This slide covers: * Types of groups in an organization * Why do people join groups? * Theories of group formation. * Stages of group development. * Foundations of group effectiveness. * Difference between workgroup and teams.

1. Foundations of
Group Behavior
Group Members:
Abdul Mustafa
Syed Wahaj Ali
Muhammad Saad
Muhammad Ali Khan

2. Contents
● Types of groups in organization
● Why do people join group
● Theories of group formation
● Stages of group development
● Foundations of group effectiveness
● Difference between workgroup and teams

3. What is Group?
● Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent,
who have come together to achieve particular objectives.
● Corporate giants like Toyota, Motorola, General Mills , and
General Electrics were the first to use groups. Today, most
organizations form different types of groups to achieve
specific results.

4. “Coming together is a beginning,
Staying together is progress,
And working together is success.”
- Henry Ford

5. Types Of group
● Formal Group ● Informal Group

6. Formal Group
A group is formal when it is
purposely designed to
accomplish an organizational
objective or task. It is created via
formal authority for some
defined purpose.
Type of Formal Group
1. Command Group
2. Task Group
3. Committee

7. Types of Formal Group
1. Command Group - Composed of a manager and the
employees, who report directly to a manager. The relationship is
instruction or command focused which flows from the top level
to the bottom.
2. Task Group - Those working together to complete a job or
task. Here the focus is on the actions or tasks they perform
together.
3. Committee - A specialized group consisted of employees who
have been chosen or elected to carry out some crucial functions.
For e.g. the grievance committee, vigilance committee etc.

8. Informal Group
It formed by the members of
such groups by themselves.
They emerge naturally, in
response to the common
interests of organizational
members.
Types Of Informal Group
1. Interest Group
2. Friendship Group

9. Types of Informal Group
1. Interest Group – People working together to attain a
specific objective with which each is concerned, e.g.
Employees who band together to have their vocation
schedules altered.
1. Friendship Group – People brought together because
they share one or more common characteristics, e.g.
support for regional cricket teams during PSL matches.

10. Why do people join groups
Security - Reduce the insecurity of "standing alone"; feel stronger, fewer self doubts, and more
resistant to threats
Learning -Groups provide a unique opportunity for people to learn from peers.
Power - What cannot be achieved individually often becomes possible.
Networking–The opportunity to network and make new
connections with industry peers
Goal achievement - Some tasks require more than one
person; need to pool talents knowledge or power to complete the job

11. Theories of Group Formation
● Propinquity Theory
● Homan’s Theory
● Balance Theory
● Exchange Theory

12. Propinquity Theory
● The most basic theory explaining affiliation is propinquity. This interesting word
simply means that individuals affiliate with one another because of spatial or
geographical proximity
● In an organisation employees who work in the same area of the plant or office or
managers with offices close to one another would more probably form into
groups
● There is some research evidence to support the propinquity theory
● The drawback of this theory is that it is not analytical and does not begin to
explain some of the complexities of group formation. Some more theoretical
and practical reasons need to be explored.

13. Homan’s Theory
This theory is given by George C. Homan
According to him,
● The more activities persons share
● The more numerous will be there interactions
● The stronger will be their shared activities and sentiments.
● The key element is interaction because of which they develop common
sentiments for one another
● These sentiments gradually get expressed through the formation of informal
groups.

14. Balance Theory
● This is the most comprehensive
● group formation theory
● This theory as proposed by Theodore Newcomb states that “Persons are
attracted to one another on the basis of similar attitudes towards
commonly relevant objects and goals
● Once a relationship is formed, it strives to maintain a symmetrical balance
between the attraction and the common attitudes.
● If an imbalance occurs, attempts are made to restore the balance. If the
balance cannot be restored, the relationship dissolves.

15. Exchange Theory
● This theory is based on reward-cost outcomes
● of interactions.
● To be attracted towards a group, a person thinks in terms of what he will
get in exchange of interaction with group members.
● A minimum positive level (rewards greater than costs) of an outcome
must exist in order for attraction or affiliation to take place
● Rewards from interactions gratify needs while costs incur anxiety,
frustrations, embarrassment or fatigue

16. Stages of group development
“Alone we can do so little, together
we can do so much” - Helen Keller

17. Adjourning
Performing
It is composed of
hydrogen and helium
Norming
Storming
Forming

18. Stages of Group Development
Forming
Get to know individuals, their
strengths and weaknesses.
Outspoken members may
rapidly assume some kind of
leadership role.
Goal, awareness, purpose ,
why we are here?
Storming
The storming stage is where
dispute and competition are
at its greatest dominating
group members emerge while
other in comfort zone.
Questions around
leadership,rules, policies,
responsibilities, structure
tends to arise.
Norming
Internal group structure
sorted group identity takes
shape. Group interaction are
lot more easier, more
cooperative, and productive
give and take, open
communication, bonding, and
mutual respect also
cooperation.

19. Stages of Group Development
Performing
The morale is high as group
members actively
acknowledge the talents,
skills and experience that
each member brings to the
group.Group remains focused
on the group's purpose,
actions, results and goal.
Adjourning
This stage of a group can be
confusing when the task is
successfully completed. At
this stage, the project is
coming to an end and the
team members are moving
off in different directions.
Pride and accomplishment
may be felt.

20. Stages of group development

21. Difference between
work-group and team.

22. ● The leader acts as a facilitator. ● The leader dominates and controls the group.
Work Team Work Group
● The members have active participation in the
discussions and eventual outcome.
● The leader is apparent and will conduct the
meeting.
● The team members decides on the disbursements
Of work assignments.
● The leader usually assigns work to the members.

23. Foundations of group
effectiveness
It is amazing what can be
accomplished when nobody cares
about who gets the credit.”
– Robert Yates
Foundations of group behavior

24. Businesses need team players now more than ever.
If you’re looking for a supergroup that serves as a
shining example of effective teamwork, look no
further than the Beatles.
Arguably the most influential band of all time with
over 100 million records sold and more accolades
than we can possibly list, the Beatles’ success didn’t
happen by accident.
In fact, it was the band’s ability to work together as a
unit that propelled them to superstardom.
And guess what? The principles that led to that
sense of teamwork apply brilliantly to workplace
teams today.
Foundations of Group effectiveness

25. But why is it so important to work effectively
as a team?
Teamwork is among one of the most important collaboration skills for new
hires entering the workforce.
That’s because no business or individual employee can afford to be an island
anymore. Especially with the rapid rise of remote work and distributed teams,
collaboration is crucial for teams of all shapes and sizes.
Not only that, effective teamwork also goes hand in hand with happier and
more productive employees. When you’re surrounded by supportive
coworkers, you’re more likely to smash your goals and get work done faster.

26. Foundations of group effectiveness [ Fred Luthans :
Organizational Behavior ]
● Task interdependence
● Outcome interdependence
● Potency

27. Foundations of group effectiveness

28. That’s all folks.