4. Cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria previously know
as blue-green algae
group of photoautotrophic ,gram negative
bacteria
get their name cyanobactria (cyan-blue
due to the blue pigment phycocynin
present along with chlorophyll-a
Some red or pink pigment called
phycoerythrin
Evolved 3.5 billion years ago
Includes 150 genera and 2,798 sps
6. HABITAT
Microscopic forms occur ubiquitously in nature
mostly aquatic,occurring in fresh , brakish and
marine water.
Some form symbiotic associations with higher
plants,bryophytes ,lichens and protists
They occur as planktonic forms or as benthic
forms
some form phototrophic biofilms
They occur on moist trunks , moist soils and in
extreme conditions like hot springs ‘ frozen lakes
and salt water
7. Though not related to
algae(eukaryotic) they were earlier
classified under algae
Later found that it has more
characteristics similar to bacteria
. Some of them fix atmospheric
nitrogen eg. nostoc , Anabena
8. Morphology of cyanobacteria
Unicellular , colonial or filamentous .
Each filament covered in sheath of
mucilage in which cellular strands
called trichomes
Flagella absent but some show gliding
movement
10. Cell structure
Cyanobacterial cells range in size from 0.5-1 μm to 40 μm in
diameter
Cells larger than bacteria more elaborate than
Prokaryotic in nature
Presence of mucilagenous sheath, a characteristic feature
outside cell wall
Cell Wall; four layered .peptidoglycan is second layer
Outer layer of protoplast has photosynthetic thylakoids
It is called chromoplasm
Thylakoids freely found
Their membranes contain chlorophyll a , carotenes and
xanthophylls
Attached to outer layer- phycobillosomes
11. Plasma membrane present below cell wall
Made of protein-lipid layer
Cytoplasm divided into outer pigmented
region –chromoplasm
inner colourless central region called
centroplasm
Chromoplasm –has flattened vesicles called
thylakoids containing pigments such as
Chlorophyll,carotenoids and
phycobillins(phycocyanin,phycoerythrin and
alloerythrin)
12. Centoplasm has a nucleoid or
incipient nucleus
Segmented circular DNA ,small circular
DNA present,70S ribosome
Food storage-cynophycean starch
(alpha granules)
Protein granules and lipid granules
Presence gas vacuoles also called
pseudo-vacuoles
Help in buoyancy
13. Presence of specialised cells -
HETEROCYST
Pale yellow,Thick-walled,nodules,larger
than other vegetative cells with
homogenenous content intercalary in
position
specialized cells help in nitrogen fixation
contain nitrogenase enzyme
15. ,
GAIDUKOV PHENOMENON OR
COMPLEMENTARY CHROMATIN
ADAPTATION
The efficiency to change pigment
composition to absorb maximum light for
photosynthesis,with variation of incident
light-Gaidukov phenomenon
cyanobacteria have the capacity to change
colour in relation to wavelength of incident light
16. Reproduction
Vegetative and asexual methods
1) vegetative
Fragmentation
At regular intervals filaments get cut for
short pieces of 5-15 cells called
hormogonia
Show gliding movement
Later develop into full fledged filaments
filament
17. Asexual reproduction
1. Binary or multiple fission
2. hormospores
3. Spore formation a)Akinetes b)endospores
c)exospores
Binary repoduction
simple type of cell division.First genetic
genetic material separate moves to
to opposite pole.A ring-like ougowth appears
in the middle and divide into two
18. Hormospores
under unfavourable conditions
some cells develop thick wall
such cells called harmospores
germinate in favourable conditions
19. Spore formation
Akinetes or arthospores
thick-walled,enveloped reproductive structures
1. Store reserve food material
2. Yellow-brown in colour
3. Germinate in favourable condition
Endospores
Some cyanobacteria produce them
20. Exospores
formed outside,cut off from
Tip during favourable conditions
Heterocyst
Sometimes during unfavourable conditon
Help in reproduction
Germinate during favourable condition
To new filaments
21. Economic importance
1)Important role in evolution of early earth -made
earth oxygenic by utilising water for photosynthesis
,fix co2
And liberate oxygen
2)fix atmospheric nitrogen –through heterocyst hence
used as biofertilizer.
Azolla is a fast growing free floating freshwater fern
which fixes atmospheric nitrogen by forming a symbiotic
association with a prokaryotic cyanobacterium -Anabaena
azollae. It is a cost-effective, eco-friendly biofertilizer
in lowland rice fields. As green manure in water logged soil,
it enhances the rapid mineralization of nitrogen, improves
the physical and chemical properties of the soil
23. 3)Role in bioremidiation
impoving soil quality in saline soils by sodium
removal(bioremediation) .eg Phromedium reduces the
quality of brine).
4)Used in waste-water treatment too
5)Act as first colonizers in soil reclaimation.
6)Improve water holding capacity
7)Increase soil biomass after their death
8)Used as bio-inoculant- as they produce
bio-active substances such as growth harmones,enzymes
(increase yield in paddy), and maintain soil health
9)increase phosphate content in soil
10)prevent soil erosion by binding soil
24. 9) form base of aquatic food chain act as
primary producers.
10)As a part of phytoplanktons contribute in
adding oxygen to atmosphere
11)Role as nutritionalfood supplement
Certain species of cyanobacteria serve as food
And nutrtional supplement such as complex
sugar,protein,amino acids,active
enzymes,phycocyanin,cholorphyll,beta
carotene,essential fatty acid minerals,carohydrates
and vitamins
25. 12)Act as SCP( single celled protein)
eg.Spirulina and certain species of nostoc
(N.commune),
Spirulina are considered super food with
excellent nutritional content
High protein and vitamin content.source
of B12
26. 13) species of Lyangbia are used in preparation
of antibiotics
14)Many species of cyanobacteria grown in large
number form algal blooms in aquatic bodies
.they produce potent toxins –
hepatotoxin,nerutoxin.
They change quality of water by producing
offensive odour,colour and make water unpotable
Cattles and other lifestock when they consume
such water are killed
Finally the water body will sustain no life
Due to anoxia.
27. The important toxins producing
cyanobacteria are Microcytis aeruginosa,
Anabena flosaquae
.
28. 15)Cyanobacteria can grow on walls and
roof of building during rainy season
causing discolouration,corrosion and
leakage
29. Synecocystis
13)As a source of bio-fuel –as
environmental friendly,cheap source.
Genetically engineered cyanobacteria used a
source bio-disel,bio-hydrogen,bio-methane
14)As a tool or model organism for
scientific studies
Cyanobacteria such as Synechocystis widely
used as system to study principles of
photosynthesis
As they can be grown easily in liquid culture
and can be manipulated genetically.
30. Paralellism between bacteriacyanobacteria
BACTERIA CYANOBACTERIA
1. Prokaryotic cell
(no nuclear membrane,70S
ribosome,lack histone
protein,no cell
organelles,presence of
peptidoglycan
Prokaryotic cell
2) sensitive to antibiotics Sensitive to antibiotics
3)Lack true sexual
reproduction
3)Lack true sexual
reproduction
4)Some forms fix atmospheric
nitrogen .eg.
Rhizobium,Azatobacter
4)Also fix atmospheric
nitrogen.
Eg.filamentous forms like
nostoc,Anabena fix
nitrogen
5)Many similar metaboilc
processes eg.sulphur and
5)Many similar metaboilc
processes eg.sulphur and