This will help you in the commercial preparation of Hydrochloric acid.

2. COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
BY
MR. MUHAMMAD ULLAH AFRIDI
INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF
PESHAWAR.

3. HCl INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION

4. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRODUCTION
PROCESS
 APPLICATIONS
HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

5. INTRODUCTION
Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, highly pungent,
highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial
uses. Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in gastric acid.
About 20 million tonnes of hydrochloric acid are produced
worldwide annually.
Hydrochloric acid is a versatile chemical used in a variety
of chemical processes, including hydrometallurgical
processing (e. g., Production of alumina and titanium
dioxide), chlorine dioxide synthesis, hydrogen production,
activation of petroleum wells.
Also known as muriatic acid, HCl is used by masons to
clean finished brick work, is also a common ingredient in
many reactions, and is the preferred acid for catalyzing
organic processes.

6. PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Hydrochloric acid may be manufactured by several different processes, although
over 90 percent of the HCl produced in the world is a byproduct of the
chlorination reaction.
Organic by-product synthesis.
 Metallic chlorides with sulfuric acid.
 Waste incineration.
 Thermal decomposition of hydrated heavy metals

7. ORGANIC BYPRODUCT SYNTHESIS
• Hydrochloric acid is made during chlorination of organic products as follows:
• RH +Cl2 →RCl + HCl
• Hydrochloric acid is also made during fluorination of chlorinated organic
products to manufacture (hydro) chlorofluorocarbons as follows:
• RCl + HF → RF + HCl where RCl stands for chloroform, trichloro ethane, etc
and RF stands for (hydro) chlorofluorocarbons.

8. SULFURIC ACID METHOD
 HCl is generally made in industries by the action of sulphuric acid on common
salt NaCl.
 1) NaCl +H2S04 ------> NaHSO4 +HCl
 2) NaHSO4 +NaCl -------> Na2SO4 + HCl
 These reactions may be carried out by heating the mixture of salt and sulfuric
acid either in an "open roaster," or in a muffle or "close roaster." These are both
called "salt-cake furnaces."

9. ORGANIC WASTE INCINERATION
 Hydrochloric acid is made during incineration, at high temperatures,
of chlorinated wastes as follows.
HCCl=CCl2 + 3.5O2+ CH4 3CO2 + 3HCl + H20
HCCl=CCl2 + 1.5O2+ H2O 2CO2 + 3HCl
C4H6Cl2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2HCl

10. THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF
HYDRATED HEAVY METAL CHLORIDES
 HCl is also produced by thermal decomposition of hydrated heavy
metal chlorides from spent pickle liquor in metal treatment as:
2FeCl3 + 6H2O Fe2O3 + 3H2O + 6HCl

11. BURNER PROCESS
 Chlorine and hydrogen react exothermally to form hydrogen
chloride gas as follows:
 Cl₂+ H₂ → 2HCl
 Both gases pass through a burner nozzle, and are ignited inside a
graphite combustion chamber, which is cooled by water.
 The hydrogen chloride gas produced is cooled, and absorbed into
water to give hydrochloric acid at the desired concentration
Cl₂ (g)+ H₂ (g) → 2HCl (l)
H2O

12. APPLICATIONS OF HCl
 For pickling steel
 For the manufacturing of PVC pipes
 For the production of compounds that used in waste water treatment
 For manufacturing of dyes and fertilizers it is used in textile and
rubber industries

13. HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT
Personal protective equipment such as latex gloves, protective eye
goggles, and chemical-resistant clothing and shoes will minimize
risks when handling hydrochloric acid.
The united states environmental protection agency rates and regulates
hydrochloric acid as a toxic substance.
The UN number or DOT number is 1789. This number will be
displayed on a placard on the container