How Chickengunya effect the world and how to deal with it. Awareness play a key role in the control of this disease.

1. A bite of Death
by
Nasia Shakeel

2. 
 A brief introduction
 Symptoms
 Transmission
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 Prevention and control
Contents

3. 
 Important instructions
 Major outbreaks
 Globalization of the virus
 How we can control it?
 Comparison of other similar diseases
 Conclusion
Cont…

4.  Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans by infected
mosquitoes.
 caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus with different
variants.
 The disease shares some clinical signs with dengue, and can be
misdiagnosed.
 There is no cure for the disease. Treatment is focused on relieving the
symptoms.
 The proximity of mosquito breeding sites to human habitation is a
significant risk factor for chikungunya.
A brief Introduction

5. 
Symptoms

6. 
 Chikungunya virus is most often spread to people by
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
 through infected blood.
 Chikungunya virus is transmitted rarely from mother
to newborn around the time of birth.
 To date, no infants have been found to be infected with
chikungunya virus through breastfeeding.
Transmission

7. 
 The diagnostic tests include detection of antigens or
antibodies in the blood, using
 ELISA (or EIA - enzyme immunoassay)
 polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
 Rt. PCR
 Immunofluorescence assays
 Haemagglutination-inhibition tests
Diagnosis

8.  There is no vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat
chikungunya virus.
 Treat the symptoms
 Get plenty of rest.
 Drink fluids to prevent dehydration.
 Take medicine such as acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or
paracetamol to reduce fever and pain.
Treatment

9. 
 Take medicine such as acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or
paracetamol to reduce fever and pain.
 Use air conditioning or window/door screens to keep
mosquitoes outside.
 Always follow the label instructions when using insect
repellent or sunscreen.
Prevention and Control

10. 
 During the first week of infection, chikungunya virus
can be found in the blood and passed from an infected
person to another mosquito through mosquito bites.
An infected mosquito can then transmit the virus to
other people.
 To prevent further spread of the virus, it is important
for people to avoid mosquito bites during the first
week of illness.
Instructions

11. 
 States affected by the outbreak were
 Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands,
 Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
 Maharashtra, Gujarat,
 Madhya Pradesh, Kerala
 Delhi
 The Hindu newspaper had reported 1.1 million (11 lakh)
cases
Major Outbreaks

12. 
 In September 2007, 130 cases were confirmed.
 in the province of Ravenna, Northern Italy,
 One person died.
 The source of the outbreak was an Indian from Kerala,
India.
2007 Italy

13. 
 December 2013, chikungunya was being locally
transmitted in the Americas in the French Caribbean
dependency of St. Martin.
 It is the first time in the Americas that the disease has
spread to humans from a population of infected
mosquitoes.
 By November 2014 the Pan American Health
Organization reported about 800,000.
2013–14 The Caribbean

14.  In July 17, 2014, the first chikungunya case acquired in
the United States was reported in Florida .
 Shortly after another case was reported of a person in
Florida being infected by the virus.
 As of 11 September 2014, the number of reported cases
in Puerto Rico for the year was 1,636.
 By 28 October, that number had increased to 2,974
confirmed cases with over 10,000 cases suspected.
2014 United States

15.  December 2016– Chikungunya virus has continued to affect
Karachiites ,100 people have been diagnosed with the
disease.
 Chikungunya virus had spread to adjoining areas of Malir
including Korangi, Madina Colony, Liaquat Market and
Khokhrapar.
 According to details, 17 doctors, 31 paramedics, and eight
sanitary workers were affected by the virus.
 According to World Health Organisation, there is neither
any prevention for chikungunya nor any medication has
been made for it.
2016 Pakistan

16. 
Globalization of Chikunguniya
10 years to invade the world

17. 

18.  Educate community about the disease
 Changes in practice of storage of water
 Personal protection should be encouraged
 Take measures for eliminating breeding places
 Special campaigns may be carried out involving mass media
 Health education materials should be developed and widely
disseminated
 Interpersonal communication through group meetings must be
utilized
How we can help it out?

19. 
A brief comparison
Chikungunya Dengue Zika
• Abrupt onset of high
fever
• Severe joint pain
• Sudden onset of high fever
• Severe headache and
muscle pain
• Moderate joint pain
• Severe pain behind the eyes
• Skin maculopapular rash
• Itching
• Low white cell count
• Loss of appetite and taste
• Fatigue and Nausea
• Low grade fever
• Skin maculopapular
rash
• Headache
• Mild joint pain
• Itching
• Red eyes
• Fatigue

20.  Chikungunya is transmitted by infected mosquitoes
 Research into development of vaccines against
Chikungunya virus is ongoing.
 Its is an emerging global disease with several intriguing
and unanswered questions.
 More research is needed to understand the epidemiology
of this disease.
 Prevention and vector control should be implemented.
Conclusion