Presented in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, June 28th 2017, as part of the FOSTER "Train the trainers" event organised by EIFL.

1. Understanding Open Science:
Definitions and framework
Dr. Nancy Pontika
Open Access Aggregation Officer
CORE
Twitter: @nancypontika

2. What is Open Science

3. Research Lifecycle: as simple as it gets
Idea
Methodology
Data
Collection
Analysis
Publish

4. Idea
Methodology
Data
Collection
Analysis
Publish
Journal article,
Dissertation,
Book, Source
Code, etc.
Experiments,
Interviews,
Observations, etc.
Numbers,
Code, Text,
Images, sound
records, etc.
Statistics,
processes,
analysis,
documentation,
etc.
Research Lifecycle: focus on the steps

5. What is Open Science?
The movement to make scientific research, data and dissemination
accessible to all levels of an inquiring society.
[FOSTER, Open Science Definition https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/taxonomy/term/7]
Scope:
• Transparency in experimental methodology, observation, and collection
of data
• Public availability and reusability of scientific data
• Public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication
• Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific collaboration
[The OpenScience Project, What exactly is open science http://www.openscience.org/blog/?p=269]

6. Idea
Methodology
Data
Collection
Analysis
Publish
Experiments,
Interviews,
Observations, etc.
Numbers,
Code, Text,
Images, sound
records, etc.
Statistics,
processes,
analysis,
documentation,
etc.
Journal article,
Dissertation,
Book, Source
Code, etc.
ResearchLifecycle: focus on the publications

7. Nobel winner declares boycott of top science journals
Randy Schekman says his lab will no longer send papers to Nature,
Cell and Science as they distort scientific process
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/dec/09/nobel-winner-
boycott-science-journals, Dec 2013
@ theguardian
”pressure to publish in "luxury" journals
encouraged researchers to cut corners
and pursue trendy fields of science
instead of doing more important work. ”

8. Open Science can Multiply Serendipity in
research …

9. Opening up the research life cycle
Idea
Methodology
Data
Collection
Analysis
Publish
Experiments,
Interviews,
Observations, etc.
Numbers,
Code, Text,
Images, sound
records, etc.
Statistics,
processes,
analysis,
documentation,
etc.
Journal article,
Dissertation,
Book, Source
Code, etc.
Versioning
control, Storage &
Management
Workflow
Management
Systems
Interactive
computing
Wikis, Blogs,
Social Media

10. Source: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7261/index.html
”If we wait 5 years for (Arctic) data to be released,
the Arctic is going to be a very different place”
Parsons, Arctic Research Scientist

11. Mostly due to current methods capture and data malpractice,
approximately 50% of all research data and experiments is considered
not reproducible, and the vast majority (likely over 80%) of data
never makes it to a trusted and sustainable repository.
At an investment of Europe in data-generating research of €120 Billion
between 2014-2020, the annual capital destruction is consequently
very substantial.
“
Source: Realising the European Open Science Cloud, EC DG Research & Innovation 2016
http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/pdf/realising_the_european_open_science_cloud_2016.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none

13. Opening up the research life cycle
Idea
Methodology
Data
Collection
Analysis
Publish
Experiments,
Interviews,
Observations, etc.
Numbers,
Code, Text,
Images, sound
records, etc.
Statistics,
processes,
analysis,
documentation,
etc.
Journal article,
Dissertation,
Book, Source
Code, etc.
Versioning
control, Storage &
Management
Workflow
Management
Systems
Interactive
computing
Wikis, Blogs,
Social Media

14. Open Science taxonomy
Paper available at http://oro.open.ac.uk/44719/. Image available at http://oro.open.ac.uk/47806/

15. Topics: adoption and gaps
Image available at https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/resources

16. Open Science
implementation

17. Is it a wrap rage?
Image from Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrap_rage

18. How can we get closer to Open Science?

19. Open Science is now a requirement
Research results:
“each beneficiary must ensure open access to all peer-
reviewed scientific publications” (page 4)
Research data:
“A new feature of Horizon 2020 is the Open Research
Data Pilot (ORD Pilot), designed to improve and
maximise access to and reuse of research data
generated by projects… The Pilot on Open
Research Data will be monitored throughout Horizon
2020 with a view to further developing Commission
policy on open research.” (page 7)
Report URL:
https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/oa_pilot/h2020-hi-oa-pilot-guide_en.pdf

20. Funders recognise it

21. Research and Social Impact
Research Excellence Framework (REF)
65%
20%
15%
Excellence – Impact - Implementation
Quality Research
Outputs
Impact
Research
Environment
[Source: http://www.ref.ac.uk/panels/assessmentcriteriaandleveldefinitions/]

22. Academic Staff
Today`s
Graduate
Student
Tomorrow`s
Horizon 2020
Applicant
Project Managers &
Horizon 2020 NCPs
Institution & its strategic focus
Librarians
Figure: Ecosystem of Key Actors in long-term Open Science implementation. along the young researcher`s career path that.
Each group along the young researcher’s career path has a unique role, needs and challenges and can influence integration
of Open Science principles into the standard Research Lifecycle (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.30564 ).
Funding Conditions
(jointly targetted with FP7 Pasteur4OA)
Key actors in Open Science implementation

23. Open Science benefits

24. General benefits
• Increases research efficiency
• Promotes scholarly rigour and enhances research quality
• Enhances visibility and engagement
• Enables the creation of new research questions
• Enhances collaboration and community building
[Source: Open To All? Case studies of openness in Research
http://www.rin.ac.uk/system/files/attachments/NESTA-RIN_Open_Science_V01_0.pdf]

25. Benefits for early career researchers
• Become pioneers
• Have gained valuable experience
• Distinguish from the crowd
• Plan successful research proposals
• Receive higher citations
• Know how to comply with funders’ policies
• Comply with funders’ policies
• Demonstrate research and societal impact
[Note: see also benefits of open access for early career researchers
http://oro.open.ac.uk/44720/]

26. Benefits to research consumers
Source: https://core.ac.uk/

27. Benefits to Text and Data Miners
Open content enables the collection of a large corpus
and promotes the use of TDM.
• Unlocks hidden information and develops new
knowledge
• Explores new horizons
• Improves research and evidence base
• Improves research process quality

28. Why Open Science?

29. All of the Open Access benefits…
• Good for the public benefit
• Research advancement
• More citations
• Larger media coverage
• Taxpayers’ return of investment
• More visibility
• Etc.

30. Research Reproducibility
• greater visibility and impact for authors & projects
• makes research networked & interconnected
• networked research generates serendipity by default
• speeds up innovation & discovery, takes ideas to the market
& solutions to societal challenges

31. Impact
Source : Embedding open science practices within evaluation systems can promote research that meets societal needs in
developing countries, LSE Impact Blog Jan 2017 http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/. Image credit: 2 by
Mundial Perspectives
“academic impact trumps excellence and relevance
together, the cost of which is researchers deviating
from paths they would have followed were the
incentive structures different.
If researchers continue to be assessed using
such narrow criteria, scientific research activities
will become further dislocated from
the needs of the society
“

32. Source: Houghton, J., Swan, A. & Brown, S. Access to research and technical
information in Denmark. (2011) http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/272603
19% of the processes
developed would have been
delayed or abandoned
without access to research
a 2.2 years delay would cost
around EUR 5 million per
firm in lost sales
Open Science contributes to Economic Growth

33. “By interviewing users the United States National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) estimated that the cost of
assembling hard-to-find data with uneven standards and
uncertain quality added about 25% to the cost of products and
services based on these data.”
Source: Marine Knowledge 2020: roadmap http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=SWD:2014:149:FIN

34. Other benefits
• Media coverage
• Receive more citations for your data
• Open licenses allow reuse
• Discover projects and collaborators
• Open peer review

35. FOSTER
Facilitate Open Science Training
for European Research

36. FOSTER – an Open Science portal

37. Course: Introduction to Open Science
• Learning outcomes
• Level of previous knowledge
• Targeted audience
• Online material with re-usable/open licenses
• Videos, readings, quizzes, certificate
• Self-paced for the time being
• Forum where learners can post questions
Direct link to the course https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/content/open-science-scientific-research

38. Research Support: what we’ve seen so far…
Open Access
Open Data
Stand alone concepts
Open Science
• Open Access
• Open Data
• Open Reproducible
Research
• Open Peer Review
• etc
Wider
concepts
What
next?

39. Research Support: … and what next
Open Access
Open Data
Stand alone concepts
Open Science
• Open Access
• Open Data
• Open Reproducible
Research
• Open Peer Review
• etc
Wider
concepts
Responsible Research
and Innovation
Citizen Science
Embedded research
support
applied in applied in

40. Responsible Research and
Innovation - RRI

41. RRI Definition
Source: https://renevonschomberg.wordpress.com/definition-of-responsible-innovation/
“Responsible Research and Innovation is a
transparent, interactive process by which
societal actors and innovators become
mutually responsive to each other with a
view to the (ethical) acceptability,
sustainability and societal desirability of the
innovation process and its marketable
products (in order to allow a proper
embedding of scientific and technological
advances in our society).”
(von Schomberg, 2011:9)

42. RRI Components
Engagement: of all societal actors
Ethics: increase societal relevance and acceptability of
research and innovation outcomes
Governance: developing a framework that integrates all
the RRI elements
Gender equality: integration of the gender dimension in
research and innovation
Open Access: providing access to research results
Science Education: make change happen
Source: http://www.pasteur4oa.eu/sites/pasteur4oa/files/resource/RRI_POLICY%20BRIEF.pdf

43. RRI opportunities and obstacles
Source: https://www.rri-tools.eu/training/resources
opportunities!from!new!networks;!access!to!new!funding!sources.!
%
The!biggest!clusters!of!issues!were!around!attitudes!and!culture.!!
!
!
Figure%2:%Overview%issues%identified%as%possible%obstacles%to%implementing%RRI%–%shown%by%relative%size/importance.%

44. https://www.theguardian.com/
technology/2014/jan/25/online-gamers-
solving-sciences-biggest-problems

45. Citizen science projects
Source: https://www.citizensciencealliance.org/

47. The awesome power of Citizen Science
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZwJzB-yMrU

48. Assignment:
Think of a research project you recently worked
on. Have you applied OS to all research steps?

49. Thank you!
Q&A