Types and Use of Tools and Instruments in Research

2. TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS IN
RESEARCH
 Presented by: Muhammad Sibghatullah
 ID No: PET07183004

3. RESEARCH TOOLS OR
INSTRUMENTS
 Research tools or research instruments are the tools or
instruments used to collect data for research purpose.
 There are several ways to collect data in several different
types of methods in research. The most important thing is to
choose the right tools for research according to our objectives.

4. HOW TO SELECT?
 Researcher need to keep in mind these questions to select
our research tool.
 What is he really planning to find out?
 How is he going to observe the target population?
 What´s the best tool to observe certain variables or
indicators?

5. QUESTIONNAIRE
 A questionnaire is a set of carefully selected and ordered
questions prepared by an investigation to seek factual
information from respondents or to find their opinion, attitude
or interest. (Saadi, 2016)

6. BENEFITS
 There are many advantages of questionnaire but most
prominent and basic factor is that researcher can reach a large
number of people relatively easily and economically.
 Moreover questionnaire provides quantifiable answers that
are relatively easy to analyse.
 Another important fact is that it consumes less time of
researcher than interviews or observation.

7. TYPES
 There are some forms of questionnaire. Researcher can
construct questions in the form of closed, open, pictorial and
scale items. A researcher can use one type of questions or can
use combination of them in questionnaire. The nature of the
problem and character of the respondents determine which
form will supply the desired data.

8. CLOSED FORM
 These types of questions usually have a prepared list of
concrete questions and a list of possible answers. To indicate
his answer a respondent simply replies with yes or no or with
any alternative response from the list of answers.
 Yes
 No
 Do not know

9. OPEN FORM
 The open form or unrestricted type of questionnaire calls for
a free response from respondent in his own words. This allows
a clear and brief expression of thoughts from the respondent.

10. PICTORIAL FORM
 Some questionnaires present
respondents with drawings and
photographs rather than written
statement from which to choose
answers. This form of questionnaire is
suitable tool for collecting data from
children and adults with limited
reading ability.

11. SCALE ITEMS
 A scale item is a question to which the respondent expresses his
agreement or disagreement of various levels. Scale items have fixed
alternatives and the respondent indicates where he stands on the scale.
Following is an example.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Undecided or Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree

12. INTERVIEWS
 It is face to face interpersonal situation in which researcher
as an interviewer, ask the respondent or interviewee questions
designed to obtain answers pertinent to the purpose of the
research problems.

13. DIFFERENCE
Questionnaire Method Interview Method
1. Data is gathered indirectly. 1. Data is gathered directly.
2. No face to face contact between two. 2. There is face to face contact between
interviewer and interviewee.
3. Interviewer should have the general
knowledge of the topic.
3. Skilful interviewer is needed.
4. Interviewee will hesitate than to write
it.
4. Some confidential information can
also be obtained
5. Researcher get written information
only.
5. Researcher get written and oral both
type of information.

14. OBSERVATION
 One of the most common methods for qualitative data
collection, participant observation is also one of the most
demanding.
 It requires that the researcher become a participant in the
culture or context being observed.
 Participant observation often requires months or years of
intensive work because the researcher needs to become
accepted as a natural part of the culture in order to assure that
the observations are of the natural phenomenon.

15. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
 Validity refers to the degree to which a study accurately reflects
or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to
measure.
 While reliability is concerned with the accuracy of the actual
measuring instrument or procedure.
 validity is concerned with the study's success at measuring what
the researchers set out to measure. Researchers should be
concerned with both external and internal validity.

16.  External validity refers to the
extent to which the results of a study
are generalizable or transferable.
 Internal validity refers to the rigor
with which the study was conducted
(e.g., the study's design, the care taken
to conduct measurements, and
decisions concerning what was and
wasn't measured).