Management is the art of securing maximum results with a minimum of effort so as to secure maximum prosperity and happiness for both employer and employee and give the public the best possible service.
~John Mee
2. DEFINITION
• Management theories are the set of
general rules that guide the managers to
manage an organization. Theories are an
explanation to assist employees to
effectively relate to the goals and
implement effective means to achieve the
same.
3. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY
The theory pointed management is a true science, resting upon
clearing fixed laws, rules, and principles, as a foundation.
The two assumptions related to scientific management include:-
The application of method of science to organizational problems
leads to higher industrial efficiency.
Observation, measurement, and experimental comparison are these
methods.
The incentives of high wages will promote the mutuality of
interest between workers and managers which, in its turn will
lead to higher productivity.
4. TAYLOR’S THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
He is father of scientific
management.
Taylor’s theory of scientific management aimed at
improving economic efficiency, especially labor
productivity. Taylor had a simple view about what
motivated people at work - money. He felt that
workers should get a fair day's pay for a fair day's
work, and that pay should be linked to the amount
produced. Therefore he introduced the
DIFFERENTIAL PIECE RATE SYSTEM of
paying wages to the workers.
5. • Four Principles of Scientific Management are :
Time and motion study - Study the way jobs are performed and
find new ways to do them.
Teach , train and develop the workman with improved methods
of doing work. Codify the new methods into rules.
Interest of employer & employees should be fully harmonized so
as to secure mutually understanding relations between them.
Establish fair levels of performance and pay a premium for
higher performance.
PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
7. CONT……
Responsibilities of management were separated from
the functions of the worker.
Develop systematic approach to determine the most
efficient means of production.
8. CONT………
… Plan
train the workers
an incentive plan to pay the workers according to the rate of
production
Increased production and produce higher profits.
9. EFFECTS OF TIME MOTION STUDY
Reduced wasted efforts.
Set standards of performance.
Encourage specialization and stressed on the selection
of qualified workers
10. HENRY L. GANTT (1861-1910)
According to Gantt theory, a Gantt chart is a bar chart
showing the progression of time through the phases of
a project. The charts can be simple or complex, depending
on the needs of the project manager and the team.
e.g:- As you are deciding on how to manage a project,
consider the following
use of both resources and time when evaluating projects.
What are the milestones and their deadlines in your project?
How much time is needed to meet each of the milestone
deadlines?
11. EMERSON (1861 -1936)
Main emphasis on conservation and organizational
goals and objectives.
Principles of efficiency related to:-
Interpersonal relations in management.
Goals and ideas should be clear ,
the primary objective is to produce the best product
as quickly as possible at minimal expense.
Changes should be evaluated, management should
not ignore “commonsense” by assuming that big is
necessarily better.
Competent counsel “is essential.
12. CHARLES BABBAGE (1792-1871)
Charles Babbage, a scientist mainly interested in
mathematics, contributed to the management theory by
developing the principles of cost accounting and the
nature of relationship between various disciplines.
He laid down the foundation of much work.
Division and assignment of work on the basis of skill
The means of determining the feasibility of replacing
manual operations with automatic machinery.
13. CLASSIC ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY
Classical approaches to organizational management and
early organizational theories were designed to predict
and control behavior in organizations.
Emerged in early part of the twentieth century.
Models were military and the Catholic Church.
Features
strict control of workers
absolute chains of command
predictability of behavior
unidirectional downward influence
14. There are three pioneers of this theory:-
Henry fayol:- Fayol was born in France, where he
worked for a coal-mining business. He developed 14
administrative principles for organizational structure and
management.
Functions of management:-
Planning policies programmes and procedures.
Organizations based on the hierarchy of authority.
Directing the business in order to gain optimum return
from all workers.
Coordination, signifying harmony in activities of the
15. Division of Work Equity
Discipline Initiative
Authority and responsibility Esprit De Corps
Subordination of Individual Interest
to General Interest
Stability Of Tenure
Remuneration Unity Of Direction
Centralization Scalar Chain
Order Unity of Command
Administrative Management Theory
Henri Fayol known as the FATHER OF
MANAGEMENT laid down the 14 principles
of Management :
16. MAX WEBBER THEORY:-
He is the German psychologist. He earned the
title of father of organization. His
conceptualization were on bureaucracy.
The three basis for authority:-
Traditional authority,, which he accepted
because it seems things have always been that
way such as the rule of a king in a monarchy.
Charisma, having a strong influential
personality.
Rational legal authority which is considered
rational in formal organization because the
person has demonstrated the knowledge and
skills, ability, to fulfil the position.
17.
18. HUMAN RELATION THEORY:-
The human relations movement began in 1940’s. Focused
on the effect that the individual have on the success
or failure of an organization.
20. CONT…
She also believed that organization is a
social system and management as a social
process.
21. LEWIN THEORY (1890-1947)
Lewin focused on group dynamics.
He maintained that groups have personalities of their
own: composition of the members personalities.
He showed that group forces can overcome individual
interests.
23. Behavioural Theory Of Management
Elton Mayo's experiments showed an increase in worker
productivity was produced by the psychological stimulus of
being singled out, involved, and made to feel important.
Hawthorne Effect, can be summarized as “Employees will
respond positively to any novel change in work
environment like better illumination, clean work stations,
relocating workstations etc. Employees are more
productive because they know they are being studied.
ELTON MAYO
24. DOUGLAS Mc.GREGOR THEORY
(1932)
An American social psychologist, proposed his famous
X-Y theory in his 1960 book 'The Human Side Of
Enterprise'. Mc.Gregor is the father of the classical
theory of management which termed theory.
25.
26. RENSIS LIKERT THEORY
Dr Rensis Likert has studied human behaviour with in
many organization.
He is also famous for developing the likert scale, a
psychometric scale commonly involved in research
questionnaire.
Factors influenced by Likert scale:-
Motivation
Managerial
Communication
Decision making process
Goal setting
Staff development
28. MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORIES
Quantitative approach: - (Interdisciplinary approach and
combination and interaction of different sciences.)
System approach: - According to this” the organization
is unified, each unit must connect to the organization as
whole.
It consists coordination and effective communication
between the whole system.
Contingency approach:- The contingency approach is a
management theory that suggests the most appropriate
style of management is dependent on the context of the
situation and that adopting a single, rigid style is
inefficient in the long term.
30. CONT……
According to him in real world and different disciplines
similarities could developed into a general system model.
The similarities were:-
Study of organization
State of equilibrium
Openness of all systems and their influences on the
environment and environment influences on the system.
31. LUTHER GULLICK (1892-1993)
Gullick is often considered the 'Dean of Public
Administration.' He applied administrative management
theory principles to government. He condensed the
duties of administration into the famous acronym
“POSDCORB”.
32.
33. CONT……..
He was much influenced by the Taylor and Fayol. And
then he expressed his principles of administration as
follow.
Divison of work or specialization
Bases of departmental organization
Coordination through hierarchy
Deliberate coordination
Decentralization
Unity of command
Staff and line
Delegation
Span of control
34. LYNDAL URWICK
Urwick was born in England in 1891. Lyndal
concentrated his efforts on the discovery of
principles and identified ten principles of
administration.
35. CONT…..
• The principles of objective – the overall purpose or
objective
• is the raison d’être of every organization.
• The principles of specialization- one group, one function.
• The principles of coordination – the process of organizing
is primarily to ensure coordination.
• The principles of authority- every group should have a
supreme authority with clear line of authority to other members
of the group.
• The principles of responsibility – the superior is absolutely
responsible for the acts of his subordinates.
36. CONT…….
The principles of definitions – jobs, with their duties and
relationships, should be clear defined.
The principles of correspondence – authority should be
commensurate with responsibility.
The span of control no one should be responsible for
more
than direct subordinates whose work is interlocked.
The principles of balance – the various units of the
organization should be kept in balance.
The principles of continuity – the structure should provide for
the continuity of activities
37. CRITICAL THEORY VERSUS CRITICAL THINKING
Critical theory:- critical theory is an empirical
philosophy of social institution. It is translated into
practice by decision makers, in these case nurse
managers includes the organizational development,
management by objectives or results performance
appraisal, and other practice oriented activities
performed by managers.
Critical thinking :- it is both philosophical orientation
toward thinking and a cognition process characterized by
reasoned judgement and reflective thinking.
38. Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970)
• Receiving his doctorate in psychology, he
was the first psychologist to develop a theory
of motivation based upon a consideration of
human needs.
