1. DR. N. C.
DAS

2. A hazard is anything with the potential to cause harm
A Risk Assessment needs to recognise the likeliness and
severity of the hazard to do harm ( which leads to the
precautions to take to minimise the risk )
Hazards are: Chemical, Biological, Physical & Ergonomic
, Electrical

3. Hazard engineering is concerned with
the identification and treatment of
exceptional circumstances where the
hazards need to be controlled using
specialist skills

4. A control program consists of all
steps necessary to protect
workers from exposure to a
substance or system, and the
procedures required to monitor
worker exposure and their
health to hazards such as
chemicals, materials or
substance, or other types such
as noise and vibration.

5. PHYSICAL
ERGOMETRIC CHEMICAL
ELECTRICAL BIOLOGICAL

6. Machinery malfunction
Electrical equipment leakage
Chemical contacts
 Slip/Fall While Handling and Transporting
Excessive Heights
Failure to report breakage's
Failure to follow instruction's

7. ASSES
RISK
MONITOR MINIMISE
REVIEW HAZARD
PREVENT CONTROL
HAZARD HAZARD

8. Asses Possible risk in Present system of Operation,
Identify, characterize, and assess threats
assess the vulnerability of critical assets to specific
threats
Determine the risk (i.e. the expected consequences of
specific types of attacks on specific assets)
Evaluating and selecting temporary and permanent
controls
Implementing temporary measures until permanent
(engineering) controls can be put in place
Implementing permanent controls when reasonably
practicable

9. Identify ways to reduce those risks
Prioritize risk reduction measures based on a
strategy
Isolate the hazard
Stop work activities
Comply with instructions
Ensure safe access and egress
Use guards
Use fume extraction
Use PPE
Incidence Report to Supervisor
Consultation

10. PERSONAL PROTECTION
Adequate Lighting
Stop/Start switches
Operating Instructions
Permit to Work
Risk Assessments
Safety Information
Safety Inspections
Hand on Training

11. ELIMINATE
Engineering
PPE HAZARD Control
ADMN.
CONTROL

12. Elimination (including substitution): remove the hazard from the
workplace.
Engineering Controls: includes designs or modifications to
plants, equipment, ventilation systems, and processes that reduce the
source of exposure.
Administrative Controls: controls that alter the way the work is
done, including timing of work, policies and other rules, and work
practices such as standards and operating procedures (including
training, housekeeping, and equipment maintenance, and personal
hygiene practices).
Personal Protective Equipment: equipment worn by individuals to
reduce exposure such as contact with chemicals or exposure to noise.

13. Controls are usually placed:
At the source (where the hazard "comes from")
Along the path (where the hazard "travels")
At the worker

14. PROCESS
VENTILATION ISOLATION

15. Engineering controls are methods
that are built into the design of a
plant, equipment or process to
minimize the hazard.
Engineering controls are a very
reliable way to control worker
exposures as long as the controls are
designed, used and maintained
properly.
The basic types of engineering
controls are:
Process control,
Enclosure and/or isolation of
emission source, and
Ventilation.

16. Process control involves changing the way a job activity or process
is done to reduce the risk.
Monitoring should be done before and as well as after the change
is implemented to make sure the changes did result in lower
exposures.
EXAMPLES
Use wet methods rather than dry when drilling or grinding. "Wet
method" means that water is sprayed over a dusty surface to keep
dust levels down or material is mixed with water to prevent dust from
being created.
Use an appropriate vacuum or "wet method" instead of dry sweeping
(e.g. with a broom) to control dust and reduce the inhalation hazard.
Decrease the temperature of a process so that less vapour is
released.
Use automation - the less workers have to handle or use the
materials, the less potential there is for exposure.
Use mechanical transportation rather than manual methods.

17. Isolation aim to keep the chemical "in" and
the worker "out" (or vice versa).
An enclosure keeps a selected hazard
"physically" away from the worker.
Enclosed equipment, is tightly sealed and
only opened for cleaning or maintenance.
Isolation keeps the hazardous process
away from the majority of the workers.
Common isolation techniques are to create
a contaminant-free booth around the
equipment

18. oVentilation is a method of control that
helps in exchange of fresh air in place of
contaminated air in the work environment.
oVentilation can dilute an air contaminant
below effective level if designed properly.
oLocal exhaust ventilation is very good
and can be adapted to almost all chemicals
and operations.
oIt removes the contaminant from the work
environment so it cannot disperse into the
work place

19. Administrative controls limit workers' exposures by scheduling
shorter work times in contaminant areas
Scheduling maintenance and other high exposure operations for
times when few workers are present (such as
evenings, weekends).
Using job-rotation schedules that limit the amount of time an
individual worker is exposed to a substance.
Strengthening of National policies for health at work and
development of policy tools
Developing healthy working environment
Developing healthy work practices and promoting health at work
Periodic Medical examination
Immunisation

20. Work practices are also a form of administrative controls.
Safe work practices are very important. Some elements of safe
work practices include:
 Developing and implementing standard operating
procedures.
 Training and education of employees about the operating
procedures as well as other necessary workplace training
 Establishing and maintaining good house keeping
program
 Keeping equipment well maintained.
 Preparing and training for emergency response for
incidents such as spills, fire or employee injury.
Ergonomics: ``Adjustment of Man & Machine``
Application of human biological sciences with engineering
science to achieve optimum mutual adjustment of man &
his work,
The benefit being measured in terms of human efficiency
and well being

21. Employee education and on machine
training on how to conduct their work safely
helps to minimize the risk of exposure and is a
critical element of any complete workplace
health and safety program.
Training must cover not only how to do the
job safely but it must also ensure that workers
understand the hazards of their job.
It must also provide them with information
on how to protect themselves and co-workers.

22. Good housekeeping helps to prevent the
accumulation of hazardous or toxic materials
Regular sweeping, Wet mopping of the area.
Once a week the work place to be washed
properly.

23. Use of Personal protective Equipments as per the need
of the area/work environment.
The contaminant(s) can accumulate on the skin, clothing or hair.
Therefore personal hygiene is essential.
Washing hands after handling material and before eating,
drinking or smoking;
Avoiding touching lips, nose and eyes with contaminated hands.
No smoking, drinking, chewing gum or eating in the work areas –
these activities should be permitted only in a "clean" area; and
Not storing hazardous materials in the same refrigerator
as food items.

24. Some monitoring tools include :-
Physical inspection,
Testing, exposure assessment,
Constant Observations,
Injury and accident tracking,
Employee feedback/input,
Occupational health assessment
Periodic health checkup.

25. It is done by asking certain questions as under:-
-Have the present inititive solved the problem?
-Are any new hazards been expected?
-Are monitoring processes adequate?
-Have workers been adequately informed about the
safety conditions?
-Have orientation and training programs been modified
and staff trained to deal with the new situation/ machine?
-What measures required for further improvement.?
-Has the effectiveness of hazard controls been
accepted by workers and followed.
-All hazzards and accidents documented
And many more to satisfy.

26. hospiad
Hospital Administration Made Easy
http//hospiad.blogspot.com
An effort solely to help students and aspirants
in their attempt to become a successful
Hospital Administrator.
DR. N. C. DAS