active and inactive. This
number is higher than the average national blog
at 3.5%.
2. Information access literacy including reading and
giving comments on the proportion of 64% and 32%.
50
40
30
20
10
37.5 45.0 52.5 60.0 67.5 75.0 82.5 90.0
0.65
0.55
0.85
0.85
0.64
0.76
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.83
0.64
0.93
0.58
0.84
0.65
0.90
0.69
13. Juragan Apps Interface
2423
Technology for Warung
In the context of Warung Pintar, we tried to look at how far mitra’s
technology usage is, based on the provided digital technology by Warung
Pintar, in the form of Juragan Apps and POS System - Odoo.
One of Warung Pintar’s technology products is an app for juragans, or as we call it Juragan
Apps. This application helps juragan to operate their warung in a far more efficient way with
various features: stock ordering, stock shipping tracking, CCTV monitoring, changing prices, and
to look at their warung’s shopping graphics.
1 Juragan Apps
Currently, the active users of Juragan apps
is 69%.
This number hasn’t reached 100%, because of a technology transition in-stock orders. This
transition implicates Mitra's perceptions that joined before July 2019. The majority argued that
the main function and goal of Juragan Apps are to order the stocks. We can see from here that
there is still a lot of mitra that perceived Juragan Apps on the technical level through features,
they haven’t seen it from a business development perspective.
The most used features are to order stocks and to monitor warung’s performance graphics.
When further examined on why they are still using the Juragan Apps feature, the reason is
warung stock needs and to know a more certain warung performance. Meanwhile, the other
feature like changing the price and CCTV monitoring are seldom used.
Overall, mitra’s rating for the Juragan app
on the scale of 1 - 10 is 6.1.
This might be caused by some difficulties that are faced by mitra while using Juragan App. The
most often problems are force closed check out, long login, checking, and SKU code insertion
time.
Access-Affordability Index
Digital Ability Index
DIGITAL INCLUSION INDEX
Male Female
Elementary
School
Middle
School
High
School
Diploma Undergraduate
graduate/
postgraduate
62.84
49.38
76.30
60.48
49.20
North Jakarta &
Central Jakarta
South
Jakarta
East
Jakarta
West
Jakarta
Jakarta and surrounding
Tanggerang
South
Tanggerang
Depok
71.76
62.02
48.07
75.96
60.81
46.84
74.77
57.22
42.21
72.22
60.73
47.43
74.02
63.85
49.25
78.45
61.42
48.02
74.81
Banyuwangi
60.57
46.54
74.60
59.50
45.31
73.68
Digital Inclusion Index based on gender, education level, and area
56.05
37.91
74.19
55.95
39.81
72.09
58.91
44.46
73.35
62.82
48.55
77.08
67.42
56.35
78.49
68.68
56.05
81.30
Education
Area
Gender
Index
Access-Affordability Index
Digital Ability Index
DIGITAL INCLUSION INDEX
Index
Notes:
The index score gap between men and women shows the need for further study on gender-related digital literacy,
especially on the digital-technology literacy process that possibly caused by the learning process. This is also caused
by the different digital ability index scores of men and women, where men are categorized in the high category, and
women are in the moderate category.
From the education sector, a quite obvious index score gap also happened between elementary school & middle
school graduates and higher education graduates. The higher the education level, the higher the digital literacy. The
impact pattern of the education gap is huge. The same thing happened in Warung Pintar’s Financial Literacy.
From the area aspect, the index tends to have a little score gap. If we connect the IT infrastructure development, the
index is not parallel with the Jakarta area, since the limited warung operations that influence the internet
accessibility in terms of location and the gadgets used.
1
2
3
14. Point of Sales (POS), cashier system and Odoo,
enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a
technology product to see warung’s
performance in the aspects of sales and
transactions. In terms of usage, this
technology needs a human role to be active in
inserting various sales and transaction data.
Almost every modern retail used this system
to monitor the stocks to data results of POS;
which can be used to open a new business
opportunity like ads. With a big POS potential,
Warung Pintar tried to “marry” the modern
and traditional retail operations. Warung
Pintar tried to bridge traditional retails to
monitor sales data that will be used for stock
checking, monitor the preferred
stock/services, visitor profile analysis, etc. more
accurately. Having said that, warung does not
only focus on retails, but there is an added
value like trade marketing.
However, there are a lot of difficulties in this
technology penetration in warungs. The cause
is culture and the operational difference
between modern retails and warung. Modern
retail's operational type is professional, with a
clear division of work, salary compensation,
owner-employee, so there is a trade-off from
the employees to fulfill all applied SOP,
including POS System. If failed to do so, the
employee could be replaced by another new
employee, who wanted to follow all the SOPs.
Meanwhile, warung is organic, communal, and
familial (warung culture and operations are
available in Warung Pintar’s Financial Literacy
Research Report in Supporting MSME in
Indonesia).
The warung ownership is individual, so no
rules would bind the operation. Other than
that, warung’s business objective as an
additional income also became a factor that
caused warungs to stay that way, there is no
need to grow. In some cases, some warung
owners grow well and even have several
branches, but with the lack of accurate data
knowledge on warung performance, the
growth tends to be slower and needs a longer
time to grow compared to modern retails.
2 POS System dan Odoo
POS System and Odoo
Hence, our partners have to deal with a
dilemmatic situation where they want to
develop their business further while the
process requires constant effort to do so. In
practice, they only use POS and Odoo
occasionally. Transactions are scanned when
they have time and vice versa. Partners who
continuously use POS and Odoo keep a
certain strategy to keep the transaction
record going. We have found two common
methods:
Conventional bookkeeping. Writing their record first
and later to be inputted to Odoo in the evening
Collecting sold item packaging then scan them later. If
the item is the stop-and-go product, the partner will go
back to conventional bookkeeping.
2625
Recent data shows
only 14.8% uses POS
and Odoo
Knowledge-wise, almost all partners
understand the purpose of POS and Odoo
(partner before January 2019) as a sales
recording tool. However, the main constraint
for the product is the operation to record sale
that is considered too long. Based on the
research conducted by Warung Pintar UX
team, POS and Odoo operation takes two
steps more compared to conventional
warung. Furthermore, the most common
problems our partner faced when operating
the POS are system error during the item
scanning process, slow internet connection,
and lack of time to scan when there are a lot
of customers.
Hence a system fix for POS and Odoo is
necessary to be more user-friendly and
efficient which a fully ready product needs to
be proven with the diffusion innovation model
through innovator and early adopter phase.
Moreover a continuous training, especially
toward a partner who joined after January
2019 who has not been introduced
comprehensively about POS and Odoo, whose
basic understanding like purpose and
functions are not attainable.
Average score
toward POS and
Odoo from the
partner is 4.9
out of 10
15. 2827
Conclusions and Suggestions
For Warung Pintar, the low number
of Access Affordability Index is
caused by warung's traditional
culture for operation where gadgets
connected to internet are limited and
not necessary and warung tend to
stick to a single location.
This problem also occurred to traditional SME
which usually share the same index framework,
therefore will inflict low accessibility and reach
index furthermore affecting Digital Inclusion
Index due to overlapping score with Digital
Ability Index. Hence it is necessary to readjust
the variable arrangements inside the
Access-Affordability Index to adapt to the
culture and operation of SME themselves.
Other than that, in developing a
technology product that focuses on
the usability of the product, a survey
is needed to know whether the
product suits mitra's needs, knowing
that most mitra uses tech product
based on their needs.
In this context, the expansion of Warung
Pintar’s technology product should be easier.
Warung Pintar might make it mandatory for its
partners to use the product with these notes:
First, the product has to be already in the early
majority stage in which requires an exemplary
usage of the product. In other words, this
product runs optimally at 100%. Second, the
introduction to community-based learning is
necessary. A partner needs a mentor when it
comes to learning new and more advanced
technology. These mentors can be their family
members (spouse or children), fellow partners,
relatives, or even neighbors. The introduction
also should be presented clearly. Third,
continuous observation and evaluation of
technology product with extra attention to
usage and product update to support
community-based learning that is already set
during the early phase of product expansion.
The majority of mitra warung is a grassroots
population with low education level and
literacy knowledge.
Having said that, technology
penetration should not only see the
numbers of products used but how
big is the benefit of the technology
product to help improve the quality
of their lives with continuous
education.
