Chapter 7 - 8 By Balagurusamy

1. Arrays & Strings

2. Definition of Array
An array is a fixed – size sequenced collection of elements of the
same data type. It is simply a grouping of like – type data. In its
simplest form, an array can be used to represent a list of numbers, or
list of names. (OR)
“A set of consecutive storage location referred by a single name to
store homogeneous data type.”
int A[10]
Array is a Collection of Homogenous Data Items Example
1. List of employees in an organization.
2. List of products and their cost sold by a store.
3. Test Scores of a class of students. 12/6/2020 2

3. 1. One Dimensional Array.
2. Two Dimensional Array.
3. Multi Dimensional Array
Types of Array

4. One Dimensional Array
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X
Y
Z
One Dimensional Array is defined any one of axis (X or Y or Z) in the graph

5. Arrays
So far, we've been declaring simple variables
int i;
It is also possible to declare an array of Several elements. an array is a
variable that can hold more than one value , The declaration
int a[10];
declares an array, named a, consisting of ten elements, each of type int.
We can represent the array a above with a picture like this:
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•Arrays are zero-based: the ten elements of a 10-element array are
numbered from 0 to 9.

6. • An array uses a single identifier, together with an integer
index, to create one variable that can hold many values
• An array is created the same as a “normal” variable, but with
the addition of square brackets indicating the size of the array
• Each value in the array is called an element
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Arrays

7. One Dimensional Arrays
Syntax data_type array_name[size];
Description Data_type valid data type in C language
Array_name name given to the array
Size are the size of the dimensions
Example int a[3];
float b[4];
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8. Initializing Arrays
• An array is initialized using a code block containing
comma-delimited values which match in position the
elements in the array
• If there are values in the initialization block, but not enough
to fill the array, all the elements in the array without values
are initialized to 0 in the case of float or int, and NULL in
the case of char
• If there are values in the initialization block, an explicit size
for the array does not need to be specified, only an empty
Array Element Operator is needed. C will count the values
and size the array for you.
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9. Initializing Arrays
int x [ 5 ] = { 1,2,3,4,5 }; size 10 bytes
creates array with elements 0-4 values 1-5
int x [ 5 ] = { 4,3 }; size 10 bytes
creates array with elements 0-4 values 4,3,0,0,0
int x [ ] = { 1,2,3 }; size 6 bytes
creates array with elements 0-2 values 1,2,3
char c [ 4 ] = { ‘M’ , ‘o’ , ‘o’ }; size 4 bytes
creates array with elements 0-3 values M o o NULL
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10. Arrays
•The first element of the array is x[0], the second element is x[1]..
e.g x[0] = 10; x[1] = 20; x[2] = 30 x[3] = 40 x[4] = 50
Total = 150;
This loop sets all ten elements of the array a to 0.
int a[i]; int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1)
a[i] = 0;
To copy the contents of one array to another, you must again do so
one by one:
int b[10];
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1)
b[i] = a[i];
Printing Array Values
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1)
printf("%dn", a[i]);
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11. Array Basics
• An array has a fixed number of elements based on its creation
• The elements are ALWAYS numbered from 0 to 1 less than the array’s size
• Referencing an element outside of the created bounds is possible but not
recommended
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12. Visual Representation of an Array
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Identifier?
?
23
?
int x[4];
x[2]=23;
342901
342903
342905
342917
0
1
2
3
X
Address
Offset
Value

13. The Array Element Operator [ ]
• The Array Element Operator is used to reference a specific
array element
• The expression inside the Array Element must resolve to
type int. This value is known as an index
• The value of the index can be any number, but care should
be taken that the index falls within the bounds of the array.
The bounds of an array are defined as 0 to 1 less than the
size of the array
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14. Array Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int x[5];
x[0]=23; valid
x[2.3]=5; invalid: index is not an int
x[6]=45; valid but not recommended
return 0;
}
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15. A Simple Array Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i , x[ 5 ] , total = 0 ;
for ( i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++ )
{
printf( “Enter mark %d” , i );
scanf ( “%d” , &x[ i ] );
}
for ( i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++ )
total = total + x[ i ];
printf ( “The average is %d” , total / 5 );
return 0;
} 12/6/2020 15

16. ARRAYS
• DON'T declare arrays with subscripts larger than you will
need; it wastes memory.
• DON'T forget that in C, arrays are referenced starting with
subscript 0, not 1.
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17. Sample program
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[5],i;
printf(‘enter the array elements”);
for(i = 0;i<5;i++)
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
printf(“Array in the reverse order”);
for(i = 5;i>0;i--)
printf(“%d”,a[i]);
} 12/6/2020 17

18. #inlcude<stdio.h>
#define Max 5;
main();
{
int a[Max], i, min;
int pos = 0;
printf(“Enter the array elements”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
scanf(‘%d”,&a[i]);
min = a[0];
for(i=1;i<Max;i++)
if(a[i] < min)
{
min = a[i];
pos = i;
}
printf(“ Minimum Value = %d” , min);
printf(“ Position of the Minimum Value = %d” , pos);
}
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19. Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Two-dimensional Array: a collection of a fixed number of components
arranged in two dimensions
• All components are of the same type
• The syntax for declaring a two-dimensional array is:
dataType arrayName[intexp1][intexp2];
where intexp1 and intexp2 are expressions yielding positive integer
values
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20. Two-Dimensional Arrays (continued)
• The two expressions intexp1 and intexp2 specify the number
of rows and the number of columns, respectively, in the array
• Two-dimensional arrays are sometimes called matrices or
tables
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21. Two Dimensional Array
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Two Dimensional Array is defined any Two of axis of XY or YZ or ZX in the graph
X
Y
Z

22. 12/6/2020 22

23. Two Dimensional Arrays
Syntax data_type array_name[size_1][size_2];
Description Data_type valid data type in C language
Array_name name given to the array
Size_1 is the row size of the array
Size_2 is the column size of the array
Example int a[3][3];
float b[4][4];
Int a[3][2];
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24. Two Dimensional Array Initializing
int table [2][3] = {0,0,0,1,1,1};
int table [2][3] = {{0,0,0},{1,1,1}};
int table [2][3] = {
{0,0,0},
{1,1,1}
};
int table [ ][3] = {
{0,0,0}
{1,1,1}
}; 12/6/2020 24

25. Two Dimensional Array Initializing
If the values are missing in an initializer, they are automatically set to zero. For instance, the
statement
int table [2][3] = {{1,1}, {2}};
will initialize the first two elements of the first row to one, the first element of the second
row to two , and all other elements to zero.
When all the elements are to be initialized to zero, the following short – cut method may be
used.
int m[3][5] = { {0},{0},{0} };
The first element of each row is explicitly initialized to zero while other elements are
automatically initialized to zero, The following statement will also achieve the same result:
int m[3][5] = {0,0};
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26. Accessing Array Components
• The syntax to access a component of a two-dimensional array is:
arrayName[indexexp1][indexexp2]
where indexexp1 and indexexp2 are expressions yielding nonnegative integer
values
• indexexp1 specifies the row position and indexexp2 specifies the column
position
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27. 0 1 2
0
1
2
3
4 25.75
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28. Multi – Dimensional Arrays
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X
Y
Z
• Three or More Dimensional Array is called
the Multi – Dimensional Arrays.
• Three Dimensional array defined in any
three of axis of XYZ OR YZX OR ZXY in
the graph

29. Multi Dimensional Arrays
• This arrays have more than one dimensions.
Syntax data_type array_name[size1][size2]…….[sizen];
Description Data_type valid data type in C language
Array_name name given to the array
Size1,size2 are the sizes of the dimensions
Example Int a[3][3][3];
Float b[4][4][4];
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30. CHARACTER ARRAYS
AND STRINGS
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31. Character and Strings
• An char array is a group of characters that store related data
• A String is a special char array that does not store related data, but a
single piece of data made up of a number of characters OR A string is a
sequence of character that is treated as a single data item. Any group of
characters defined between double quotation marks is a string constant.
• Example: Grades can be stored in a char array with the values A,B,C,D,F;
when we want to print a specific grade we use only 1 element of the array
• Example: But for grades like “Pass” and “Fail” we must print ALL the
elements
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32. String Conti…
• Most Computers languages have a string data type; C does
NOT
• There are 3 ways to store strings in memory
• Fixed Length
• Stored Length
• Terminated
• C adopts the Terminated String approach
• A string in C is an array of chars terminated by the String
Terminator or NULL character 0
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33. Common String Operation
1. Reading and Writing Strings
2. Combining strings together
3. Copying one string to another
4. Comparing strings for equality
5. Extracting a portion of a string
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34. Declaring and Initializing of String
The General form of String is
char string_name [size];
Example:
char city [10];
char name[30];
When the complier assigns a character string to a character array, it automatically
supplies a multicharacter (‘0’) at the end of the string. Therefore, the size should be
equal to the maximum number of characters in the string plus one.
C Permits a character array to be initialized in either of the following two forms:
char city [9] = “ NEW YORK”;
char city [9] = {‘N’.’E’,’W’,’ ‘,’Y’,’O’,’R’,’K’,’0’);
C also permits us to initialize a character array without specifying the number of
elements. In such cases, the size of the array will be determined automatically, base on
the number of elements initialiazed. For Example, the statement
char string [ ] = {‘G’,’O’,’O’,’D’,’0’};
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35. Declaring Conti….
We can also declare the size much larger than the string size in the initializer. That is, the
statement.
char str[9] = “GOOD”;
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G O O D 0 0 0 0 0
The following declaration is illegal.
(I) char str[5];
str = “GOOD”;
This will result in a compile time error. Also note that we cannot separate the
initialization from declaration.
(II) char s1[4] = “abc”;
char s2[4];
s2 = s2; /* Error */
is not allowed. An array name cannot be used as the left operand of an
assignment operator.

36. Creating a String in C
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h
i
!
array1820
1821
1822
h
i
!
/0
string2820
2821
2822
2823

37. READING STRINGS FROM TERMINAL
The familiar input function scanf can be used with %s format specification to read in a string of characters.
Example:
char address [10];
scanf(“%s”,address);
The problem with the scanf function is that it terminates its input on the first white space it finds. Therefore, if the
following line of text is typed in at the terminal,
NEW YORK
then only the string “NEW” will be read into the array address, since the blank space after the word ‘NEW’ will
terminate the string reading.
The scanf calls in the case of character arrays, the ampersand (&) is not required before the variable name.
The address array is created in the memory as shown below:
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N E W O ? ? ? ? ? ?
Note that the unused locations are filled with garbage.
If we want to read the entire line “NEW YORK”, then we may use two character arrays of approximate
sizes. That is,
char adr1[5], adr2[5];
scanf(“%s %s”,adr1,adr2);
With the line of text
NEW YORK

38. READING STRINGS FROM TERMINAL
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We can also specify the field width using the form %ws in the scanf statement for reading a specified number of characters
from the input string.
Example: scanf(“%ws”,name);
Here two things may happen.
1. The width w is equal to or greater than the number of characters typed in. The entire string will be
stored in the string variable.
2. The width w is less than the number of characters in the string. The excess characters will be
truncated and left unread.
Consider the following statements:
char name [10];
scanf(“%5s”,name);
The input string RAM and KRISHNA will be stored as:
R A M 0 ? ? ? ? ? ?
K R I S H 0 ? ? ? ?

39. Reading a Line of Text
We have seen just now that scanf with %s or %ws can read only strings without white spaces. That is, they
cannot be used for reading a text containing more than one word. However, C Supports a format specification
known as the edit set conversion code % [..] that can be used to read a line containing a variety of characters,
including white spaces. Recall that we have used this conversion code in the program segment
char line [80];
scanf (“%[^n]”,line);
printf(“%s”,line);
will read a line of input from the keyboard and display the same on the screen. We would very rarely use this
method.
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Using getchar and gets Functions
To read a single character from the terminal, using the function getchar. We can use this function repeatedly to
read successive single characters from the input and place them into a character array. Thus, an entire line of
text can be read and stored in an array. The reading is terminated when the newline character (‘n’) is entered
and the null character is then inserted at the end of the string. The getchar function call takes the form:
char ch;
ch = getchar ( );
Note that the getchar function has no parameters.

40. 12/6/2020 40
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char line[81], character;
int c;
c = 0;
printf("Enter text. Press <Return> at endn");
do
{
character = getchar( );
line[c] = character;
c++;
}
while(character != 'n');
c = c - 1;
line [c] = '0';
printf("n%sn", line);
}

41. getchar and gets Conti….
Another and more convenient method of reading a string of text containing white spaces is to use
the library function gets available in the <stdio.h> header file. This is a simple function with one
string parameter and called as under.
gets (str);
str is string variable declared properly. It reads characters into str from the keyboard until a new
line character is encountered and then appends a null character to the string. Unlike scanf, it does
not skip white spaces. For example the code segment
char line [80];
gets (line);
printf(“%s”,, line);
reads a line of text from the keyboard and displays it on the screen. The last two statements may
be combined as follows:
printf(“%s”,gets(line));
C does not provide operators that work on strings directly. For instance we cannot assign one
string to another directly. For example, the assignment statements.
string = “ABC”
string1 = string2;
are not valid.
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42. 12/6/2020 42
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char string1[80],string2[80];
int i;
printf("Enter a string n");
printf("?");
scanf("%s",string2);
for(i=0;string2[i] != 'o'; i++)
string1[i] = string2[i];
string1[i] = 'o';
printf("n");
printf("%sn", string1);
printf("Number of characters = %dn",i);
}

43. 12/6/2020 43
WRITING A STRINGS TO SCREEN
We have used extensively the printf function with %s format to print strings to the screen. The format %s
can be used to display an array of characters that is terminated by the null character. For example, the statement
printf(“%s”, name);
can be used to display the entire contents of the array name.
We can also specify the precision with which the array is displayed. For instance, the specification
%10.4
Indicates that the first four characters are to be printed in a field width of 10 columns.
However, if we include the minus sign in the specification (e.g., %-10.4s), the string will be printed left-justified.
Using putchar and puts Functions
Like getchar, C supports another character handling function putchar to output the values of character variables. It
takes the following form:
char ch = ‘A’;
putchar (ch);
The function putchar requires one parameter. This statement is equivalent to:
printf(“%c”,ch);
We have used putchar function to write characters to the screen. We can use this function repeatedly to output a
string of characters stored in an array using a loop:

44. 12/6/2020 44
Example:
char name[6] = “PARIS”;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
putchar (name[i]);
putchar(‘n’);
Another and more convenient way of printing string values is to use the function
puts declared in the header file <stdio.h>. This is a one parameter function and
invoked as under:
puts (str);
Where str is a string variable containing a string value. This prints the value of the
string variable str and then moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line on
the screen. For example, the program segment
char line [80];
gets (line);
puts (line);
Reads a line of text from the keyboard and displays it on the screen. Note that the
syntax is very simple compared to using the scanf and printf statements
Using putchar and puts Functions Conti…

45. Function Action
strcat ( ) Concatenates two strings
strcmp ( ) Compares two strings
strcpy ( ) Copies one strings over another
strlen ( ) Finds the length of a string
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The C Library supports a large number of string – handling function that can be used to carry out many of the string
manipulations.
The most commonly used string – handling functions.
STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS