Family health note for BPH students

1. Determinants Of Healthy Family
Presented By : Nawaraj Adhikari
BPH 3rd Batch(3rd Year)
Roll No: 10
Chitwan Medical College

2. At The End Of This Class We Will Be Able To :
Define various determinants of healthy
family.
Analyze socioeconomic, educational,
employment, cultural and gender status of
Nepalese people.
Define barriers of health services utilization
in Nepal.
8/19/2016 2

3. Income and Social Status
Health status improves at each step up the
income and social hierarchy.
High income determines living conditions
such as safe housing and ability to buy
sufficient good food.
The healthiest populations/families are
those in societies which are prosperous and
have an equitable distribution of wealth.
8/19/2016 3

4. Education
Health status improves with level of education.
Education is closely tied to socioeconomic status, and
effective education for children and lifelong learning for
adults are key contributors to health and prosperity for
individuals, families and ultimately for the country.
The evidence: Nepalese with low literacy skills are more
likely to be unemployed and poor, to suffer poorer health
and to die earlier than Nepalese with high levels of literacy.
8/19/2016 4

5. Employment and Working
Conditions
Unemployment, underemployment, stressful or
unsafe work are associated with poorer health.
People who have more control over their work
circumstances and fewer stress related demands of
the job are healthier and often live longer than
those in more stressful or riskier work and
activities.
8/19/2016 5

6. Social Support Networks
Support from families, friends and communities is
associated with better health.
Such social support networks could be very important in
helping people solve problems and deal with adversity, as
well as in maintaining a sense of mastery and control over
life circumstances.
The caring and respect that occurs in social relationships,
and the resulting sense of satisfaction and well-being, seem
to act as a buffer against health problems.
8/19/2016 6

7. Social Factors
Social determinants of health reflect the
social factors in which people are born, live,
learn, play, work, and age.
Also known as social determinants of health,
they impact a wide range of health,
functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes.
Poor health outcomes are often made worse
by the interaction between individuals and
their social environment.
8/19/2016 7

8. Examples Of Social Determinants Include:
Availability of resources to meet daily needs, such as
educational and job opportunities, living wages/salaries,
or healthful foods
Social norms and attitudes, such as discrimination
Exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder, such as
the presence of trash(i.e. statements or beliefs that are
untrue or make no sense)
Social support and social interactions
Exposure to mass media and emerging technologies, such
as the Internet or cell phones
Socioeconomic conditions, such as concentrated poverty
Quality schools
Public safety
8/19/2016
8

9. Physical Environments
The physical environment is an important determinant
of healthy family.
At certain levels of exposure, contaminants in our air,
water, food and soil can cause a variety of adverse
health effects, including cancer, birth defects, respiratory
illness and gastrointestinal ailments.
In the built environment, factors related to housing,
indoor air quality, and the design of communities and
transportation systems can significantly influence our
physical and psychological well-being.
8/19/2016 9

10. Examples of physical determinants include:
Natural environment, such as plants, weather, or climate
change
Built environment, such as buildings or transportation
Worksites, schools, and recreational settings
Housing, homes, and neighborhoods
Exposure to toxic substances and other physical hazards
Physical barriers, especially for people with disabilities
8/19/2016 10

11. Health Services
Both access to health services and the
quality of health services can impact health.
Lack of access, or limited access, to health
services greatly impacts an individual’s
health status.
8/19/2016 11

12. Barriers to accessing health services include:
Lack of availability
High cost
Lack of health insurance coverage
Geographical difficulties
These barriers to accessing health services lead to:
Unmet health needs
Delays in receiving appropriate care
Inability to get preventive services
Hospitalizations that could have been prevented
8/19/2016 12

13. Individual Behavior
Individual behavior also plays a role in health outcomes. For example,
if an individual quits smoking, his or her risk of developing heart
disease is greatly reduced.
Many public health and health care interventions focus on changing
individual behaviors such as substance abuse, diet, and physical
activity. Positive changes in individual behavior can reduce the rates
of chronic disease .
Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills refer to those actions by
which individuals can prevent diseases and promote self-care, cope
with challenges, and develop self-reliance (i.e. Personal
independence), solve problems and make choices that enhance health.
8/19/2016 13

14. Definitions of lifestyle include not only individual
choices, but also the influence of social, economic, and
environmental factors on the decisions people make
about their health.
Examples of individual behavior determinants of health
include:
Diet
Physical activity
Alcohol, cigarette, and other drug use
Hand washing8/19/2016 14

15. Biology and Genetics
Some biological and genetic factors affect specific populations
more than others. For example, older adults are biologically
prone to being in poorer health than adolescents due to the
physical and cognitive effects of aging.
Sickle cell disease is a common example of a genetic
determinant of health. Sickle cell is a condition that people
inherit when both parents carry the gene for sickle cell. The gene
is most common in people with ancestors from West African
countries, Mediterranean countries, South or Central American
countries, India, Saudi Arabia and mid/far western terai region of
Nepal.
8/19/2016 15

16. Examples of biological and genetic determinants of health
include:
Age
Sex (e.g. hemophilia in which female are only acts as a carrier
and male are most prone to disease)
HIV status
Inherited conditions, such as sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia,
and cystic fibrosis
Carrying the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, which increases risk for
breast and ovarian cancer
Family history of heart disease
8/19/2016 16

17. Healthy Child Development
New evidence on the effects of early experiences on brain
development, school readiness and health in later life has sparked a
growing consensus about early child development as a powerful
determinant of health in its own right.
At the same time, we have been learning more about how all of the
other determinants of health affect the physical, social, mental,
emotional and spiritual development of children and youth.
Responsible parenthood play important role in healthy child
development process.
For example, a young person's development is greatly affected by his
or her housing and neighborhood, family income and level of parents'
education, access to nutritious foods and physical recreation, genetic
makeup and access to dental and medical care.
8/19/2016 17

18. Gender
Gender refers to the array of society - determined roles, personality
traits, attitudes, behaviors, values, relative power and influence that
society ascribes to the two sexes on a differential basis.
"Gendered" norms influence the health system's practices and
priorities. Many health issues are a function of gender-based social
status or roles.
Gender based domestic violence, male dominating societies, lack
of women participation in health decision making process, etc will
affect greatly on overall concept of healthy family environment
which still persist in all around the globe including Nepal.
8/19/2016 18

19. Culture
Some persons or groups may face additional
health risks due to a socio-economic environment,
which is largely determined by dominant cultural
values that contribute to the perpetuation of
conditions such as marginalization, stigmatization,
loss or devaluation of language and culture and
lack of access to culturally appropriate health care
and services.
8/19/2016 19

20. REFERENCE
• http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhdr08/nhdr08.pdf
• http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2008/WHO_IER_CS
DH_08.1_eng.pdf
• http://www.cdha.nshealth.ca/halifax-community-
health-board/population-health/determinants-
health
8/19/2016 20

21. 8/19/2016 21

22. 8/19/2016 22