this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.

1. PRESENTED TO:
MRS MAMTA TOPPO
CLASS COORDINATOR
COLLEGE OF NURSING
RIMS
PREESENTED BY :
SAKSHI KUMARI
BASIC BSC NURSING ,3rd YEAR
COLLEGE OF NURSING ,RIMS

2.  Introduction
 Definition
 Historical aspects
 Classification of aging
 Concepts of aging
 Chronologic aging
 Biologic aging
 Psychologic aging
 Social aging
 Cognitive aging
 Theories of aging
 Biologic theories
 Psychosocial theories
 Summary

3. Aging is the process of becoming older .The process of aging is a
complex one that can be described chronologically, physiologically
and functionally .
Various theories have been proposed to explain the process of
normal aging and help dispel some of the myths .
A set of biological and psychological theories of aging provide
guidelines to determine how well a patient is adjusting to aging.

4.  Aging is defined as a maturational process that creates the
need for individual adaptation because of physical and
psychological declines that occur during a lifetime .

5.  Research on aging began around twentieth century.
 Metchnikoff introduced concept that aging was caused by
continuous absorption of toxins from intestinal bacteria
,and received nobel prize in 1908.
 Systematic studies that described the aging phenomena in
terms of all morphology, physiology and biochemistry began
about 1950.

6.  Current modified versions of aging theories have been
introduced that involve the immune system ,the
neuroendocrine system,failure in DNA repair ,mutation of
cells ,errors in protein and damage from free radicals .

7.  Chronological age: Refers to the number of years a person has lived .
It is the most commonly used objective method .
 Physiologic age : Refers to the determination of age by body function
 Functional age : Refers to a person’s ability to contribute to society
and benefit others & himself .

8.  Chronological categories : In an attempt to further define
the aging population , old age has been divided into
chronological categories.
 Young-old (ages 65-74)
 Middle –old (ages 75-84)
 Old-old (ages 85 &older)

9.  Chronologic aging
 Biologic aging
 Psychologic aging
 Social aging
 Cognitive aging

10.  Chronological age refers to the actual amount of time a
person has been alive.
 In other words ,the number of days , months or years , a
person has been alive.

11.  Senescence or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of body
function.
 Biological aging refers to the physical changes that “slow us down” as
human get into middle and older years.
 Example : arteries might clog up ,or problems with lungs might make
it more difficult for us to breathe .
 It is also known as “physiologic aging” .

12.  Psychologic aging refers to the psychological changes ,including those
involving mental functioning and personality.
 Chronological age is not always the same as biological or psychological
age .
 Some people who are 65 , can look and act much younger than some
who are 50.

13.  Social aging refers to changes in a person’s roles and
relationships, both within their networks of relatives and
friends and in formal organizations such as the workplace .
 Social aging differ from one individual to another .

14.  Cognitive aging is the decline in cognitive processing that
occurs as people gets older.
 Age related impairments in reasoning , memory and
processing speed can arise during adulthood and progress
into the elder
years.

15.  Each theory of aging attempts to provide a framework to
understand aging from different perspectives.
 Each theory is useful to the clinician because a framework
and insight into differences among elderly patients are
provided.

16.  The theories of aging are classified into:
 Biologic theories
 Psychosocial theories

17.  Biological theories attempt to explain physical aging as an involuntary
process, which eventually leads to cumulative changes in cells ,
tissues & fluids.
 Intrinsic Biological Theory: Intrinsic biological theory maintains
that aging changes arise from internal,
predetermined causes.

18.  Extrinsic Biological Theory: Extrinsic biological theory maintains that
environmental factors lead to structural
alterations , which in turn, causes
degenerative changes.

19.  This now very famous theory of aging was developed by Denham
Harman MD at the University of Nebraska in 1956.
 The term free radical describes any molecule that has a free electron
, and this property makes it react with healthy molecules in a
destructive way .
 Increased unstable free radicals produces effects harmful to
biological systems , such as chromosomal changes ,pigment
accumulation and collagen alteration.

20.  Oxidation of fat , protein and carbohydrates within the body
produces free radicals .
 Over time ,this damage accumulates and causes us to experience
aging .
 Environmental pollutants are external sources of free radicals.
 Substances including fried foods ,alcohol , tobacco ,smoke ,
pesticides , air pollutants , etc generate free radicals .

21.  The cross –linking theory , also referred to as the glycosylation
theory of aging, was proposed by Johan Bjorksten in 1942.
 According to this theory , an accumulation of cross –linked proteins
damages cells and tissues , slowing down bodily processes resulting in
aging .
 In this theory ,it is the binding of glucose (simple sugars ) to protein
,( a process that occurs during the presence of oxygen) that causes
various problems.

22.  Once this binding has occurred the protein becomes impaired and is
unable to perform efficiently.
 Living a longer life is going to lead to the increased possibility of
oxygen meeting glucose and protein and known cross linking disorders
include senile cataract and the appearance of tough , leathery and
yellow skin.

23.  Some theorists suggest that the immune system is responsible for
aging .
 An aging immune system is less able to distinguish body cells from
foreign cells ; as a result , it begins to attack and destroy body cells
as if they were foreign.
 Over time, cells involved in immune function are less self regulatory ,
resulting in cells being misidentified as foreign material and being
attacked by the immune system’s own defenses .
 Example : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

24.  Originally proposed in 1963 .
 Errors can occur in the transcription in any step of the protein
synthesis of DNA.
 Error causes the reproduction of an enzyme or protein that is not an
exact copy.
 As transcription error occurs , the end product would not even
resemble the original cell ,thereby compromising its functional ability.

25.  More recently the theory has not been supported by research .
- not all aged cells contain altered or misspecified
proteins.
-nor is aging necessarily accelerated if misspecified
proteins or enzymes are introduced into a cell.

26.  Proposed first in 1882.
 Body is similar to a machine ,which loses function when its parts
wear out .
 As people age ,their cells , tissues and organs are damaged by
internal or external stressors ,including trauma , chemicals & buildup
of naturally occurring waste.
 Good health maintenance practices will reduce the rate of wear and
tear , resulting in longer and better body function.

27.  The somatic mutation theory proposes that aging result from
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage caused by exposure to chemicals
or radiation and this damage causes chromosomal abnormalities that
lead to disease or loss of function later in life.
 Exposure to x-ray radiation and chemicals induces chromosomal
abnormalities.

28.  Aging is caused by accumulated damage to DNA ,which in
turn, inhibits cells’ ability to function and express the
appropriate genes.
 This leads to cell death and overall aging of the organism.

29.  The programmed theory proposes that every person has a “biologic
clock” that starts from the time of conception.
 In this theory each individual has a genetic program specifying an
unknown but predetermined number of cell divisions .
 As the program plays out ,the person experiences predictable
changes such as atrophy of the thymus , menopause , skin changes
and graying of the hair .
 Aging has a biological timetable or internal biological clock .

30.  Psychosocial theories of aging attempt to explain age-related changes in
cognitive function , such as intelligence, memory, learning and problem
solving .
 It attempts to explain changes in behavior, roles and relationship that
occur as an individual age .

31. The psychosocial theories of aging are as follows:
-The Disengagement Theory
-The Continuity Theory
-The Activity Theory
-The Adjustment Theory

32.  This theory was formulated by Cummings and Henry in 1961.
 It states that aging people withdraw from customary roles and
engage in more introspective , self focused activities .
 Progressive social disengagement occurs with age .
 Decreased participation in society resulting from age related
changes in health, energy ,income and social roles.

33. This theory includes 4 basic concepts:
- Aging person & society mutually withdraw from each other.
- Disengagement is biologically & psychologically intrinsic
and inevitable.
-Disengagement is considered necessary for successful
aging.
- Disengagement is beneficial for older adults and society .

34.  The continuity theory was proposed by Neugarten in 1964.
 It states that older adults will usually maintain the same activities,
behaviors , relationships as they did in their earlier years of life .
 According to this theory , older adults try to maintain this continuity
of lifestyle by adapting strategies that are connected to their past
experiences.
 This theory focuses more on personality and individual behavior over
time.

35.  This theory was proposed by Lemon, Bengston and Peterson in 1972.
 According to this theory , the maintenance of optimal physical,
mental and social activity is necessary for successful aging .
 This theory also assumes that older adults have the same needs as
middle age persons .
 Activities and interactions that promote self esteem and improve
overall satisfaction with life helps in successful aging.

36.  Adjustment theory defines aging as a series of adjustment
to retirement ,to grand parenthood ,to changes in income ,
to changes in social life and marital status and to potential
deterioration of health and well being .

37. Research article
A comparative study to assess the quality of life among
senior citizens residing at homes and old age homes of
Pune city.
Pravin Dani and Nilima Bhore
Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Nursing, Deemed
University,Sangli,Maharashtra, India

38. Abstract:
The World Health Organization describes QOL as a broad-ranging concept that incorporates individual's
physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs and their
association to salient features of the environment. There is absence of information on quality of life
among elderly Indian due to the absence of an appropriate QOL measure that would cover the basic
concept and definition of health comprehensibly. The present study was aimed to compare quality of life
between senior citizens residing in family or old-age home. A total of 100 senior citizens were
participated in quantitative descriptive study. Quality of score was calculated using a questionnaire. All
the participants in family group were in age group of 65-80 whereas 14% of the participants have age
more than 80 years. There was no difference in number of female and male participants in both groups.
All family group participants had good score while the other group participants have average score. There
was significant difference in overall quality of score between both groups (P=0.000). Senior citizens
residing in family have better quality of life than residing in old-age home.
Keywords: Quality of life, senior citizens, old age homes, nursing.

39. Methods:
It was a quantitative descriptive survey of senior citizens from family/home or old-age home
group. All participants were more than 65 years old and provided their consent for participation
in the study. After screening of inclusion criteria (age more than 65 year, residing at old age
home and families at Pune city, willingness to participate in the study, can understand Marathi or
English), a total of 100 participants were selected and each group consisted of 50 participants.
Senior citizens who were critically ill or admitted to hospitals were excluded from study
Tools and technique:
A comprehensive Quality of Life (QOL) Scale was used. Every participant was interviewed at
old age home and his/her residence and questionnaire was used to calculate the score. Final score
was categorized in 3 category: Poor, average or good. Individual aspect of quality of life was
calculated.

40. Conclusion:
The present study concluded that senior citizens residing in
family have much better quality of life than residing in old-age
home. Further studies are required to evaluate if any
individual's demographic relation affect their quality of life.

41.  Aging can be seen as an irreversible ,time dependent , functional decline that
converts healthy adults into frail ones, with reduced capacity to adjust to
everyday stresses , and increasing vulnerability to most diseases , and to death.
 A set of biological and psychological theories of aging have been proposed to
explain the process of normal aging such as the free radical theory ,immunological
theory ,error theory ,programmed aging theory , the disengagement theory
,activity theory , continuity theory ,etc.

42. 1.Aging can be explained by which of the following
theories ?
a. Biological b. Psychosocial
c. Free radical theory d.All of the above
2. The psychosocial theories include the following except :
a.Disengagement theory b. Free radical theory
c.Activity theory d. Continuity theory

43. 3. Basic concept of disengagement theory is :
a.Aging person & society mutually
withdraw from each other.
b. Disengagement is biologically
& psychologically intrinsic and
inevitable.
c. Disengagement is considered
necessary for successful aging. d. All of the above

44. a. Retirement
b. Changes in social life and marital
status.
c. Potential deterioration of health and well being
d. All of the above

45.  Book
 Internet
 Consultant teacher

46.  Javed Ansari ; A textbook of medical surgical nursing -2 ;PV
publication ; page no.-1068-1073.
 BT Basavanthappa “Textbook of medical surgical nursing’’;
Third edition ;Jaypee Publication ;page no.1035-45.
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.slideshare.net
 www.nurseslab.com