2. INTRODUCTION:
Laboratory animals are the animals which are
used for research purpose to determine the
different activities of the drug
Mainly;
Developing and testing medicines and vaccines
for humans
Assessing the safety of chemicals, such as
pesticides, for their possible effect on human
health or environment
3. OBJECTIVES:
Use of animal phylogenetically closer to man
Use of an animal in which the process under
investigation is as closer as possible to that in
man
The anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are
considered to be similar
6. Albino rat is the most common lab animal
Small size, great sensitivity to most drugs
Withstand long periods of experimentation under
anaesthesia
Two inbred original strains of albino rats used are:
Wistar rat
Sprague Dawley rat
7. Do not vomit ( due to strong sphincter between
stomach and oesophagus and lack vomiting centre)
Do not have tonsils and gallbladder
Tail help in thermoregulation
Used in research of behaviour, pharmacology,
physiology, neuroscience, immunogenetics,
transplantation, aging etc
Various isolated tissue used are rat uterus ,ileum,
fundus, vas deference
8.
9. BREEDING:
Life span 2 to 3 Yrs.
Puberty at 50 to 60 days
Continuously Polyestrus
Gestation 21-24 days
-pregnancy determination at 14 days
-pseudopregnancy may last up to 14 days
Litter size 7 to 11
- Do not disturb for 3-4 days after delivery
- Young born pink, naked, blind, deaf
11. Smallest lab animal
Easy to keep, handle and require small place for
housing
Uniformly breed common strains Swiss albino
mice
Sensitive to small doses of drugs
Use their tail to help in thermoregulation
12. Used for bioassay of insulin and screening of
analgesics by chemically induced writhing method
Acute toxicity studies
Screening of chemotherapeutic agents
Used in testing of teratogenicity
It provides good model for research on diseases like
cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, autoimmune
disease and other endocrine disorders
13. BREEDING:
Life span 2-3 yrs.
Puberty at 28 to 40 days
Gestation period 21 days
Litter size 6-12
Weaned at 21 days
15. Herbivorous and eat green food seed and roots.
Guinea pigs are not able to synthesize daily Vit-C
Highly sensitive to histamine
Docile in nature & susceptible to tuberculosis and
anaphylactic shock
In this species dopamine causes fall in BP
Various isolated tissues used are ileum, vas deferens
and uterus
Terminal portion of ileum used for screening of
spasmodic and antispasmodic agents
16. Ideal model for enteric amoebiasis,
hypersensitivity, shock, tuberculosis, ascorbic acid
metabolism
It have sensitive cochlea are suitable for hearing
experiments
Being docile in nature and resistant to hypoxia,
suitable for experiment on oxygen consumption
17. BREEDING:
Life span is 4-5 years
All teeth are open rooted and grow continuously
They have large cecum
They are Polyestrus and breed the year around ; ovulation is
spontaneous
The duration of the estrus cycle is 15-17 days and estrus itself
last 24-48 hrs
The average gestation period is 65 days
The average litter size is 3-4
Weaning occurs at 14-28 days
19. Hamster have chunky body with short legs, small fluffy
tails & large amount of loose skin covered with dense
soft fur
Two species are commonly used;
-Golden or Syrian hamster
-Chinese hamster
Golden hamsters are used in virology, cancer, genetic
pharmacology, toxicology etc
Chinese hamsters are commonly used in research on
diabetes due to deficiency of b cell
Presence of cheek pouch make it useful for research in
field of immunology
21. Very docile animals
Used for testing of large volume parenteral and
for the screening and bioassay of insulin and
antidiabetic drugs
New Zealand white rabbit have been used for the
screening of drugs for disease like diabetes,
diphtheria, tuberculosis, cancer
Employed for screening of antifertility drugs and
for teratogenic studies
Skin is sensitive to irritation. Hence used for
irritancy test
22. Isolated heart and duodenum and ileum preparation
are used for testing
To test the toxic effects of cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals
It is very sensitive to histamine
Used for many cardiac studies
23. BREEDING:
Male-buck; Female-doe; Young-kit
Life span; 5 to 8+ years
Sexual maturity; 4-10 months
Induced ovulators (like cats)
Sexual dimorphism
Always take female to the males cage for breeding
Gestation 29-35 days
Nesting box is necessary
Do not disturb doe and kit first 10-14 days
Weaned at 4-6 weeks
25. Most preferred large experimental animal
Used for studying various anti arrhythmic, CVS Sand
autonomic drug
The advantages are small alimentary canal and easily get
trained
Anesthetized dogs are used to study drugs BP
For study hypoglycaemic drugs
Stomach and intestinal tract resembles human ,it is also
good model for diabetes mellitus, ulcerative colitis,
organ transplantation, CNS, safety pharmacology and
toxicology
27. All amphibian absorb moisture through skin so they
must be provided with water
The response of stimulation varies from frog to frog
and season to season
Commonly used to study actions of drugs on CNS, on
heart, NMJ, as well as diagnosis of pregnancy
For determination of retinal toxicity of drugs
29. Structurally and functionally similar to man
Suitable for undertaking psychopharmacological
studies
It is an ideal model for pharmacokinetic studies. Best
for studying drugs acting on CNS, CVS, GIT, and
fertility
Require regular check up for rabies, tuberculosis and
timely immunization
Used to study drug metabolism
30. Cat (Felis catus)
Used for screening of ganglionic drugs
Cats are useful model in studying the transmission of
vitamins and minerals to the foetus and new-born
Both anesthetized and spinal preparation are used for
testing
Cats are essential in the study of nerve centres in
brain
Cats have ability to produce mat haemoglobin so used
to study toxicity of compounds like acetanilide