2. • Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to
offspring
• Genetics is the science that studies how traits are
inherited
• Alleles are the different forms of a trait that a gene
may have.
– alleles determine traits
– A gene is a section of DNA on a chromosome
3. • Gregor Mendel is known
as the father of genetics
– in 1856, Mendel
experimented with
pea plants using the
scientific method
– he traced one trait of the plants through
several generations
4.
5. • An organism that always produces the same traits
generation after generation is called a purebred.
• A hybrid receives different information (different
alleles) for a trait from each parent
6. B
Purebred Labrador Retrievers Purebred Standard Poodles
<- < Hybrid Labradoodles
7. DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE ALLELES:
• A dominant trait covers over (or dominates)
another form of the trait
• Recessive describes a trait that is covered over, or
dominated, by another form of the trait
- a recessive trait seems to disappear in an
organism
8.
9. • A Punnett Square is a tool used to predict results in
genetics.
- In a Punnett Square, letters represent dominant
and recessive alleles
- Capital letters represent dominant alleles;
lowercase letters represent recessive alleles
• The letters in a Punnet Square are a form of code
- they show the genotype, or genetic makeup of
an organism
12. • A phenotype is the outward appearance and
behavior of an organism as a result of its
genotype.
- for example, if you have blue eyes, the
phenotype for your eye color is blue
14. • An organism with two alleles that are the same is
homozygous.
- on a P.Sq, they are represented with the same
form of the same letter. Ex: TT or tt
• An organism that has two different alleles for a
trait is called heterozygous
- represented using different forms of the
letter on a P.Sq. EX: Tt
15. MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY:
1. Traits are controlled by alleles on chromosomes
2. An allele’s effect is either dominant or recessive
3. When a pair of chromosomes separates during
meiosis, the different alleles for a trait move into
separate sex cells
16. • Incomplete dominance refers to the production of
a phenotype that is intermediate (“mid-way”)
between two homozygous parents. The dominant
trait is then incomplete.
- For example, if crossing a red flower and a white
flower produces a pink flower, the red trait is
present, but does not completely dominate
17.
18. • Polygenic inheritance occurs when a group of gene
pairs acts together to produce a trait
- In humans, eye color, skin shade, hair color, height,
etc… all are results of polygenic inheritance
Punnett Square for possible skin shades
19.
20.
21. • Environmental factors that effect genes may be
internal or external
- Internal influences include chemicals in the body
- External influences include the living conditions
and habits of the organism (smoking, diet, etc)
22.
23. • A mutation is a permanent change in a gene or
chromosome
• Mutations are a result of errors in copying DNA
• One common chromosome disorder in humans
is Down Syndrome
• Down syndrome results when three copies of
chromosome #21 are made, instead of two
copies
24.
25. • A recessive genetic disorder is caused by a
recessive gene
- This means that the parent who carries the gene
for the disorder does not have the disorder, but
can pass it on to their offspring
- Cystic fibrosis is a common recessive genetic
disorder
26. • Some inherited conditions are linked with the X and
Y chromosomes, which determine gender of
offspring
• These are called sex-linked disorders, because they
are caused by sex-linked genes.
• Color blindness is a sex-linked disorder
27. • A tool used for tracing a trait through the
generations of a family is called a pedigree
• Pedigree is used to determine patterns of
inheritance
• This helps geneticists to predict the probability
that a baby may be born with a specific trait
– Diseases and disorders; traits in animal
breeding