Sanitary_Cond._in_the_World
•Descargar como PPT, PDF•
0 recomendaciones•179 vistas
Recomendados
Recomendados
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
La actualidad más candente (20)
Similar a Sanitary_Cond._in_the_World
Similar a Sanitary_Cond._in_the_World (20)
Sanitary_Cond._in_the_World
- 1. Ch. 1. Sustainable sanitation - a review Management & organisation Residents´ views & actions Physical arrangements including technology The challenge is to protect our health and the environment This challenge can be addressed, if management, residents, policies, technology and engagement are in place
- 2. 1.1 Sanitary Conditions in the world How do we perceive sanitary conditions? What functions must a sustainable system fulfil? Learning objective: To become familiar with various sanitary conditions in the world, functions of sanitation, and to foster a critical under- standing of statistics and other data.
- 3. Sanitation – ’the silent crises’ 2.5 billion people (35% of the world's population 2010) lack so called improved sanitation 18% of the world's population lack safe water supply 10% of all wastewater in developing countries is treated Malnutrition is a major factor making us more vulnerable to disease and death, thus food security is important The combined effects of poor personal and domestic hygiene and lack of safe water and good environmental sanitation is considered the most important risk factor for disease and death
- 4. Proportion of households in major cities connected to piped water and sewers House or yard Connected to connection for water (%) a sewer (%) Africa 43 18 Asia 77 45 Latin America & 77 35 Caribbean Oceania 73 15 Europe 96 82 North America 100 96
- 5. new 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Africa Asia LA & C America Europe Wastewater - collected and treated by effective treatment plants (median percentage) Source: UNDP & UNICEF 2003 (Fig. 3.13)
- 6. Stormwater, solid and organic waste Animals scavenging organic material and clogged storm water drains Stormwater drainage as a conduit for solid waste Copyright: Jan-Olof Drangert Copyright: Jan-Olof Drangert
- 7. Exercise: Upgrading environmental sanitation in dense settlements Thor-Axel Stenström, SMI, Sweden before after Thor-Axel Stenström, SMI, Sweden What Next? After Improvemen
- 8. Sanitation ladder ....... upgrading Outside house: Private dry urine- diverting toilet Communal flush Indoors: Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden Open defecation Björn Vinnerås Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
- 9. Diseases related to excreta and wastewater Disease: Mortality (death/year) Burden of disease* Comments Diarrhoea 1 800 000 62 000 000 99.8% of deaths occur in dev. countries; 90% are children Typhoid 600 000 no data Estimate: 16 million cases/year Ascariasis 3 000 1 800 000 Estimate: 1.45 billion infections, of which 350 million suffer adverse health effects Hookworm disease 3 000 60 000 Estimate: 1.3 billion infections of which 150 million suffer adverse health effects Schisto- somiasis 15 000 1 700 000 Found in 74 countries, 200 million estimated infected, 20 mi with severe consequences Hepatitis A no data no data Estimate: 1.4 million cases/yr. Source: WHO, 2006 * DALYs/year estimates the time lost due to disability or death from a disease compared with long life free of that disease (See Ch
- 10. Source: UNICEF and World Health Organization, 2012 Sanitation coverage trends by developing region, and urban-rural divide 1990-2010 Urban – rural divide
- 11. Improved urban sanitation coverage 2010 Source: UNICEF and World Health Organization, 2012 Proportion of the population in 59 developing countries using both improved drinking water sources and improved sanitation (per cent)
- 12. What sanitation is about • Personal and household hygiene • Clean environment incl. water • Solid waste management • Greywater disposal and treatment • Safe excreta disposal • Stormwater handling Traditional interpretation: • Acceptance, affordable, convenience and pride • Environmentally sustainable arrangements incl. chemical risks and resource conservation Additional perspectives:
- 13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pathogen & hazardous waste reduction – indicators depend on flow-stream Nutrient reuse – (i) X% of excreted N, P, K is reused for crop production, (ii) Y% of used water is reused Nutrient & hazardous waste containment – indicators depend on flow-stream Integrated resource management – indicators depend on flow-stream Access – (i) 24-hr access to facility year-round, (ii) privacy, personal security and shelter, (iii) no smell, (iv) preferrably indoors and accessible to men, women, children, elderly Greywater management – (i) no stagnant water in compound or in streets, (ii) no vectors, (iii) no avoidable pollution e.g. fat or paint residues A sanitation ladder for improved functions Adapted from Kvarnström et al., 2010 Excreta containment – (i) in use, (ii) no vectors, (iii) no faecal matter, (iv) hand-washing facility in use (v) can withstand stormwater events
- 14. Sustainable - more than a catch word The Bruntland Commission (1987) expressed sustainability as: “…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" … Sustainability comprises a variety of perspectives: Ecology, Economy, Social, Resource saving, Reuse, etc. Sustainability criteria for sanitation arrangements may read (EcoSanRes): - protecting and promoting human health, - not contributing to environmental degradation or depletion of the resource base, - being technically and institutionally appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable
- 15. Crucial physical boundaries for human activities Biodiversity loss Acid oceans Ozone depletion N & P cycles Land use changes Chemical pollution Source: Rockström et al., 2009 Freshwater global use Aerosol loading Climate change Planetary boundary
- 16. Requirements on sanitation arrangements Inside the home (old requirements): - hygienic and protecting human health - comfortable (indoors, no smell, easy to clean, security) Outside of the home requirements (new! ): - save resources (little/no water, reuse nutrients, little energy) - protect the environment (ground & surface water, soil, air) Lessons to consider: • Requirements change over time, sometimes quickly • Energy use is high for conveyance over long distances and for advanced treatment technology
- 17. Epidemics rather than endemics have shaped our views After John Snow discovered (1854) that cholera can be trans- mitted by contaminated well water, sanitary engineers focussed their interest on organic matter in water as an indicator of faecal contamination. Many rivers with high organic loads were wrongly labelled as hazardous since the origin of the organic matter was not from faeces but from humus! (Hamlin, 1990) Example 2 Sanitary inspectors in Linköping (small town in Sweden) described the sanitary conditions in the workers´ living quarters as deplorable with stagnant storm water and awful smell, and causing ill health (1870s). However, infant mortality in such areas did not differ from that in richer areas with piped water and sewers. Lack of sanitary precaution by all classes was the reason, and not until the general hygiene improved did the death toll figures come down! (Nilsson 1994; Esrey, 1990) Example1
- 18. Continued Example 3 Water issues have been in focus to the detriment of appreciating good sanitation. Cairncross (1989) and others have reached the conclusion that water quantity is more important to good health than water quality for many diseases. Enough water to clean the hands and body, wash clothes, clean the house, etc. is more important than improved drinking water quality at the margin. Lesson to consider: We need to measure the right parameters to be able to draw useful conclusions.
- 19. • Sanitation viewed as less important • People assumed to be uninterested • Is less of a public concern, and attracts little public investment in poor urban areas up to now • Residents do not perceive that they pay for sanitation by eg poor health Lessons to consider: • The Millennium Development Goals deal more with water than sanitation issues, but sanitation is picking up with the new emphasis. • Separate planning for sanitation and water leads to installation of piped supply long before proper disposal and treatment of wastewater • Water ”will do the trick” • Everyone wants water • Water supply is a public concern, and attracts public and private investments • Easy to charge for the water - if the supply is regular Sanitation versus Water
Notas del editor
- The technology-based approach to monitoring and policy is quite standard and regulations and by-laws are in many cases formulated in a technology-prescriptive way, which facilitates the life for those responsible for enforcement and monitoring. The flipside of that coin is that regulations, by-laws and legislation formulated in this way might hamper the development and improvement of technology since technologies not specified in the regulatory framework will consequently not be authorized to use. Moreover, a regulatory framework formulated in this way will also become outdated if innovative sanitation technologies not covered in the regulatory framework do show up on the sanitation market. In contrast, some governments have moved towards more function-based policy, in an attempt to be more inclusive. For example, the South African White Paper on Sanitation (passed 2001) is based on principle rather than technology, stating that the minimum acceptable basic level of sanitation encompasses: In Sweden on-site sanitation regulation has undergone a remake over the last ten years, going from being technology-prescriptive to being function-oriented. 2006, the Environmental Protection Agency published new national guidelines on on-site sanitation, which focused not on sanitation technology per se but the function of the sanitation technology instead. The Swedish EPA thereby guides the local authorities on what kind of demands they should pose on the house owner. The national guidelines are especially emphasizing the need to reduce the phosphorus loads to the recipient water bodies and the importance of nutrients recycling. The new national guidelines are describing functions to be complied to within three different categories: (i) basic functions, (ii) health protection, and (iii) environmental protection. The two last categories are further specified into normal protection level and high protection level, where any of these levels can be applied depending on the local context (see Box 1). To help the local environmental authorities in their decision-making the Swedish EPA has produced a handbook explaining the regulatory implications on on-site sanitation. Moreover, some municipalities have produced living documents, where technologies fulfilling the function requirements in their municipality for the different protection levels are listed. In order for these documents to be up-to-date with the sanitation system development they need to be regularly updated. The functions on the first rung are focused on stopping the spread of fecal-oral disease through proper excreta containment and hand washing. This rung recognizes that the use of a public or shared latrine, with a functional hand-washing facility, will be able to count towards improved sanitation. This would be the equivalent to the rung "shared latrines" in the JMP ladder used today (Figure 2), although the JMP ladder does not include hand-washing. To break the disease chain the first rung should also eliminate flies. In addition, this rung addresses important issues for user satisfaction and acceptance by having aesthetic functions. The pleasantness of the user experience with a sanitation system can be a determiner of whether it is used properly and thus whether it is providing the necessary benefit. Therefore, it is important that the facilities are free of odours and pests (including flies, insects and rodents), and have regular cleaning and maintenance to preserve a clean/pleasant experience.
- Planetary boundaries are real. They define the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system and are associated with the planet´s biophysical subsystems and processes. Today, most of the thresholds can be given by a value for one or more control variables, such as carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere (350 parts per million by volume). Two of the identified 9 boundaries have no threshold values (see slide). The boundaries in three systems (rate of biodiversity loss, climate change and human interference with the nitrogen cycle counted as rate at which N2 is removed from the atmosphere and converted to reactive nitrogen), have already been exceeded. Humanity may soon be appreoaching the bounglobhwater use, change in land use,ocean acidification and interference with the global phosphorus cycle.. Although the planetary coundaries are described in terms o f invidividual quantities ans separate preceswses, the boundaries are tigthly coulpled. If one boundary is transgressed, then other boundaries are also iunder serious risk. For instance, significant lan-use changes in the Amazon could influence water resources as fdar away as Tibet.