Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and their Importance.pptx
Occupattinal health effects due to thermal stress,vibration,illumination
1. Occupational Diseases and Health Effects
Due to Thermal stress, Vibration,
Illumination, Radiation and Noise
Presented by
Naeema Abdul Gafoor & Manju Matrick
M.Tech HSE
GECTCR
6/9/2021 1
OHIH
2. CONTENT
• THERMAL STRESS
Thermal stress
Factors related to thermal stress
Disorders due to cold stress
disorders due to heat stress
• VIBRATION
Health effects of local vibration
Health effects of whole body vibration
Prevention
• ILLUMINATION
Health effects
Prevention
6/9/2021 2
OHIH
4. THERMAL STRESS
• Working in extreme temperatures, hot or cold, can inundate the
body’s temperature control system.
• Heat and cold stress can contribute to adverse health effects that
range in severity from discomfort to death.
• lncreased body temperature and physical discomfort causes
-Irritability, anger and other emotional state
-lowers mental alertness and physical performance
-Heat tends to promote accidents due to slipperiness of sweaty
palms and dizziness
6/9/2021 4
OHIH
5. FACTORS ASSOCIATED THERMAL STRESS
HEAT STRESS & COLD STRESS
Cold Stress
• Presence of wet clothing, contact with metals, wind-chill, and
difference in temperature between the body and its surroundings
directly influence the risk and extent of cold injuries.
• Constrictive clothing, such as boots tied too tight, or a cramped
position may also affect the occurrence of cold stress.
6/9/2021 5
OHIH
6. Heat stress
• Climatic conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed
affect the amount of stress a worker faces in a hot work environment.
• Work demands and clothing characteristics, such as insulating ability,
permeability, and ventilation are also important factors.
• As with cold stress, people with health problems, such as high blood
pressure or some heart conditions may be more sensitive to heat
exposure.
6/9/2021 6
OHIH
7. Health Effects of Cold Stress
• The following table is reproduced from the National Safety Council’s
Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, 4th edition.
Disorder Symptoms Causes First Aid
Hypothermia Chills,Pain in extremities
Fatigue or drowsiness
Excessive,exposure
Exhaustion or,dehydration
Subnormal tolerance
(genetic or acquired)
Move to warm area
and remove wet clothing
Modest external
warming (external
heat packs, blankets,
etc.)Drink warm, sweet
fluids if conscious
Transport to hospital
6/9/2021 7
OHIH
8. Health Effects of Cold Stress
Disorder Symptoms Causes First Aid
Frostbite Burning sensation at first,
Coldness,numbness, tingling
Skin color white or
grayish yellow to
reddish violet to black
Blisters, Response to touch
depends on depth of
freezing
Move to warm area
and remove wet
clothing,Drink warm,
sweet fluids, if conscious
Treat as a burn, do not
rub affected area
Transport to hospital
Frostnip Possible itching or
pain
Exposure to cold
(above freezing)
Similar to frostbite
Trench Foot Severe pain
Tingling, itching
Edema,Blisters
Response to touch
depends on depth of
freezing
Similar to frostbite
Chilblain Recurrent, localized
itching Painful
inflammation
Inadequate clothing
Exposure to cold
Remove to warm
area Consult physician
6/9/2021 8
OHIH
9. Health Effects of Hot Stress
Disorder Symptoms Causes First Aid
Heat Stroke Chills
Restlessness
Irritability
Excessive
exposure;
subnormal heat
tolerance
Selfdetermination of
heat stress
exposure.
Maintain a
healthy lifestyle.
Acclimation
Heat
Exhaustion
Fatigue,Weakness,Blurred vision
Dizziness, headache
Dehydration
(caused by sweating,
diarrhea, vomiting)
Drink water or other
fluids frequently
Add salt to food
Acclimation
Dehydration No early symptoms
Fatigue / weakness
Dry mouth
Excessive fluid loss caused
by sweating, illness
Fluid and salt
replacement
Heat Syncope Blurred vision (grey-out)
Fainting (brief black out)
Normal temperature
Pooling of blood in the
legs and skin from
prolonged static posture &
heat exposure
Lie on back in
cool environment
Drink water
6/9/2021 9
OHIH
10. Health Effects of Hot Stress
Disorder Symptoms Causes First Aid
Heat Cramps Painful muscle cramps, especially in
abdominal or fatigued muscles
Electrolyte Imbalance
caused by prolonged
sweating without
adequate fluid and salt
intake
Rest in cool environment
Drink salted water (0.5%
salt solution) Massage
muscles
Heat Rash
(prickly heat)
Itching skin Skin eruptions
Reduced sweating
Prolonged, uninterrupted
sweating Inadequate
hygiene practices
Keep skin clean and
periodically allow the skin
to dry
6/9/2021 10
OHIH
12. VIBRATION
• Depending on its direction and the body part affected vibration has
various health effects that affect the worker’s ability to work.
• A dynamic phenomenon with varying intensity in time. Thus vibration
can be characterised by its:
-Course in time
-Magnitude
-Frequency spectrum
6/9/2021 12
OHIH
13. HEALTH EFFECTS OF VIBRATION
Based on the place of entry of vibration into human body it can be distinguished
into
1) Local vibration (HAV)- occurs predominantly in the hands and arms, as the
worker mainly operates tools/machines with his/her hands. Termed hand-arm
vibration (HAV)
2) Whole body vibration (WBV)-The worker is positioned and transmits the
vibration of a nearby vibrating machine. It enters the human body via the lower
extremities .
6/9/2021 13
OHIH
14. HEALTH EFFECTS OF LOCAL VIBRATION
VASCULAR
- Chronic vibrations, cold and wet working environment makes the finger tips feel
cold, which is the typical sign of Raynaud phenomenon.
The Raynaud-phenomenon begins with an increased ability to spasms in the small
arteries, which temporarily and suddenly decreases the blood flow of the affected
region. There are 3 phases
i) Fingers go white and cold
ii) Turn into blue
iii) Become bright red
6/9/2021 14
OHIH
15. HEALTH EFFECTS OF LOCAL VIBRATION
NUEROLOGICAL
-Disorders of the peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathies) may be caused by
insufficient blood supply
The initial complaints of peripheral neuropathies are various extent of
• Numbness,
• “Pins and needles" in the upper limb that are more pronounced in rest and at
night, can disturb sleep.
• Altered sensation (paraesthesia) may also occur during work.
• Sensory symptoms may be accompanied by motor injury, for example: weakness
(decreased grip strength, dropping)
6/9/2021 15
OHIH
16. HEALTH EFFECTS OF LOCAL VIBRATION
MUSCULOSKELETAL
-The injury of the bones and joints due to the vibration microtrauma, but may have
components from harmed blood circulation and innervation.
-Damage to the musculoskeletal system decreases with distance from the vibration
entry point
-Chronic vibration exposure in the hand or the elbow may result the death of the
bone tissue, which is rare but typical to vibration
-Structural degenerative disorders can trigger pain, weakness, disability and
swelling.
6/9/2021 16
OHIH
17. HEALTH EFFECTS OF WHOLE BODY VIBRATION
Acute effects cause discomfort :
-Nausea,Vomiting
-Loss of balance may appear after work.
-Fatigue, dizziness, headache, sleep disorders might develop
-Oscillation of organs due to vibration has an effect on body functioning.
-MUSCULOSKELETAL- Very intensive acceleration (over 10 m/s2) may cause acute
injury of the spine
6/9/2021 17
OHIH
18. PREVENTION
-Technical prevention
Reduction of coupling intensity (reduction of the grip force by using a lighter tool)
Reduction the need for vibrating tools (e.g., adhesives instead of riveting)
By making the surface of the roads and rails even (repair, welding) and with the
limitation of driving speed, the vibration to drivers can be decreased.
vibration isolation of the machine or the workplace as a whole
6/9/2021 18
OHIH
19. PREVENTION
-Organisational prevention
Eliminate/substitution of the tool or process that is the source of the vibration –
this is the primary and most important.
Reduction of the number of exposed workers.
Prohibition of overtime work.
Management of the working time by introduction of appropriate pauses
-Personal prevention
Vibration damping safety shoes with thick rubber soles may be beneficial
Anti-vibration gloves
6/9/2021 19
OHIH
21. What are the Health Effects?
Poor lighting may affect the workers'
Health
• Visual trouble (visual fatigue,
tearing, and other visual
problems)
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Musculoskeletal disorders
Performance
• Errors
• Accidents
6/9/2021 21
OHIH
22. How can we prevent the effects of poor lighting?
Technical measures
For good lighting it is necessary to have an ergonomic organization of
the workplace and to take into consideration:
• the precision required for the performed tasks
• the amount of work
• the mobility of the worker
• the characteristics of the workplace (windows, type of lighting and
the season)
6/9/2021 22
OHIH
23. How can we prevent the effects of poor lighting?
Medical measures
• Monitoring the visual capacity of employees before employment and
after that, through periodical examination (usually, a screening
examination per year).
6/9/2021 23
OHIH
