Formulation of Disaster Management Policy

1. NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT POLICY
LECTURE 3
M Zeeshan Ahad
CEC INU

2. THE PURPOSE
Need to clearly define a national disaster management policy;
Process for defining this policy;
Main elements of such a policy; and
Arrangements for monitoring and reviewing the national policy

3. CLEAR DEFINITION OF NATIONAL
POLICY
Clear definition of national disaster management policy is essential if a country is to establish
and maintain adequate arrangements to deal with all aspects of its disaster threat.
This applies to all levels of the national structure and organization—that is, from the national
government to the local government or community level.
If such a policy does not exist, arrangements to deal with disaster will be ill-defined and
inadequate.
Consequently, loss of material and human resources will arise; the nation, as a whole, will suffer.

4. CLEAR DEFINITION OF NATIONAL
POLICY
A STRONG
AND CLEAR
POLICY
OFFERS MOST,
IF NOT ALL,
OF THE
FOLLOWING
ADVANTAGES:
Demonstrated lead from government in disaster-related affairs;
Foundation for appropriate legislation and associated regulations;
Basis for sound organization and clear allocation of responsibilities;
Overall direction for ensuring optimum use of resources against a
carefully assessed threat; and
National competence and self-reliance that is likely to engender
optimum international assistance when the need arises.

5. THE PROCESS OF POLICY
DEFINITION
To define a national disaster management policy, it is necessary to consider
certain main factors or pillars. For most countries, the following will usually
apply:
•Defining accurately the disaster threat;
•Identifying the effects which are likely to be caused by the threat;
•Assessing the resources available to deal with the threat;
•Organizational arrangements which are required to prepare for, respond to, and recover from
disaster events;
•Defining how a national disaster management policy interlocks with other aspects of national
policy, especially those concerned with national development and protection of the environment;
•Any other specific national factors which may be applicable

6. THE DISASTER THREAT AND
LIKELY EFFECTS
Information on the disaster threat and on the effects likely to arise from disaster is contained in
Lecture 2.
However, for purposes of defining national policy, these two aspects would need to be carefully
reviewed.
This is necessary to ensure that a correct relationship is established between the threat and its
effects on the one hand, and the policy itself on the other hand.
For instance, from a purely disaster management viewpoint, the most effective countermeasure
to a flood threat may be a policy of prevention based on an extensive flood control system.
However, when it comes to national policy, preventive measures of this kind may not be
financially feasible.

7. ASSESSING AVAILABLE
RESOURCES
It is no use framing a national disaster management policy which is beyond the capacity of
available resources.
The reverse sense applies; that is, national policy has to be balanced with the various
existing resources in terms of equipment, facilities, and personnel. In assessing resources,
it is essential to consider the widest range of both government organizations and NGOs.
It is also reasonable to take into account resources which are likely to be forthcoming from
international sources.

8. ORGANIZATIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS
It is generally accepted that the primary responsibility for dealing with disaster must rest
with national government.
In addition, an important disaster management concept is to ensure optimum use of
existing resources, the majority of which tend to be under government direction.
It follows, therefore, that the organizational arrangements needed for dealing with disaster
(both before, during, and after a disaster) are best based on the government structure.
Indeed, experience has shown that it is neither wise nor effective to try to switch to some
special organizational arrangements for disaster purposes.

9. ORGANIZATIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS
Most countries, therefore, use their existing government structure as the basis for dealing
with disaster.
They then augment this by establishing such specialized agencies or sections as may be
deemed necessary; for example, a National Disaster Council (NDC) for policy purposes, a
National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) for day-to-day working affairs, and
appropriate sections at lower levels of government.
Thus, in framing a national disaster management policy, these organizational aspects must
be carefully considered and included in the relevant policy statement

10. INTERRELATION OF NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT POLICY WITH OTHER NATIONAL
POLICIES
It is well understood and recognized that governments in most countries are, of necessity,
concerned with a whole range of major policy areas.
These usually include economic and social development, health, education, and so on.
Such major policy areas will, necessarily, be prioritized from a government standpoint.
It is unrealistic, therefore, to expect that disaster management policy will be prioritized,
for instance, in allocating funding and resources that cannot be positively justified
Therefore, those responsible for drafting and formulating a national disaster policy must
aim to achieve an appropriate balance and interrelationship with other national policies

11. INTERRELATION OF NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT POLICY WITH OTHER NATIONAL
POLICIES
Two areas of government policy tend to have mutual interests with disaster management. They are:
National development
•Disaster and national development are, in reality, closely related.
•This especially applies if the disaster threat is significant. For instance, national development planning needs to consider the
possible effects that disaster may have on the various programs and projects involved.
•In turn, however, such programs and projects may affect the nation’s ability to cope with disaster because while some of
them may reduce risk and vulnerability, others can actually increase it.
•In addition, disaster events often open subsequent possibilities of improving various aspects of progress and development.
This is known as the “disaster-as-a benefit syndrome,”.
•These improvements and benefits may be possible in various fields of activity; for instance, building standards, transport
systems, town planning, and so on.

12. INTERRELATION OF NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT POLICY WITH OTHER NATIONAL
POLICIES
Protection of
the
environment
Widespread international concern has prompted most national
governments to direct particular attention toward protecting the
environment.
Since much disaster management activity is concerned with environmental
aspects (e.g., flood, drought, cyclone) it is sensible to maintain close
collaboration between disaster management and environmental policies.
Indeed, some countries are already moving toward a single integrated
policy for disaster and the environment.

13. MAIN ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL
POLICY
Prevention Measures aimed at impeding the occurrence of a disaster and/or
preventing such an occurrence having harmful effects on communities.
Constructing a dam or levee to control floodwaters is an example of a
preventive measure. Controlled burning off in a bushfire prone area prior to
the high-risk season is another example.
Mitigation Action taken (usually in the form of specific programs) to reduce the effects
of a disaster on a nation or community. For instance, developing and
applying building codes can reduce damage and loss in the event of
earthquakes and cyclones. The term normally implies that while it may be
possible to prevent some disaster effects, other effects will persist and can
be modified or reduced if appropriate action is taken.

14. MAIN ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL
POLICY
Preparedness Measures which enable governments, communities, and
individuals to respond rapidly and effectively to disaster
situations. Preparedness measures include formulating viable
counter-disaster plans, maintaining inventories of resources,
and training of personnel.
Response Response measures are usually those taken immediately prior
to and following disaster impact. They are directed toward
saving life, protecting property, and dealing with the immediate
damage and other effects caused by the disaster.

15. MAIN ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL
POLICY
Recovery The process by which communities and the nation are assisted
in returning to their proper levels of functioning following a
disaster. The recovery process can be very protracted, taking
5–10 years or even more. Recovery is usually taken as including
other aspects such as restoration and reconstruction.
Development The progressive advancement and modernization of societies,
in this case as it interrelates with the effects of disaster and
with disaster management.

16. A POSSIBLE POLICY FORMAT
In summarizing what has been said concerning the main elements of
national policy, a possible policy is given on the following slide.
However, the method by which the policy is issued is a matter for
individual national choice. For instance, it might be issued by:
• Government decree,
• Government statement,
• Legislation,
• Regulation, and
• Other means.

17. NATIONAL
DMP
The shown image is a
general format for
Statement of National
Disaster management
Policy

18. NATIONAL
DMP
Continued part of policy

19. 19
PAKISTAN’S HAZARDS
VULNERABILITIES

20. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

21. 21
Pakistan’s Disaster
Context
Diverse topographical
features

22. 22
Pakistan’s Disaster
Context
 Climatic variations from tropical to temperate with
rainfall as little as less than 1˝ to over 150˝ a year

23. 23
Pakistan’s Disaster
Context
 Uneven population density

24. 24
Pakistan’s Disaster
Context
 Unplanned development in hazard prone areas

25. 25
Pakistan’s Disaster
Context
 Poverty feeds into vulnerability

26. 26
Pakistan’s Disaster
Context
 Pressure on national resources

27. 27
Hazards and Disaster

28. 28
28
DROUGHT
FOREST FIRESFLOODS
OIL SPILLS

29. 29
29
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTSTSUNAMIS
CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS

30. 30
30
LAND SLIDES

31. 31
31
EARTHQUAKE

32. 32
32
1737
1897
1950
19051935
1819
1881
1803
1833
1934
1945
1941
2001
EARTHQUAKES OF GREATER THAN M=7.5
OCCURRED IN THE REGION

33. 33
33
Chaman: Balochistan
EARTHQUAKE IN PAKISTAN – 1892
6.8 MAGNITUDE

34. 34
34
Before After
Town Hall Lahore
Himachal Pradesh 19,727
EARTHQUAKE KANGRA 1905
7.8 MAGNITUDE

35. 35
35
Railway Station 35,000 deaths
Lytton Road 35,000 deaths
EARTHQUAKE IN QUETTA – 1935
7.7 MAGNITUDE

36. 36
36

37. 37
37
SEISMIC ZONES OF PAKISTAN
EARTHQUAKE/ SEISMIC

38. 38
38
TSUNAMIS

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39
KarachiPasni 8.3
Wave Height 40 ft
Casualties 4000
21 Nov
21: 56 UTC
PASNI
TSUNAMI - 1945
(MAKRAN COAST)

40. 40
40
EARTHQUAKE 2005

41. 41
41
Mardan
Peshawar
Rwp
Mzd
Isd
Abbotabad
Arja
Rwkt
Bagh
Mansehra
Batgram
Balakot
GHB
Pattan
Kaghan
Mingora
Gilgit
Kalam
AREA AFFECTED-30,000 SQ KM
7.6
FAULT LINE 100
KM LONG
•HUMAN LOSS - 73,338
•INJURED - 1,28,309
•FAMILIES AFFECTED- 500,000
TOTAL POPULATION : 3.5 M

42. 42
CATEGORY DESTROYED/
DAMAGED
TOTAL
HOUSES 6,00,152 7,87,583
EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTES
7,669
18,095 STUDENTS DEAD
1,1456
HEALTH
INSTITUTES
574 782
ROADS 4,429 KMs
(37.02 %)
1,1963 KMs
 MOST OF THE UTILITIES LIKE TELECOM, WATER SUPPLY &
ELECTRICITY WERE OUT OF ORDER
 200 MILLION TONS DEBRIS TO BE MANAGED
DAMAGES DUE TO EARTHQUAKE

43. 43
Why DRR Important for Pakistan
Since then:
•2 Cyclones
•2 Floods
•2 Earthquakes
•2 Land Slides
•1 Complex
Emergency
 Pakistan a disaster prone country – compounded by
frequency and nature of disaster
 Erosion of Economic Growth and Social Capital
 Unsustainable Development – Pakistan a developing
country with emphasis on infrastructure development
 Difficult to achieve Poverty Reduction Goals
5Years

44. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
1 1
2
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
4
1
4
2
1
2
3
1
4 4
5 5
3 3 3
6
5 5 5
8
10
7
4
11
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Count
Year
Source: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)
– Annual Disasters Statistical Review 2006, Brussels, May 2007
44
Why DRR Important for Pakistan

45. Types of Disasters in Pakistan
21 22
50
12
1
10
15
1 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
WindStorm
Earthquake
Flood
LandSlides
Famine
Epidemic
Extreme
Temperature
Insect
Infestation
Drought
Frequency
1956 -2006
Source: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) – Annual Disasters Statistical
Review 2006
45
Why DRR Important for Pakistan

46. 46
46
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
PRE - EARTHQUAKE - 05
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

47. 47
47
MANDATE. “THE “FEDERAL RELIEF COMMISSION” SHALL
CO-ORDINATE AND MONITOR THE RELIEF EFFORTS. HE
SHALL REPORT DIRECTLY TO THE PRIME MINISTER. ALL
AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH THE RELIEF AND
REHABILITATION EFFORTS, INCLUDING CABINET, HEALTH,
INTERIOR, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, COMMUNICATION AND
INFORMATION DIVISIONS SHALL FUNCTION THROUGH HIM
AND FORM A PART OF THE TEAM. ARMED FORCES SHALL
ALSO BE A PART OF THE TEAM”
EARTHQUAKE – 2005
AND FORMATION OF FEDERAL RELIEF COMMISSION (FRC)

48. 48
48
• MULTI-LATERAL
DIMENSIONS
• ALL SPHERE OF LIFE
• INSTITUTIONS
• INFRASTRUCTURE
• SOCIETY, FACILITIES
RECONST
• INSTITUTION AND LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS
• HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
• TRAINING, EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
• MULTIHAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
• EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM
• CAPACTIY DEVELOPMENT
PREP & MITIGATION
•RELIEF LOGISTICS
•RESTORATIONS
•SOCIAL/CIVIC ORDER
•REVIVAL OF SYSTEMS
•BUILDING CAPACITIES
REC & REHAB
• PSYCHO, PHYSICAL TRAUMA
• SOCIO- ECONOMIC FALL OUTS
• DISPLACED PEOPLE
• IMPLICATIONS OF
DEVASTATION AND
DESTRUCTION
• EVACUATIONS
• DAMAGE CONTROL
• HEALTH, FOOD, SHELTER
CONSEQUENCE
MGMT, RESCUE &
REL
RESPONSE
MECHANISM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT SPECTRUM

49. 49
49
UN/US/NATO
INTL ORGs/NGOs
PROVINCES
MINISTRIES
GOVT DEPTS
FOREIGN SPPUBLIC/VOLUNTEERS
EXPATRIATES
PHILANTHROPIST
ARMY
WB/ IDB/
ADB /IMF
MILITARY
COMPONENT
STRATEGIC
LEADERS
GROUP
CIVILIAN
COMPONENT
FMNS
PAF
PIA, RAILWAYS, NLC,
WAPDA, UTILITY STORES,
PTCL, SCO, ERC, NCMC
LOG AVN MED
ISPR ENGRS
FEDERAL RELIEF COMMISSIONER
COORDINATION MECHANISM

50. 50
50
National
Response -
Concept
Base
DISTRIBUTION POINTS
BY AIR/RD/TRAIN
FWD BASES
BY AIR/HEL/ROAD
FOREIGN
COUNTRIES
DOMESTIC
SOURCES
NODES NODESNODES NODES NODESNODES NODES
Base Base
IOs/NGOs
HELs, ANIMAL
TRANSPORT
MAN PACK ,
LIGHT VEHICLES
•FORWARD TO REAR ------ HIGHER TO LOWER
•HUTMENTS, HAMLETS, HOUSES LEVEL OP

51. 51
HEALTHHEALTH -- WHO
FOOD/NUTRITION
WFP, UNICEF
SHELTER -- IOM
CAMP MANAGEMENT - UNHCR
WATER, SANITATION- UNICEF
PROTECTION, EDUCATION
UNICEF
LOGISTICS -- WFP
EARLY RECOVERY -- UNDP
SAFETY, SECURITY -UNDSS
INFO, TELECOMM
WFP, UNICEF
FOOD
SHELTERS
CAMP MANAGEMENT
EDUCATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
LOGISTICS
PROTECTION
RESCUE, RELIEF & RECOVERY
CLUSTER APPROACH

52. 52
LESSONS LEARNT FROM EQ 2005

53. 53





LESSONS LEARNT FROM EQ 2005

54. 54
FOCUSED
APPROACH
LEAN
STRUCTURE
FLEXIBLE CAPACITIES
NEED FOR A PERMANENT
LESSONS LEARNT FROM EQ 2005

55. 55



LESSONS LEARNT FROM EQ 2005

56. 56
QUICK & SMOOTH RESPONSE
 HAVE SOPs
 ESTABLISH COORDINATION CENTERS
 SHARE INFORMATION
 USE COMMON DATABASE
 TRAIN SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAMS
(REDUCING TIME OF EXECUTION CAN REDUCE THE COST OF
MANAGING A CATASTROPHE)
LESSONS LEARNT FROM EQ 2005

57. 57


LESSONS LEARNT FROM EQ 2005

58. 58
DEPENDENCY SYNDROME
UPLIFT COMMUNITIES FROM
CYCLE OF DEPENDENCY INTO
SELF-RELIANCE
REGENERATION OF SOCIAL
AND CULTURAL COHESION
LESSONS LEARNT FROM EQ 2005

59. 59





LESSONS LEARNT FROM EQ 2005

60. 60
POST EQ 2005 LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

61. 61

 PROMULGATED IN DEC 2006
 CALLS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF DM ENTITIES AT FEDERAL,
PROVINCIAL AND DISTRICT LEVELS
 NDMC HEADED BY THE PM (POLICY MAKING BODY) AND
NDMA AS EXECUTIVE ARM
 NDMA RESPONSIBLE TO MANAGE COMPLETE SPECTRUM OF
DM AT NATIONAL LEVEL
 FOR DM, ALL AGENCIES - FOREIGN OR DOMESTIC - SHALL
WORK THROUGH NDMA
POST EQ 2005 LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

62. 62
62
National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC)
DIFFERENT TIERS OF THE SYSTEM
National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA)
Provincial/ Regional
Disaster Management Commission (PDMCs)
Donors, UN, NGOs, Media
Media, Banks, Insurance &
Private sector
Federal Ministries,
Departments, Technical Agencies Provincial/ Regional
Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs)
District/ Municipal
Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs)
Tehsil Structures
POST EQ 2005 LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

63. 63
63












POST EQ 2005 LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

64. 64
64
Dir HR &
Procurement
Dir Finance &
Accounts
Recovery &
Rehabilitation/
Re-const
Wing
Co-opted
Members
Ops
Wing
Ops
Centre
Avn Med Log Engrs Ops
SO
Aviation
Wing
SUMMARY
•Officers - 26
•Supporting Staff - 85
Total - 111
NDMA
ORGANOGRAM
Dir Ops/
Coord Prep
Chairman
Military
Wing
POST EQ 2005 LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

65. 65

 MEMBERS. CHIEF MINISTER, LEADER OF OPPOSITION & A
NOMINEE OF THE LEADER OF OPPOSITION
 FUNCTIONS. SAME FUNCTIONS AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL AS OF
NDMC AT NATIONAL LEVEL

 SECRETARIAT OF PDMC
 DEALS WITH WHOLE SPECTRUM OF DRM AT PROVINCIAL
LEVEL
 PERFORMS SAME FUNCTIONS AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL AS OF
NDMA AT NATIONAL LEVEL
POST EQ 2005 LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

66. 66

 ACTS AS FIRST RESPONDER
 DEALS WITH WHOLE SPECTRUM OF DRM AT DISTRICT LEVEL
 IMPLEMENT NATIONAL / PROVINCIAL POLICIES AND
STRATEGIES AT DISTRICT LEVEL
 MOBILIZES RESOURCES AT DISTRICT LEVEL
 GIVE DIRECTIONS/GUIDELINES TO DISTRICT DEPARTMENTS /
ORGANIZATIONS FOR PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF
DISASTERS
POST EQ 2005 LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

67. 67

NINE PRIORITY AREAS IDENTIFIED
 ESTABLISH AND STRENGTHEN (INSTITUTIONS AND
CAPACITIES)
 NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT
 TRAINING
 AWARENESS
 MULTI HAZARD EWS
 MAINSTREAMING DRR INTO DEVELOPMENT
 COMMUNITY BASED DRR INITIATIVES
 EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEMS
 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR POST DISASTER RECOVERY
POST EQ 2005 LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

68. 68
POST EQ 2005 LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
NDMF
TO BE UTILIZED TO DEAL WITH WHOLE SPECTRUM OF
DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ARE ALSO REQUIRED TO
ESTABLISH SIMILAR FUNDS UNDER THE RESPECTIVE
PDMAS
NIDM
CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
WILL CATER FOR DOMESTIC / REGIONAL TRAINING AND
RESEARCH NEEDS
DRM COURSES STARTED UNDER THE NIDM WHILE
INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE
WILL BE INITIATED SHORTLY

69. 69

 HRD FOR DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
 DRM PLANNING
 DRR MAINSTREAMING
 COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITIES
 RESPONSE PROJECT – PEER & USAR
KEY DRM INITIATIVES

70. 70

 FULL OPERATIONALIZATION OF PDMAS AND DDMAS IN
50 HIGH RISK DISTRICTS
 COMPLETION OF NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT
EXERCISE
 RISK SENSITIVE DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND
PLANNING
 COMMUNITY BASED MITIGATION PROGRAMMES IN 50
DISTRICTS
 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN DRM
 RAISING PUBLIC AWARENESS
 EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
KEY DRM INITIATIVES

71. 71
Contingency Plans
Winter Contingency Plan
Cyclone Contingency Plan (for Karachi City)
Monsoon Contingency Plan 2007-2008
Industrial & Chemical Accidents Contingency Plan (advanced
stage of finalization)
Marine Oil/Chemical Spill Contingency Plan
Technical Contingency Plan
KEY DRM INITIATIVES

72. 72

 MAPPING OF HAZARD RISKS IN PAKISTAN
 DEVELOP GUIDELINES & STANDARDS FOR RESPONSE
 EQUIP NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL EMERGENCY
OPERATION CENTRES WITH ESSENTIAL IT EQUIPMENT
 PREPARE NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE PLAN,
DEVELOP DEPARTMENTAL SOPS FOR DISASTER
RESPONSE
 DEVELOP AN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR
DISASTER RESPONSE
KEY DRM INITIATIVES

73. 73
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

CHALLENGES

74. Analysis of Natural Disasters in Pakistan (1987-2006)
S
#
Disaster
Type
People
Homeless
People
Killed
People
Injured
People
affected
Total affected
Total Damage
000$
%
Rankin
g
1 Wind Storm 22,597 11,654 1,183 1,057,000 1,080,780 4,100 2 6
2 Earth-quake 2,853,585 142,812 88,096 1,294,429 4,236,110 5,019,255 8 2
3 Flood 8,927,685 11,702 1,262 38,669,447 47,598,394 2,746,030 86 1
4 Land Slides 3,100 384 114 200 3,414 - 0 7
5 Famine - - - 300,000 300,000 - 1 4
6 Epidemic - 283 211 16,275 16,486 - 0 5
7
Extreme
Temp
- 1,406 324 250 574 - 0 8
8 Drought - 223 - 2,269,300 2,269,300 2,47,000 4 3
Total 11,806,967 168,464 91,190 43,606,901 55,505,058 8,016,385
Flood 2010 1,744,471 1,984 2,946 20,184,550 20,184,550 10,000,000
74

75. 75
THANK YOU

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