2. Physical development includes both growth and the
ability to use muscles and body parts for particular skills.
Both gross (large muscle movements) and fine (small
movements) motor skills contribute to physical
development, and children often learn a set of skills by a
certain age.
3. PD means the progress of a child’s control over his
body. This includes control over muscles, physical
coordination, ability to sit and stand.
The physical changes occur in the following
dimensions:
1.Changes in gross physical structure
2.Changes in internal organs
4. Stages of Child’s Development:
Rousseau attempted to divide the child’s development in 4
stages:
1.Infancy upto 5 years
2. Childhood upto 12 years
3. Adolescence upto 18 years
4. Maturity from 18 years onwards
5. Physical development is the physical
growth from birth to adulthood.
Milestones of Physical
development at different ages.
At 1 month- holds head up
At 2 months smiles with recognition
At 3 months reaches out for objects
At 4 months sets up with support
6. At 5 months sits on lap and grasps given objects
At 6 months sits on chair with back rest and graspes
dangling objects
At 7 months sits unaided
At 8 months tries to crawl
7. At 9 months to 12 months crawls
Pulls to stand
At 12 months to 17 months moves into sitting position
without support pulls up to stand and walk alone while
holding onto furniture takes few steps without support stands
alone`
8. 18 months -23 months-
walks alone
Runs
Pulls toys while walking
Helps undress self
Eats with a spoon
9. 24 months-48months- Begins to run
Walks up and down, Throws ball overhead
Stands on tiptoes, Kicks a ball
Plays with children of same age
Recognizes colours, shape etc
10. 48-60months(4-5 years)-
Leaps, jump and swings,Speaks clearly
Listen to stories and can repeat them
Is curious about activities of adult
Is curious to learn more
11. 5-6 years
Performs simple tasks with interest
Can understand rules and regulations, can
dance, climb, hop etc
Distinguishes tastes
Lace their shoes , can button the shirt
12. Adolescence
Progression to adolescence is marked by a rapid
acceleration in the velocity of growth of almost all
body parts, although different parts of the body reach
their peak rate of growth at different times. The
duration of the period of acceleration, called
the adolescent growth spurt, is reached.
13. The adolescent stage of growth is also the
phase during which secondary sexual
characteristics develop, such as changes to
the external genitalia and differences in
body size and body composition.
14. Adulthood and Senescence
The transition from adolescence to adulthood is primarily
characterized by two events:
the end of increases in height and
full reproductive maturity.
The course of physical growth during adulthood is relatively
uneventful. Regular, weight-bearing physical activity will
increase muscle mass; regular, low-intensity exercise will
generally decrease body fat,
whereas overeating will
increase the amount of body
fat. Generally speaking,
however, the adult stage is
characterized by its stability.
15. There are two general patterns of
physical growth.
1.Cephalocaudal development and
2.Proximodistal development
16. Cephalocaudal means head to toe. As
such, the cephalocaudal principle refers
to the general pattern
of development seen in the earliest
years of
postnatal development specifically
ranging from infancy into toddlerhood.
The cephalocaudal principle applies to
both physical and
functional development.
17.
18. Cephalocaudal development is the
tendency for growth to follow a
sequence in
which development moves from top to
bottom. For example, a child's head
develops much sooner than his or her
legs. This is true both in terms of
physical growth and motor
development.
19. The proximodistal pattern of
development is
where growth starts at the centre
of the body and moves towards the
extremities. An example of such
a pattern is the
early development of muscular
control of the trunk and arms
relative to the hands and fingers
20.
21. What are the 4 principles of growth?
The principles are:
1. Development is Continuous
2. Development is Gradual
3. Development is Sequential
4. Rate of Development Varies from Person
to Person
5. Development Proceeds from General to
Specific
6. Most Traits are Correlated
in Development
22. Growth refers to an increase in size evident
through physical change. Growth is also
used to refer to consistent growing and an
increase in value. When your child
increases in height and weight, then they
are experiencing a growth process.
On the other hand,
development refers
to a process of
gradual
transformation.
23. Factors affecting Physical-Development:
1. Heredity
Heredity is the transmission of physical characteristics from
parents to children through their genes. It influences all
aspects of physical appearance such as height, weight, body
structure, the colour of the eye, the texture of the hair, and
even intelligence and aptitudes.
24. 2. Environment
The environment plays a critical
role in the development of
children and it represents the
sum total of physical and
psychological stimulation the
child receives. Some of the
environmental factors influencing
early childhood development
involve the physical surroundings
and geographical conditions of
the place the child lives in, as
well his social environment and
relationships with family and
peers.
25. 3. Sex
Boys and girls grow in different ways, especially nearing
puberty. Boys tend to be taller and physically stronger than
girls. However, girls tend to mature faster during adolescence,
while boys mature over a longer period of time.
26. 4. Exercise and Health
Exercise here refers to the normal playtime and sports
activities which help the body gain an increase in
muscular strength and put on bone mass.
Proper exercise helps children grow well and reach
milestones on time or sooner.
Exercise also keeps them
healthy and fights off
diseases by strengthening
the immune system,
especially if they play
outside.
27. 5.Hormones
Hormones belong to the endocrine system and
influence the various functions of our bodies..
Imbalances in the functioning of hormone-
secreting glands can result in growth defects,
obesity, behavioural problems and other
diseases. During puberty, the gonads produce
sex hormones which control the development
of the sex organs and the appearance of
secondary sexual characteristics in boys and
girls.
28. 6. Nutrition- Nutrition is a critical factor in growth as
everything the body needs to build and repair itself
comes from the food we eat. Malnutrition can cause
deficiency diseases that adversely affect the growth
and development of children. On the other hand,
overeating can lead to obesity and health problems in
the long run.
29. 7. Familial Influence
Families have the most profound impact in
nurturing a child and determining the ways in
which they develop psychologically and socially.
The most positive growth is seen when families
invest time, energy and love in the development
of the child through activities, such as reading
to them, playing with them and having deep
meaningful conversations. Families that abuse
or neglect children would affect their positive
development.
30. 8. Geographical Influences
Where you live also has a great influence on
how your children turn out to be. Living in an
enriching community that has parks, libraries
and community centres for group activities and
sports all play a role in developing the child’s
skills, talents, and behaviour.
31. 9. Socio-Economic Status
The socio-economic status of a family determines the
quality of the opportunity a child gets. Studying in
better schools that are more expensive definitely has
benefits in the long run Children from poorer families
may not have access to educational resources
and good nutrition to reach their full potential. They
may also have working parents who work too many
hours and cannot invest enough quality time in their
development.
32. 10. Learning and Reinforcement
Learning involves much more than schooling. It is also
concerned with building the child up mentally,
intellectually, & emotionally. This is where the
development of the mind takes place and the child
can gain some maturity. Reinforcement is a
component of learning where an activity or exercise is
repeated and refined to solidify the lessons learned.
