Bachelor's thesis presentation

Pavement
Maintenance
Practices in
Dhaka- Chittagong
Highway

Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 400
Project and Thesis
Session : 2010-11
February 5, 2013 Pavement Maintenance Practices in Dhaka-Chittagong Highway2

Thesis Topic
Pavement Maintenance Practices in
Dhaka- Chittagong Highway
Performed By
Mohhammad Afsar Sujon(0704026)
Supervised By
Professor Dr. Muhammad Zakaria

Objectives of the study
• To identify and list the existing road deterioration pattern of
the different road segments of Dhaka Chittagong highway.
• To categorize the nature of damage according to the standard
specification and maintenance manuals.
• To study the RHD, Bangladesh efforts and its current trends
to address such problems
• To study developed countries methods and trends for
prevention of such deteriorations.
• To make comparison of the road rating of the same road
segment between these two methods.

Geographical Position of Dhaka –Chittagong Highway

4-Laning of Dhaka-Chittagong Highway Project

Courtesy by…..Asif Hossain Khan (St. No.0304102)

Pavement Defects
Transverse Cracking
Cracks which usually appear across the road perpendicular to the centerline
Possible Causes:
• Poor construction joints.
• Pavement Shrinkage due
to asphalt hardening or
freeze/thaw cycles.
• Reflective cracking
(cracks below the
wearing course)

Pavement Defects
Longitudinal Cracking
Cracks which follow along the road parallel to the centerline.
Possible Causes:
• Poor construction joints.
• Pavement Shrinkage
due to asphalt hardening
or freeze/thaw cycles.
• Reflective cracking
( cracks below the
wearing course)

Pavement Defects
Alligator Cracking
Blocks of interconnecting cracks resembling the skin of alligator
Indicator of roadway base failure
Possible Causes:
• Insufficient bearing
support and repeated
traffic loading.
• Poor base drainage

Pavement Defects
Shrinkage Cracking
Layer is subjected to stresses trying to move it but it is prevented from doing .
Tensile strength is insufficient for the stresses developed.
Possible Causes:
• Shrink due to a combination of
excess moisture drying out of
the layer
• The hydration process of the
cement reacting with the
water causes heat and that the
material will shrink on cooling.

Pavement Defects
Corrugations/Rutting
Longitudinal depressions parallel to the direction of travel, typical forming in the wheel tracks.
Possible Causes:
• Poorly constructed
roadway.
• Substandard or
failing sub-bases.
• Inadequate lateral
support, failing or
steep road shoulder.

Pavement Defects
Raveling
Spalding of the pavement surface causing the asphalt wearing course to
separate from the binder course.
Possible Causes:
• Poor quality of
materials and/or
construction.
• Inadequate drainage.
• Freeze-thaw cycling.
• Poor utility patching.

Pavement Defects
Shoving
A longitudinal displacement of a localized area of the pavement surface.
Possible Causes:
•generally caused by
braking or accelerating
vehicles
•usually located on hills or
curves, or at intersections
•may have vertical
displacement

Pavement Defects
Pot Holes
Holes in the asphalt surface which may be isolated or caused by a combination of other
progressively failing pavement defects. (raveling, alligator cracking, patching).
Possible Causes:
• Poor quality of materials
and/or construction.
• Inadequate drainage.
• Freeze-thaw cycling.
• Poor utility patching.

Method of Identifying All Types of Damages

Manual vs. Automatic data collection
Manual Automatic
Expensive and time consuming. Less expensive and fast.
Labor intensive Very minimal labor is needed
Hazardous Safe
Data sampling. 100% survey.
Subjective. Objective
Difficult to manage Integra table with management system
Repeatability is low Proven to be much better

Standards for Routine Maintenance Activities
SPOT SEALING
WHAT
To Seal bituminous roadway surfaces with application of liquid bituminous material (straight run, cut-back or emulsion) covered with
aggregate.
WHERE
a)Fatty surfaces.
b) Raveling.
c) Stripping.
d) Loss of aggregate and
e) Shrinkage cracks
WHEN
1) Sealing is not an emergency repair work. It can be programmed to meet the seasonal and weather conditions.
2) Scaling of scattered areas can be scheduled from October to April
HOW
1) Safety devices and signs are placed to control of traffic during maintenance operation.
2) The area to be treated is boomed clean of dirt, dust and loose materials.
3) Bituminous material of correct quantity is applied uniformly in the arm with hand sprayer. The bituminous material must be at proper temperature for spraying.
4) Aggregate cover material of correct size and quantity is then applied in an uniform thickness over the sprayed area with a shovel.
5) The aggregate is rolled into the bitumen as soon as possible using truck tyres. The entire area must be rolled by tyres at least twice.
6) The excess aggregate from around the side of the seal is then broomed off.

SPOT SEALING

CRACK FILLING
WHAT
To clean cracks (6 mm or wider) and seal with filler material.
WHERE
To prevent ingress of water through cracks (6 mm or wider) in bituminous pavement surface, the same have to be filled with the bituminous
filler material. Smaller cracks less than 6 mm wider do not need filling
WHEN
Crack filling is not a high priority item. It can Programmed to be done between March and May.
HOW
2) The cracks are cleaned with stiff bristled broom and or compressed air jet.
3) Cracks of width 6 mm or more are filled with bitumen emulsion slurry or liquid bitumen mixed with sand using a hand squeegee and broom.
4) When the crack fill is cured, it is sealed with hot liquid bitumen using a pouring can and a hand squeegee. Cracks should be filled flush with
pavement surface., Overfilling the cracks or using aggregates larger than sand should be avoided.
5) To prevent pick up of bitumen by traffic, the sealed surface of the crack is sprinkled with dry sand.

CRACK FILLING

FATTY SURFACES TREATMENT
WHAT
To treat Bituminous pavement surface having excessive amount of bitumen, by application of sand.
WHERE
a) Such surfaces present skid hazard to vehicles and a safe riding surface is restored by repairing.
b) If the fatty condition is light and cannot be corrected by sanding, an aggregate spot sealing of surface treatment should be done
WHEN
a) Fatty surface treatment is an emergency item and should be done as soon as feasible.
b) Treatment of Fatty surfaces should be done on hot days to achieve the maximum possible absorption.
HOW
2) Sand or screening of 10 mm maximum size is heated to 150o
C.
3) The hot material is spread over the fatty area at a rate of 5 to 6 Kg per square meter.
4) Immediately after spreading the surface is rolled preferable with a rubber tired roller.
5) When the aggregate has cooled loose particles are broomed off.
6) This process is repeated if necessary

FATTY SURFACES TREATMENT

FOG SEAL
WHAT
To treat distressed bituminous pavement surfaces with a single application of bituminous material without any cover aggregates.
WHERE
Pavement surfaces having extensive hairline cracks, oxidized, old and dry surfaces, loss of aggregates are rejuvenated by this treatment. It can
also be used as an emergency treatment for hungry surfaces and to prevent raveling.
WHEN
This is not an emergency work. It can be programmed to be done between November and May.
HOW
2) Half width of the roadway is closed to traffic for a maximum length of 200 m at a time. Flag men are engaged to control the traffic on the
remaining width.
3) The surface is cleaned of loose aggregate and foreign material by brooming.
4) Small areas are sprayed with bituminous material using hand sprayer. The bituminous material is a slow setting bitumen emulsion diluted
with equal amount of water.
5) For long and continuous length a truck mounted distributor is used. The spray bar width is suitably adjusted for spraying the required width.
6) Spraying is repeated on the other half of the roadway after the seal has set in the first half (in about 30 minutes

FOG SEAL

SLURRY SEAL
WHAT
To treat distressed bituminous pavement surfaces with a single application of fine aggregates and bituminous material.
WHERE
Pavements which are old, oxidized and need rejuvenations or having wide cracks, raveled or smooth or hungry surfaces or have loss of
aggregates are treated with slurry seal. This treatment is also used top provide skid resistant surface.
WHEN
This is not an emergency work. It can be programmed to be done between November and May.
HOW
2) The surface is cleaned of loose aggregate and foreign material by brooming.
3) Any patching that is necessary is done and surface dampened before laying the slurry seal.
4)For small areas slurry seal is mixed in a concrete mixer or in a wheel barrow. For large areas
slurry seal machine can be used. Mixing is done until creamy textured slurry is obtained.
5) After proper mixing slurry is dumped on the pavement surface.
6) Long handled squeegees are used to spread the slurry and to force it into cracks. For controlled laying spreader boxes can be used.
•Half width of the roadway is closed to traffic for a maximum length of 200 m at a time.
Flag men are engaged to control the traffic on the remaining width.
8) The slurry is spread so as to obtain a uniform thickness of 1.5 to 3 mm

SLURRY SEAL

PREMIX LEVELING
WHAT
To restore of bituminous surfaces to their original shape using premix bituminous material.
WHERE
Any depression or rutting or minor settlement in wheel paths results in poor riding surface. Correction is made by adding premix material to
the defective area until it is brought in level with the adjoining area.
WHEN
Premix leveling is to be done when the depression is 25 mm or more in 3 m or where rutting is 13 mm or more This is not emergency item.
Premix leveling shall be programmed to be done between November and May and in any case before laying surfacing or overlay in the section.
HOW
2) The boundary of the area to be leveled is marked using a string line and crayon.
3) Loose gravel and other foreign material are broomed off the surface.
4) A light uniform bituminous tack coat is applied to the area.
5) The premix material is spread over the area starting from the deeper part. Each layer is compacted using a roller. To avoid pushing at the
edges rolling is started at the edges and moved towards the middle.
6) The surface level is checked using a straightedge.
7) Any loose material left around the area is broomed off.

PREMIX LEVELING

PREMIX PATCHING
WHAT
To manually patch pot holes and minor depressions in pavement surface using premixed bituminous material.
WHERE
a) Pot Holes.
b) Edge Breading.
WHEN
Premix patching of Pot Holes and edge breaking should be done as soon as they are noticed as these deteriorations are progressive.
HOW
1) Safety devices and signs are placed to control of traffic during maintenance operation .
2) All broken and loose bituminous surface and base materials and foreign materials are removed by brooming
3) Water and soft materials are removed from the pot hole. Hole must be dried if necessary, using gunny or jute bags.
4) The sides are cut square and depth of the hole is at least 50 mm.
5) A light tack coat of bituminous material is applied first to the sides of the hole and then to the bottom.
6) The premixed bituminous mix is placed in layers and compacted either by hand tampers or by truck tyres.
7) The top of the patch should be at the same level as the surrounding surface.
8) The finished surface is checked for level with a straight edge. The patch is checked in both the directions.

PREMIX PATCHING

SOFT SURFACE REPLACEMENT
WHAT
Removal and disposal of deteriorated bituminous surface and re placement with premix material.
WHERE
Spot surface replacement is done where the pavement has shoved, slipped, heaved, settled or developed alligator cracks in a large area of about 2
or more square meters and requires removal of old surface.
Where the material below the bituminous layer has become distorted, soft and wet the these materials must be removed and replaced.
WHEN
This is not an emergency repair work. It can be scheduled to be done between November and May.
HOW
1) Safety devices and signs are placed to control of traffic during maintenance operation .
2) The old surface material is broken from the affected area and removed. The hole is shaped with trim edges and vertical sides going up to firm
bottom.
3) The old base material is also removed if found affected. The salvaged surface material can be mixed with new aggregates and used for
repairing the base. The base is compacted well before new surfacing is placed.
4) Over the compacted base or the existing firm base tack coat of liquid bituminous material is applied.
5) Premix material is then laid in the hole starting from the sides and moving towards the center. The thickness of layers should not exceed 40 mm.
1) Final layer is compacted with a steel wheel roller and the finished level is checked.
2) Excess loose material is broomed off the roadway

SOFT SURFACE REPLACEMENT

GRAVEL SURFACE PATCHING
WHAT
Patching scattered areas of gravel surfaces with gravel.
WHERE
Patching of gravel surfaces is done when the existing road way or gravel shoulders have developed pot holes, depressions or soft spots when
these are scattered or isolated.
WHEN
This pot holes are repaired as soon as possible. The other defects are repaired during dry weather viz December to April.
HOW
2) Free water, soft clay and other unsuitable materials are removed from the area.
3) High spots on the surface are cut off and leveled to the required profile.
4) Fresh material is added to low s pots.
5) The fresh material is mixed with existing material.
6) The area is compacted with truck tyres adding water, if required.
7) The patched area is checked for level and smoothness.
8) Excess material is broomed off the paved surface.

GRAVEL SURFACE PATCHING

RECONDITION GRAVEL AND EARTH ROADS
WHAT
To scarify roadway surface and reshape and recondition the riding surface with the material that got collected on the shoulders or by providing new
material.
WHERE
Reconditioning is done when the riding surface has lost its camber, extensive loss of gravel revealing the subgrade, excessive rutting and soft spots.
WHEN
This is not an emergency work. It should be planned to be done during moist weather conditions preferably after monsoon. During summer months
it is best done after a rain.
HOW
2) The material that got collected on the shoulders are dragged over the roadway and spread uniformly over depressions and ruts to provide a
base for application of new material. Uniformly over depressions and ruts to provide a base for application of new material.
3) The material is compacted with a smooth wheeled roller adding water, if required.
4) The new material is dump ed from trucks along the roadway. The truck loads are spaced properly along the road to avoid unnecessary
movement of the material.
5) The material is compacted well to proper moisture and density the smooth wheeled roller.

RECONDITION GRAVEL AND EARTH ROADS

SHOULDER RESHAPING
WHAT
To reshape, grade and compact shoulders which have lost their grade and shape.
WHERE
Where the shoulders have developed ruts, distorted or have vegetation, then the shoulder must be reshaped, graded and compacted
WHEN
This is not an emergency work. Locations needing attention should be identified during routine inspections. This work should be done during
November to March. During summer the work should be done after a rain.
HOW
2) The materials which have accumulated at the roadway edges are dragged towards the edge of pavement.
3) Using a camber board, pegs and string line the required shape of the shoulder is defined.
4) The material obtained from the edges and if necessary, new material are spread to the required grade and slope.
5) The shoulder is then compacted using either a road roller or a truck.

SHOULDER RESHAPING

Pavement Condition Rating and Priority for Flexible Pavements
Recommended Treatment Rating Pavement Condition
Reconstruct or recycle within 2
years
0-20 Pavement is in poor to very poor condition with extensive severe cracking, alligator and
channeling. Ride ability is poor and the surface is very rough and uneven.
Reconstruct or recycle
within 2 -3 years.
20-30 Pavement is in poor condition with moderate alligator and extensive severe cracking and
channeling. Ride ability is poor and the surface is very rough and uneven.
Overlay, recycle or reconstruct
within 3 – 4 years
30-40 Pavement is in poor to fair condition with frequent moderate alligator and extensive
moderate cracking and channeling. Ride ability is poor to fair and surface is moderately rough
and uneven.
Reconstruct in 4 -5 years or
resurface within 2 years
with extensive leveling
40-50 Pavement is in poor to fair condition with frequent moderate cracking and channeling,
and intermittent moderate alligator. Ride ability is poor to fair and surface is moderately rough
and uneven.
Resurface within 3 years. 50-65 Pavement is in fair condition with intermittent moderate and frequent slight cracking, and
with intermittent slight or moderate alligator and channeling. Ride ability is fair and surface is
slightly rough and uneven.
Resurface in 3 -5 years 65-80 Pavement is in fairly good condition with frequent slight cracking, slight or very slight
channeling and a few areas of slight alligator. Ride ability is fairly good with intermittent rough
and uneven sections.
Normal maintenance only. 80-100 Pavement is in good condition with frequent very slight or slight cracking. Ride ability is good
with a few slightly rough and uneven sections.
No maintenance required. 90-100 Pavement is in excellent condition with few cracks. Ride ability is excellent with few areas of
slight distortion.
42 February 5, 2013 Pavement Maintenance Practices in Dhaka-Chittagong Highway

Pavement Rating Form
• BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT RATING FORM
• STREET OR ROUTE ________________ CITY OR COUNTY ____________
• LENGTH OF PROJECT _______________ WIDTH ______________________
• PAVEMENT TYPE __________________ DATE _________________________
DEFECTS RATING
Transverse Cracks 0-5
Longitudinal Cracks 0-5
Alligator Cracks 0-10
Shrinkage Cracks 0-5
Rutting 0-10
Corrugations 0-5
Raveling. 0-5
Shoving or Pushing. 0-10
Pot Holes. : . 0-10
Excess Bitumen 0-10
Polished Aggregate ... 0-5
Deficiency in Drainage 0-10
Overall Riding Quality (0 is excellent;10 is
very poor):
0-10
Sum of Defects
Condition Rating = 100 -Sum of Defects
= 100 - ___________
Condition Rating =

Locations of the survey point at a glance

Visual Survey of Surface Condition of Pavement
Study Area -15 (Location:Baroiar hat )
Highway Road Pot Holes Drainage Problem

Maintenances in Dhaka Chittagong Highway
Double bituminous surface treatment Asphalt overlays

Maintenances in Dhaka Chittagong Highway
Visual Inspection of Asphalt Overlays

Progress of Dhaka –Chittagong 4 lane Highway Project
Visual Inspection of Progress

Comparison of surface condition between different segments
No. of Segment Segment description Sum of Defects Condition Rating
1 Jatrabari to Chittagong Road 52 48
2 Chittagong Road to Modonpur 19 81
3 Modonpur to Mograpara 22 78
4 Mograpara to Boberchar 26 74
5 Boberchar to Daudkandi Toll Plaza 20 80
6 Daudkandi Toll Plaza to Gouripur 25 75
7 Gouripur to Eliotgonj 25 75
8 Eliotgonj to Chandina 26 74
9 Chandina to Moinamoti Cantonment 19 81
10 Moinamoti Cantonment to Paduar Bazar 25 75
11 Paduar Bazar to Miabazar 33 67
12 Miabazar to Chauddagram 37 63
13 Chauddagram to Mohipal 28 72
14 Mohipal to Baroiar hat 49 51
15 Baroiar hat to Mirassarai 29 71
16 Mirassarai to Borotakia Bazar 27 73
17 Borotakia Bazar to Sitakundu municipality 26 74
18 Sitakundu municipality to Boro Kumira 21 79
19 Boro Kumira to City gate 22 78
20 City gate 24 76

Comparison of surface condition between different segments
Segment of road vs. Condition Rating

Surface Condition Scenario

Constraints

Recommendations
• Establish a separate branch for only ‘’ Roads and its Maintenance’’ for Dhaka Chittagong
highway.
• The inspection of road condition should be occurred within three years
• Using of automatic methods for an informative & details road condition survey
• All the data should be digitalized for taking the decision for proper maintenance process &
technique for long time sustainability of the pavement
• Limit the load carrying capacity of heavy commercial vehicles to decrease the axle load of
the vehicle in a segment on the pavement
• Increase the work speed of Dhaka- Chittagong 4-lane highway project to decrease the load
on existing pavement
• Improve the railway facilities to carry the cargo to defuse the extra pressure of load from
these cargo .
• The inspection work for maintenance should be done immediately after the work to
monitor the quality of the maintenance work.
• The materials used for maintenance work should be better than initially constructed
pavement materials.
• Drainage problem should be solved as soon as possible because it effects highway more
than the local street because of heavy commercial vehicle

Recommendations
• For the regular & effective maintenances of this highway government can apply road
using cost on vehicles according to their weight to collect money for the improvement of
this highway.
• The market place of the villages usually situated in the intersection points of highway. This
creates traffic jam in road also causes sometimes serious accidents. Steps should be taken
to move them from there to increase smoothness of flow & safety of people.
• The road crossing pattern of people on highway is very risky. A lot of people die every year .
So, zebra crossing & other facilities need to be applied.
• There should be bypass facilities in the road to decrease the pressure in main highway and in
case of any accident.
• Increase the allocation of budget in ‘’ road maintenance sector’’
• Introduce Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program to improve our ability to
predict pavement performance
• Roads & Highway department should have their own qualified contractor panel for
constructing road & maintenance.
• Apply New Tools, Methodologies, and Technologies

New Tools, Methodologies, and Technologies
Bonded Concrete Resurfacing of Concrete Pavements

New Tools, Methodologies, and Technologies
Bonded Concrete Resurfacing of Asphalt Pavements

Special Thanks to
Everyone for
Staying With Me
“Goodbye”

Bachelor's thesis presentation

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