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ENSC283 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS 
27 February 2009 
Midterm Examination M. Bahrami 
 This is a 2-1/2 hours, closed-book and notes examination. 
 You are permitted to use one 8.5 in.× 11 in. crib sheet (double-sided) and the 
property tables. 
 There are 5 questions to be answered. Read the questions very carefully. 
 Clearly state all assumptions. 
 It is your responsibility to write clearly and legibly. 
Problem 1: (20 marks) 
A stream of water of diameter ݀ ൌ 0.1 ݉ flows steadily from a tank of diameter 
ܦ ൌ 1 ݉ as shown in the figure. Determine the flow rate, ܳ, needed from the inflow pipe 
if the water depth remains constant, (݄ ൌ 2 ݉). 
Problem 1: (Solution) 
݄ ൌ 2 ݉ 
݀ ൌ 0.1 ݉ 
ܳ 
ܦ ൌ 1 ݉ 
For steady, incompressible flow, the Bernoulli equation applied between points 1 and 2 
݌ଵ ൅ 
1 
2 
ଶ ൅ ߛݖଵ ൌ ݌ଶ ൅ 
ߩܸଵ 
1 
2 
ଶ ൅ ߛݖଶ 
ߩܸଶ 
ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 1
݄ ൌ 2 ݉ 
݀ ൌ 0.1 ݉ 
ܳ 
ܦ ൌ 1 ݉ 
1 
2 
With the assumptions that ݌ଵ ൌ ݌ଶ ൌ 0, ݖଵ ൌ ݄ and ݖଶ ൌ 0, 
ଵ 
ଶ ܸଵ 
ଶ ൅ ݄݃ ൌ ଵ 
ଶ (I) 
ଶ ܸଶ 
Although the water level remains constant, there is an average velocity, ܸଵ, across section 
1 because of the flow from the tank. For steady incompressible flow, conservation of 
mass requires ܳଵ ൌ ܳଶ, where ܳ ൌ ܣܸ. Thus, ܣଵܸଵ ൌ ܣଶܸଶ or 
ܦଶܸଵ ൌ ݀ଶܸଶ 
Hence, 
ܸଵ ൌ ቀௗ 
ଶ 
ܸଶ (II) 
஽ቁ 
Combining equations (I) and (II) 
ܸଶ ൌ ඩ 
2݄݃ 
1 െ ቀ݀ܦ 
ସ ൌ ඪ 
ቁ 
2 ቀ9.81 ቂ݉ 
ݏଶቃቁ ሺ2 ሾ݉ሿሻ 
1 െ ൬0.1ሾ݉ሿ 
1 ሾ݉ሿ ൰ 
݉ 
ݏ 
ସ ൌ 6.26 ቂ 
ቃ 
Thus, 
ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 2
ܳ ൌ ܣଵܸଵ ൌ 
ߨሺ0.1 ሾ݉ሿሻଶ 
4 
݉ 
ݏ 
ൈ 6.26 ቂ 
ቃ ൌ 0.0492 ቈ 
݉ଷ 
ݏ 
቉ 
Problem 2: (20 marks) 
A uniform block of steel (SG = 7.85) will float at a mercury-water interface as shown in 
the figure. What is the ratio of the distance ܽ and ܾ. 
Problem 2: (Solution) 
water steel 
block 
mercury: SG = 13.36 
a 
b 
Let ܮ be the block length into the paper, ܹ is the block width and let ߛ be the water 
specific weight. Then the vertical force balance on the block is 
7.85ߛሺܽ ൅ ܾሻܮܹ ൌ 1ߛܽܮܹ ൅ 13.56ߛܾܮܹ 
Canceling ܹ, ܮ and ߛ from both sides of this equation and rearranging, 
7.85ܽ ൅ 7.85ܾ ൌ ܽ ൅ 13.56ܾ ՜ 
ܽ 
ܾ 
ൌ 
13.56 െ 7.85 
7.85 െ 1 
ൌ 0.834 
ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 3
Problem 3: (20 marks) 
Kerosene at 20Ԩ flows through the pump shown in figure at 0.065 ݉ଷ/ݏ. Head losses 
between 1 and 2 are 2.4 ݉, and the pump delivers 6 ܹ݇ to the flow. What should the 
mercury-manometer reading ݄ be? (ߛ௞௘௥௢௦௘௡௘ ൌ 8016.2 ܰ/݉ଷ and ߛ௠௘௥௖௨௥௬ ൌ 
133210 ܰ/݉ଷ) 
1.5݉ 
ܸଵ 
ܦଵ ൌ 7.5 ܿ݉ 
mercury 
݄ ൌ? 
Problem 3: (Solution) 
First establish two velocities, i.e. ܸଵ and ܸଶ, 
ܸଵ ൌ 
ܳ 
ܣଵ 
ൌ 
pump 
0.065 ൤݉ଷ 
ݏ ൨ 
ܦଶ ൌ 15 ܿ݉ 
ቀߨ4ቁ ሺ7.5 ൈ 0.01ሾ݉ሿሻଶ 
ܸଶ 
ൌ 14.7 ቂ 
݉ 
ݏ 
ቃ 
ܸଶ 
ܸଵ 
ൌ 
ܣଵ 
ܣଶ 
ൌ ൬ 
ܦଵ 
ܦଶ 
൰ 
ଶ 
՜ ܸଶ ൌ 
1 
4 
݉ 
ݏ 
ܸଵ ൌ 3.675 ቂ 
ቃ 
To apply a manometer analysis to determine the pressure difference between points 1 and 
2, 
݌ଶ െ ݌ଵ ൌ ሺߛ௠ െ ߛ௞ሻ݄ െ ߛ௞Δݖ ൌ ቀ133210 ቂ ே 
௠యቃ െ 8016.2 ቂ ே 
௠యቃቁ ݄ െ ቀ8016.2 ቂ ே 
௠యቃቁ ൈ 
1.5ሾ݉ሿ ൌ 125193.8݄ െ 12024.3 ቂ ே 
௠మቃ 
Now apply the steady flow energy equation between points 1 and 2 
ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 4
݌ଵ 
ߛ௞ 
൅ 
ܸଵ 
ଶ 
2݃ 
൅ ݖଵ ൌ 
݌ଶ 
ߛ௞ 
൅ 
ܸଶ 
ଶ 
2݃ 
൅ ݖଶ ൅ ݄௙ െ ݄௣ 
where 
݄௣ ൌ 
ܲ 
ߛ௞ܳ 
ൌ 
6000ሾܹሿ 
݉ଷቃ ൈ 0.068 ൤݉ଷ 
8016.2 ቂ ܰ 
ݏ ൨ 
ൌ 11 ሾ݉ሿ 
Thus, 
݌ଵ 
8016.2 ቂ ܰ 
݉ଷቃ 
൅ 
ቀ14.7 ቂ݉ݏ 
ቃቁ 
ଶ 
2ሺ9.81ሻ 
൅ 0 
ൌ 
݌ଶ 
8016.2 ቂ ܰ 
݉ଷቃ 
൅ 
ቀ3.675 ቂ݉ݏ 
ቃቁ 
ଶ 
2ሺ9.81ሻ 
൅ 1.5 ሾ݉ሿ ൅ 2.4ሾ݉ሿ െ 11ሾ݉ሿ 
՜ ݌ଶ െ ݌ଵ ൌ 139685 ቂ ே 
௠మቃ ൌ 125193.8݄ െ 12024.3 ቂ ே 
௠మቃ 
or 
݄ ൌ 1.211 ሾ݉ሿ 
Problem 4: (20 marks) 
Circular-arc gate ABC pivots about point O. For the position shown, determine (a) the 
hydrostatic force on the gate (per meter of width into the paper); and (b) its line of action. 
water 
Problem 4: (Solution) 
ܴ 
O 
ܴ 
ߙ 
ߙ 
݈ଵ 
ܮ 
ܪ 
݈ଶ ൌ 
ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 5 
2ܮ 
3 
ܣ ൌ 
ܮܪ 
2 
݈ଵ ൌ 
2ܴݏ݅݊ߙ 
3ߙ 
ܣ ൌ ߙܴଶ 
ܥܩ 
ܥܩ 
ܪ 
Hint: 
A 
B 
C
The horizontal hydrostatic force is based on the vertical projection: 
ܨு ൌ ߛ௪݄஼ீܣ௩௘௥ ൌ 
ߛ௪ܪଶ 
2 
and the point of action for the horizontal force is 2H/3 below point C. 
The vertical force is upward and equal to the weight of the missing water in the segment 
ABC shown hatched in the following figure. 
ܴ 
ߙ 
ߙ 
ܥ 
ܪ/2 
ܪ/2 
ܣ 
ܤ 
݈ 
The segment ABC area can be calculated from 
ܴ 
ܣ௦௘௚ ൌ ߙܴଶ െ 
ܱ 
ܴܪܿ݋ݏߙ 
2 
This area gives the volume of water in segment ABC per unit width into the paper. Hence 
the water weight is, 
ܨ௏ ൌ ߛ௪ܣ௦௘௚ ൌ ߛ௪ ൬ߙܴଶ െ 
ܴܪܿ݋ݏߙ 
2 
൰ 
To calculate the point of action, center of weight for segment ABC should be calculated. 
To do so, momentum balance around point O should be applied, 
െ 
ܪܴܿ݋ݏߙ 
2 
ൈ 
2ܴܿ݋ݏߙ 
3 
൅ ߙܴଶ ൈ 
2ܴݏ݅݊ߙ 
3ߙ 
ൌ ൬ߙܴଶ െ 
ܴܪܿ݋ݏߙ 
2 
൰ ݈ 
՜ ݈ ൌ 
2ܴ 
3 
ቆ 
2ܴݏ݅݊ߙ െ ܪܿ݋ݏଶߙ 
2ߙܴ െ ܪܿ݋ݏߙ 
ቇ 
The net force is thus 
ଶ ൅ ܨு 
ܨ ൌ ටܨ௏ 
ଶ 
ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 6
Per meter of width. This force is acting upward to the right at an angle of β where 
ߚ ൌ ݐܽ݊ିଵ ቆ 
ܪଶ 
2ߙܴଶ െ ܪܴܿ݋ݏߙ 
ቇ 
Problem 5: (20 mark) 
A rigid tank of volume ܸ ൌ 1݉ଷ is initially filled with air at 20Ԩ and 
݌଴ ൌ 100 ݇݌ܽ. At time ݐ ൌ 0, a vacuum pump is turned on and evacuates air at a 
constant volume flow rate of ܳ ൌ 80 ܮ/݉݅݊ (regardless of pressure). Assume an ideal 
gas and isothermal process. 
(a) Set up a differential equation for this flow. 
(b) Solve this equation for t as a function of ሺܸ, ܳ, ݌, ݌଴ሻ. 
(c) Compute the time in minutes to pump the tank down to ݌ ൌ 20 ݇݌ܽ. 
Problem 5: (Solution) 
ݐ ൌ 0 
݌ ൌ 100 ݇݌ܽ 
ܶ ൌ 20Ԩ 
ܳ ൌ 80 ܮ/݉݅݊ 
The control volume encloses the tank, as shown is selected. 
ݐ ൌ 0 
CV 
݌ ൌ 100 ݇݌ܽ 
ܶ ൌ 20Ԩ 
Continuity equation for the control volume becomes 
݀ 
݀ݐ 
ܳ ൌ 80 ܮ/݉݅݊ 
൬න ߩ݀ݒ൰ ൅ ෍ ݉ሶ௢௨௧ െ ෍ ݉ሶ௜௡ ൌ 0 
Since no mass enters the control volume Σ mሶ୧୬ ൌ 0. Assuming that the gas density is 
uniform throughout the tank ׬ ρdv ൌ ρv. Hence 
ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 7
ݒ 
݀ߩ 
݀ݐ 
൅ ߩܳ ൌ 0 
or 
׬ ௗఘ 
ఘ ൌ െ ொ 
௩ ׬ ݀ݐ (part a) 
This differential equation can be easily solved yielding 
݈݊ ൬ 
ߩ 
ߩ଴ 
൰ ൌ െ 
ܳݐ 
ݒ 
where ρ଴ is the gas initial density. For an isothermal ideal gas, ρ/ρ଴ ൌ p/p଴, therefore 
ݐ ൌ െ ௩ 
ொ ݈݊ ቀ ௣ 
௣బ 
ቁ (part b) 
For given values of Q ൌ 80L/min ൌ 0.08 mଷ/min, the time to pump a 1 mଷ tank down 
from 100 to 20 kpa is 
ݐ ൌ െ 
1ሾ݉ଷሿ 
0.08 ሾ ݉ଷ 
݉݅݊ሿ 
݈݊ ൬ 
20 
100 
൰ ൌ 20.1 ሾ݉݅݊ሿ 
ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 8

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Midterm f09 solution

  • 1. ENSC283 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS 27 February 2009 Midterm Examination M. Bahrami  This is a 2-1/2 hours, closed-book and notes examination.  You are permitted to use one 8.5 in.× 11 in. crib sheet (double-sided) and the property tables.  There are 5 questions to be answered. Read the questions very carefully.  Clearly state all assumptions.  It is your responsibility to write clearly and legibly. Problem 1: (20 marks) A stream of water of diameter ݀ ൌ 0.1 ݉ flows steadily from a tank of diameter ܦ ൌ 1 ݉ as shown in the figure. Determine the flow rate, ܳ, needed from the inflow pipe if the water depth remains constant, (݄ ൌ 2 ݉). Problem 1: (Solution) ݄ ൌ 2 ݉ ݀ ൌ 0.1 ݉ ܳ ܦ ൌ 1 ݉ For steady, incompressible flow, the Bernoulli equation applied between points 1 and 2 ݌ଵ ൅ 1 2 ଶ ൅ ߛݖଵ ൌ ݌ଶ ൅ ߩܸଵ 1 2 ଶ ൅ ߛݖଶ ߩܸଶ ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 1
  • 2. ݄ ൌ 2 ݉ ݀ ൌ 0.1 ݉ ܳ ܦ ൌ 1 ݉ 1 2 With the assumptions that ݌ଵ ൌ ݌ଶ ൌ 0, ݖଵ ൌ ݄ and ݖଶ ൌ 0, ଵ ଶ ܸଵ ଶ ൅ ݄݃ ൌ ଵ ଶ (I) ଶ ܸଶ Although the water level remains constant, there is an average velocity, ܸଵ, across section 1 because of the flow from the tank. For steady incompressible flow, conservation of mass requires ܳଵ ൌ ܳଶ, where ܳ ൌ ܣܸ. Thus, ܣଵܸଵ ൌ ܣଶܸଶ or ܦଶܸଵ ൌ ݀ଶܸଶ Hence, ܸଵ ൌ ቀௗ ଶ ܸଶ (II) ஽ቁ Combining equations (I) and (II) ܸଶ ൌ ඩ 2݄݃ 1 െ ቀ݀ܦ ସ ൌ ඪ ቁ 2 ቀ9.81 ቂ݉ ݏଶቃቁ ሺ2 ሾ݉ሿሻ 1 െ ൬0.1ሾ݉ሿ 1 ሾ݉ሿ ൰ ݉ ݏ ସ ൌ 6.26 ቂ ቃ Thus, ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 2
  • 3. ܳ ൌ ܣଵܸଵ ൌ ߨሺ0.1 ሾ݉ሿሻଶ 4 ݉ ݏ ൈ 6.26 ቂ ቃ ൌ 0.0492 ቈ ݉ଷ ݏ ቉ Problem 2: (20 marks) A uniform block of steel (SG = 7.85) will float at a mercury-water interface as shown in the figure. What is the ratio of the distance ܽ and ܾ. Problem 2: (Solution) water steel block mercury: SG = 13.36 a b Let ܮ be the block length into the paper, ܹ is the block width and let ߛ be the water specific weight. Then the vertical force balance on the block is 7.85ߛሺܽ ൅ ܾሻܮܹ ൌ 1ߛܽܮܹ ൅ 13.56ߛܾܮܹ Canceling ܹ, ܮ and ߛ from both sides of this equation and rearranging, 7.85ܽ ൅ 7.85ܾ ൌ ܽ ൅ 13.56ܾ ՜ ܽ ܾ ൌ 13.56 െ 7.85 7.85 െ 1 ൌ 0.834 ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 3
  • 4. Problem 3: (20 marks) Kerosene at 20Ԩ flows through the pump shown in figure at 0.065 ݉ଷ/ݏ. Head losses between 1 and 2 are 2.4 ݉, and the pump delivers 6 ܹ݇ to the flow. What should the mercury-manometer reading ݄ be? (ߛ௞௘௥௢௦௘௡௘ ൌ 8016.2 ܰ/݉ଷ and ߛ௠௘௥௖௨௥௬ ൌ 133210 ܰ/݉ଷ) 1.5݉ ܸଵ ܦଵ ൌ 7.5 ܿ݉ mercury ݄ ൌ? Problem 3: (Solution) First establish two velocities, i.e. ܸଵ and ܸଶ, ܸଵ ൌ ܳ ܣଵ ൌ pump 0.065 ൤݉ଷ ݏ ൨ ܦଶ ൌ 15 ܿ݉ ቀߨ4ቁ ሺ7.5 ൈ 0.01ሾ݉ሿሻଶ ܸଶ ൌ 14.7 ቂ ݉ ݏ ቃ ܸଶ ܸଵ ൌ ܣଵ ܣଶ ൌ ൬ ܦଵ ܦଶ ൰ ଶ ՜ ܸଶ ൌ 1 4 ݉ ݏ ܸଵ ൌ 3.675 ቂ ቃ To apply a manometer analysis to determine the pressure difference between points 1 and 2, ݌ଶ െ ݌ଵ ൌ ሺߛ௠ െ ߛ௞ሻ݄ െ ߛ௞Δݖ ൌ ቀ133210 ቂ ே ௠యቃ െ 8016.2 ቂ ே ௠యቃቁ ݄ െ ቀ8016.2 ቂ ே ௠యቃቁ ൈ 1.5ሾ݉ሿ ൌ 125193.8݄ െ 12024.3 ቂ ே ௠మቃ Now apply the steady flow energy equation between points 1 and 2 ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 4
  • 5. ݌ଵ ߛ௞ ൅ ܸଵ ଶ 2݃ ൅ ݖଵ ൌ ݌ଶ ߛ௞ ൅ ܸଶ ଶ 2݃ ൅ ݖଶ ൅ ݄௙ െ ݄௣ where ݄௣ ൌ ܲ ߛ௞ܳ ൌ 6000ሾܹሿ ݉ଷቃ ൈ 0.068 ൤݉ଷ 8016.2 ቂ ܰ ݏ ൨ ൌ 11 ሾ݉ሿ Thus, ݌ଵ 8016.2 ቂ ܰ ݉ଷቃ ൅ ቀ14.7 ቂ݉ݏ ቃቁ ଶ 2ሺ9.81ሻ ൅ 0 ൌ ݌ଶ 8016.2 ቂ ܰ ݉ଷቃ ൅ ቀ3.675 ቂ݉ݏ ቃቁ ଶ 2ሺ9.81ሻ ൅ 1.5 ሾ݉ሿ ൅ 2.4ሾ݉ሿ െ 11ሾ݉ሿ ՜ ݌ଶ െ ݌ଵ ൌ 139685 ቂ ே ௠మቃ ൌ 125193.8݄ െ 12024.3 ቂ ே ௠మቃ or ݄ ൌ 1.211 ሾ݉ሿ Problem 4: (20 marks) Circular-arc gate ABC pivots about point O. For the position shown, determine (a) the hydrostatic force on the gate (per meter of width into the paper); and (b) its line of action. water Problem 4: (Solution) ܴ O ܴ ߙ ߙ ݈ଵ ܮ ܪ ݈ଶ ൌ ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 5 2ܮ 3 ܣ ൌ ܮܪ 2 ݈ଵ ൌ 2ܴݏ݅݊ߙ 3ߙ ܣ ൌ ߙܴଶ ܥܩ ܥܩ ܪ Hint: A B C
  • 6. The horizontal hydrostatic force is based on the vertical projection: ܨு ൌ ߛ௪݄஼ீܣ௩௘௥ ൌ ߛ௪ܪଶ 2 and the point of action for the horizontal force is 2H/3 below point C. The vertical force is upward and equal to the weight of the missing water in the segment ABC shown hatched in the following figure. ܴ ߙ ߙ ܥ ܪ/2 ܪ/2 ܣ ܤ ݈ The segment ABC area can be calculated from ܴ ܣ௦௘௚ ൌ ߙܴଶ െ ܱ ܴܪܿ݋ݏߙ 2 This area gives the volume of water in segment ABC per unit width into the paper. Hence the water weight is, ܨ௏ ൌ ߛ௪ܣ௦௘௚ ൌ ߛ௪ ൬ߙܴଶ െ ܴܪܿ݋ݏߙ 2 ൰ To calculate the point of action, center of weight for segment ABC should be calculated. To do so, momentum balance around point O should be applied, െ ܪܴܿ݋ݏߙ 2 ൈ 2ܴܿ݋ݏߙ 3 ൅ ߙܴଶ ൈ 2ܴݏ݅݊ߙ 3ߙ ൌ ൬ߙܴଶ െ ܴܪܿ݋ݏߙ 2 ൰ ݈ ՜ ݈ ൌ 2ܴ 3 ቆ 2ܴݏ݅݊ߙ െ ܪܿ݋ݏଶߙ 2ߙܴ െ ܪܿ݋ݏߙ ቇ The net force is thus ଶ ൅ ܨு ܨ ൌ ටܨ௏ ଶ ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 6
  • 7. Per meter of width. This force is acting upward to the right at an angle of β where ߚ ൌ ݐܽ݊ିଵ ቆ ܪଶ 2ߙܴଶ െ ܪܴܿ݋ݏߙ ቇ Problem 5: (20 mark) A rigid tank of volume ܸ ൌ 1݉ଷ is initially filled with air at 20Ԩ and ݌଴ ൌ 100 ݇݌ܽ. At time ݐ ൌ 0, a vacuum pump is turned on and evacuates air at a constant volume flow rate of ܳ ൌ 80 ܮ/݉݅݊ (regardless of pressure). Assume an ideal gas and isothermal process. (a) Set up a differential equation for this flow. (b) Solve this equation for t as a function of ሺܸ, ܳ, ݌, ݌଴ሻ. (c) Compute the time in minutes to pump the tank down to ݌ ൌ 20 ݇݌ܽ. Problem 5: (Solution) ݐ ൌ 0 ݌ ൌ 100 ݇݌ܽ ܶ ൌ 20Ԩ ܳ ൌ 80 ܮ/݉݅݊ The control volume encloses the tank, as shown is selected. ݐ ൌ 0 CV ݌ ൌ 100 ݇݌ܽ ܶ ൌ 20Ԩ Continuity equation for the control volume becomes ݀ ݀ݐ ܳ ൌ 80 ܮ/݉݅݊ ൬න ߩ݀ݒ൰ ൅ ෍ ݉ሶ௢௨௧ െ ෍ ݉ሶ௜௡ ൌ 0 Since no mass enters the control volume Σ mሶ୧୬ ൌ 0. Assuming that the gas density is uniform throughout the tank ׬ ρdv ൌ ρv. Hence ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 7
  • 8. ݒ ݀ߩ ݀ݐ ൅ ߩܳ ൌ 0 or ׬ ௗఘ ఘ ൌ െ ொ ௩ ׬ ݀ݐ (part a) This differential equation can be easily solved yielding ݈݊ ൬ ߩ ߩ଴ ൰ ൌ െ ܳݐ ݒ where ρ଴ is the gas initial density. For an isothermal ideal gas, ρ/ρ଴ ൌ p/p଴, therefore ݐ ൌ െ ௩ ொ ݈݊ ቀ ௣ ௣బ ቁ (part b) For given values of Q ൌ 80L/min ൌ 0.08 mଷ/min, the time to pump a 1 mଷ tank down from 100 to 20 kpa is ݐ ൌ െ 1ሾ݉ଷሿ 0.08 ሾ ݉ଷ ݉݅݊ሿ ݈݊ ൬ 20 100 ൰ ൌ 20.1 ሾ݉݅݊ሿ ENSC283 Mid-term W2009 8