1. Research report
• Is a detailed account of a study which has
been concluded
• Presentation of the results of a study
• Research report contain three main sections
- Preliminaries
- Text & reference
- Appendices
2. 2
Research Proposal Versus Report
- One difference b/ween a proposal and report
is in the language
- A proposal is written in future tense whereas
a report is written in past tense
3. TECHNIQUES OF DATA
COLLECTION
• These refers to the tools used to collect data.
• They ONLY apply to primary data.
• Techniques include:
– Questionnaire
– Interviews
– observation
4. Questionnaires
• A questionnaire is a form containing a
series of questions and providing space for
their replies to be filled in by the respondent
himself.
• Can either be:
– Open ended questionnaires or
– Closed ended questionnaire
5. Open ended questionnaires
• This are questionnaires where the
respondent is free to give his own view of
objectives This is a question that a
respondent can answer in a number of ways.
It gives freedom to the respondent in any
way.
• E.g. “What is your opinion on Political system in
Somalia?”
6. Closed ended questionnaires
• This is a question that gives specific choice
or alternative way that a respondent may
respond to.
• It could be of a dichotomous nature
requiring a Yes or No. Or only two answer
choices
– e.g. Are you willing to donate to the charity
fund? Yes No
– Your Sex? Male Female
8. DATA PROCESSING
• This involves organizing collected data in
order to arrive at certain conclusions.
• Data processing involves three steps of
– Editing,
– Classification and
– Tabulation.
9. Interpretation and Report Writing
• Interpretation: Refers to the task of
drawing conclusions and explaining their
significance after a careful analysis of the
data.
• Report Writing: involves communicating
the findings to relevant authorities. It gives
a detailed account of the research exercise.
10. Format of a research Report
• Its made up of 5 chapters:
– Preliminary pages
– Chapter one
– Chapter two
– Chapter three
– Chapter four
– Chapter five
11. Preliminary Pages
• Cover page
• Declaration page
• Approval page
• Acknowledgement page
• Dedication page
• List of abbreviations & acronym
• List of tables and figures
• Table of contents
• Abstract
12. Chapters 1-3
• Similar to the research proposal
• Changes are only made on the
methodology changing the language
from future tense to past (reported)
tense.
13. Chapter Four: Data analysis & Results
4.0. Introduction
4.1. Demographic Characteristics (Depends
on what aspects the were represented in the
questionnaire i.e. Age, Gender, Work
experience e.t.c.
4.2. Findings based on the 1st objective
4.3. Findings based on the 2nd objective
4.4. Findings based on the 3rd objective
14. Data analysis & Results
The data obtained from research will be analyzed
and presented in this chapter.
• The results of analyses can be presented in
tables and graphs and accompanied with
texts, highlighting the trends, tendencies
and differences.
15. For Example
• You are researching about “employee retention in
educational institutions”
• You designed a questionnaire, The following question is
among the questions you asked “How many years have
you been working for your current organization? with the
following options:
• Less than one year
• 1 - 2 years
• 3 - 4 years
• 4 – 5 years
• More than 5 years
• And distributed to 100 respondents, one questionnaire for
each
16. The questionnaire is brought back After
distribution of a questionnaire to the respondents.
Now it is a time to analyze results and presented in
tables and graphs and accompanied with texts,
highlighting the trends, tendencies and differences
Now look how to analyze the question ‘How many
years have you been working for your current
organization? with the following options:
Less than one year
1 - 2 years
3 - 4 years
4 – 5 years
More than 5 years
17. 4.5.1 Number of years employees have been working.
Table 4.5.1. Number of years, employees has been working
18. As it can be seen from above table and below chart, approximately 85 % of the
respondents indicated that they have been working for their current organization
less than 5 years, while 15 % of them have been working more than 5 years
• Figure 4.5.1. Number of years, employees has been working
How many years have you been working for your curren
m
o re th an 5 years
4 -5 years
3 -4 years
1 -2 years
les s th an on e year
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
19. • Do every question like this. it is preferable
to organize the results according to the
subheadings based on the hypotheses being
tested or objectives
• At the end of chapter four, present all
findings from beginning up to final.
20. CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion of the Results
• 5.0. Introduction
• 5.1. Summary of findings
– 1st paragraph: Summary findings based on 1st
objective
– 2nd paragraph: Summary based on the 2nd
objective
– 3rd paragraph: Summary based on the 3rd
objective.
– 4th paragraph: Summary based on the 4th
objective.
21. Why discussion?
• The purpose of the Discussion is to state
your interpretations and opinions, explain
the implications of your findings, and make
suggestions for future research.
• Its main function is to answer the questions
posed in the Introduction, explain how the
results support the answers and, how the
answers fit in with existing knowledge on
the topic.
22. • Normally this chapter starts with and
outlines the following:
1.restatement of the problems, the
relationships of the variables and
methodology .
2.Presenting the major findings under the
each objective and ever question
3.Fit the findings in the context of the
previous researches
23. Restatement of the problems, the relationships of the
variables and methodology
• For example, your research is about
“employee retention in Mogadishu
educational institutions” you stated a
problem statement in the first chapter (
Introduction). In the discussion chapter,
briefly restate the problem statement and
methodology you have developed already in
chapter one and chapter three respectively.
24. 2. Presenting the major findings under the each objective
• one of your research objectives was to
assess whether managers in Mogadishu
educational institutions practice effective
forms of performance recognition or not.
• You asked number of questions under this
objective
• Now after analyzing the distributed
questionnaire, present the major findings
under the above mentioned objective
25. Example
4.1practicing effective forms of performance recognition
4.1.0Finding one
The finding one revealed that managers in Mogadishu
educational institutions do not practice different types of
appreciation effectively such as public or private appreciation as
78 % of the respondents agreed their achievements are not
appreciated publicly in employee meetings or it is not written in
the organization’s academic journal/news paper or even in other
means. Add explanation about why they did so.
26. 3. Fit the findings in the context of the previous researches
• The results achieved should then be
discussed in terms of the current state of
knowledge in the area. Do the results
support or not support any previous studies
done, and give explanations why these are
so
27. Example
• The study revealed that lack of appreciation
affected negatively on retention of the staff
in educational institutions. The respondents
were asked “are you planning to leave from
the current organization you work for?” As
indicated in the findings list, 79 % percent
out of 100 (one hundred) of the questioned
employees are planning to leave and seek
better opportunities elsewhere.
28. • Though the findings of this study under the combined effect of lack of
effective forms of recognition on employee retention in Mogadishu
educational institutions, the same thing is indicated by the Work of
other researchers like US Dept. of labor (2004), and Chipunza ( 2009),
Rankhumise, (2005), Vohra (2005), as argued in chapter 2.
• The U.S department of labor recently found that the
number-one reason people leave their jobs has nothing to
do with pay or promotions -- they leave because they
"don't feel appreciated. This concurs with the findings by
Chipunza who shows that two-thirds of respondents in the
research admitted that lack of appreciation was the major
and forceful reason in driving them to leave their
organization
29. finally give your recommendations
• Finally, the researcher suggests the following
recommendations to educational institutions:
–Installing a well planned package of
effective forms of recognition such as
public recognition, private recognition,
recognizing staff’s good performance
financially and nonfinancial. The
recognition should be individualized and
deserved.
30. Chapter 5 : Summary & conclusion
(Continue……….)
• This chapter starts with brief restatements
of essential findings.
• If there are many specific findings then
student may organize these findings into
different sections, and an overall summary
of the findings.
• Students must complete their report with
conclusions. While the findings state facts,
conclusions state the researcher's inferences
drawn from the findings.
31. Referencing
There are different ways through which work can be referenced. The most
common referencing systems which students use in Somalia is American
Psychological Association (A.P.A)
E.g. It is better to lead from behind and to put others in front, especially when
you celebrate victory when nice things occur. You take the front line when
there is danger. Then people will appreciate your leadership (Mandela, 1994).
After climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to
climb.(Mandela, 1994).
Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world .(Mandela,
1994).
A man who won't die for something is not fit to live. Luther king (1959)
My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for
your country.( Kennedy 1965)
