Presentation will provide detail on types of bacterial diseases.

1. BACTERIAL DISEASES
SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT
Ms. Neha S. Raut
M.Pharm, PGDPL
Assistant Professor

2. CONTENTS
 Bacterial Diseases
 Airborne Bacterial Diseases
 Foodborne Bacterial Diseases
 Waterborne Bacterial Diseases
2

3. Bacterial Disease
 Bacteria - unicellular prokaryote that cause disease called
pathogen.
 Disease Mechanism
 Bacteria produce disease in one of two general ways.
 Some bacteria destroy living cells and tissues of the
infected organism directly and/ or provoking response
from the immune system.
 Other bacteria release toxins (poisons) that interfere with
the normal activity of the host 3

4. AIRBORNE BACTERIAL DISEASES
4

5. Streptococcal
Diseases
Streptococcus
pyogenes
*Pharyngitis
*Septicemia
*Internal infections
*Scarlet fever
*Immune-Related
Complications
*Rheumatic fever
*Glomerulonephritis
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Upper Respiratory
Infection
• Pseudomembrane
Formation
• May Spread into
Bloodstream
• Cardiovascular
damage
• Vaccination with
diphtheria toxoid
vaccine
Pertussis
Bordetella
pertussis
*Upper respiratory
tract infection;
may be severe in
children & elderly
*Difficulty
breathing;
*Usually does not
spread into
bloodstream
5

6. Meningococcal
Infections
Neiserria
meningitidis
*Upper respiratory
tract symptoms
*Septicemia
*Meningitis
*Headache and stiff
neck
*Listlessness;
dizziness;
disorientation
*Seizures; coma;
death
Haemophilus
influenzae
Infections
Haemophilus
influenzae
*Upper respiratory
tract symptoms
*Rhinitis and
Sinusitis
*Otitis media
*Epiglottitis
*Septicemia and
Meningitis
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
*Lung Infection
*Destruction of alveoli
*Cough; sputum
*Tubercle Formation
*May remain dormant
for years and then
become active again
* May spread to other
areas of the body:
Miliary TB
6

7. Pneumococcal
Pneumonia
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
*secondary
bacterial
pneumonia
*Lower Respiratory
Tract Infection
*Pneumonia
*Fluid Buildup in
Lung
Primary
Atypical
Pneumonia
Mycoplasma
pneumoniae
*May be
opportunistic
*Frequently causes
mild cases of
primary pneumonia
*secondary
pneumonia in
immunocompromise
d patients
Legionellosis
Legionella
pneumophila
*Mild to
Moderate
Pneumonia
7

8. FOODBORNE & WATERBORNE
BACTERIAL DISEASES
8

9. Foodborne
Intoxications
vs Infections
Foodborne
intoxications:
Caused by the
exotoxin secreted
by bacteria in
contaminated food
Foodborne
infections: Caused
by the ingestion of
live bacteria that
colonize the
digestive tract
Botulism
Clostridium
botulinum
*Transmitted via
contaminated food
*Other mechanisms
of transmission:
*Wound botulism
*Animal botulism
*Infant botulism
Staphylococcal
Food
Poisoning
Staphylococcus
aureus
*Causes
abdominal
pain,
nausea,
diarrhea,
for a few
hours 9

10. Clostridial
Food
Poisoning
Clostridium
perfringins
*Similar to
staphylococcal
food poisoning,
Typhoid Fever
Salmonella
typhi
*Invades intestinal
epithelium tissue
*ulceration
*bloody stools but
little diarrhea
*Blood invasion
*fever; delirium
*blood vessel
hemorrhaging
*rose-colored spots
on the abdomen
*bowel perforation
*gall-bladder infection
Salmonellosis
Salmonella
enteriditis
Salmonella
gallinarum
Salmonella
typhimurum
*Gastroenteritis
Cramps
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
10

11. Shigellosis
Shigella sonnei
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella boydii
*Gastroenteritis
*Often with watery
diarrhea
*Sometimes with
bloody stools:
Dysentery
Cholera
Vibrio
cholerae
*Gastroenteritis with
extensive severe
diarrhea
*“Rice water” stools
*Dehydration & death
Diseases
associated with
Escherichia
coli
Escherichia
coli
*Infantile diarrhea
*Traveler's diarrhea
*Hemorrhagic E. coli
disease
*Kidney damage in
children
11

12. Camphylobacteriosis and
Helicobacteriosis
• Helicobacter pylori
*Stomach irritation and ulcers
12

13. PREVENTING BACTERIAL DISEASES
 Many bacterial diseases can be
prevented by stimulating the
body’s immune system with
vaccines.
 A vaccine is a preparation of
weakened or killed pathogens or
inactivated toxins.
13
Vaccine Disease
BCG Tuberculosis
DPT Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
HIB Haemophilus influenzae Infections

14. TREATMENT
Antibiotics-
 These are chemicals that interfere with cellular
processes of bacteria.
 Examples:
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporine
Macrolide
Penicilline
Quinolone
Sulphonamides
Tetracycline 14

15. Aminoglycosides
 Inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
 As drops for some ear or eye infections.
 cause problems with the kidneys or with hearing​.
Marketed Preparations:
 Amikin (amikacin)
 Cidomycin injection (gentamicin)
 Genticin injection (gentamicin)
 Tobi nebuliser solution (tobramycin)
 Tobramycin injection
 Nivemycin (neomycin) 15

16. CEPHALOSPORIN ANTIBIOTICS
 broad-spectrum antibiotics
 to treat infections such as septicaemia, pneumonia,
meningitis, biliary-tract infections, peritonitis, and urinary-
tract infections.
 Marketed Preparations:
 Cefadroxil
 Cefotaxime
 Ceporex (cefalexin)
 Distaclor (cefaclor)
 Distaclor MR (cefaclor)
 Fortum (ceftazidime)
 Keflex (cefalexin)
 Keftid (cefaclor)
16
Nicef (cefradine)
Orelox (cefpodoxime)
Rocephin (ceftriaxone)
Suprax (cefixime)
Zinacef (cefuroxime)
Zinnat (cefuroxime)

17. MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS
 An antibacterial spectrum that is similar, but not identical, to that
of penicillin, so are often used for people with a penicillin allergy
or
 To treat penicillin-resistant strains of bacteria.
 Useful for treating lung and chest infections.
 Used for skin infections and some sexually transmitted
infections.
 Marketed Preparations:
 Clamelle (azithromycin)
 Erythromycin
 Ketek (telithromycin)
 Klaricid (clarithromycin)
 Klaricid XL (clarithromycin)
 Tiloryth (erythromycin)
 Zithromax (azithromycin)
17

18. PENICILLIN ANTIBIOTICS
 Broad-spectrum antibiotics
 To treat infections such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections and
urinary tract infections.
 Flucloxacillin is reserved for treating bacteria that are resistant to other
penicillins.
 Marketed preparations:
 Amoxicillin (eg Amoxil)
 Co-amoxiclav (eg Augmentin)
 Co-fluampicil
 Crystapen (benzylpenicillin)
 Flucloxacillin (eg Floxapen)
 Magnapen (co-fluampicil)
 Penbritin (ampicillin)
 Penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin)
 Selexid (pivmecillinam)
 Tazocin (piperacillin, tazobactam)
 Timentin (ticarcillin
18

19. QUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS
 broad-spectrum antibiotics
 used to treat a wide range of infections, particularly
urinary tract and respiratory infections.
 Marketed preparations:
 Avelox (moxifloxacin)
 Ciproxin (ciprofloxacin)
 Nalidixic acid
 Tarivid (ofloxacin)
 Tavanic (levofloxacin)
 Utinor (norfloxacin)
19

20. SULPHONAMIDE ANTIBIOTICS
 The use of sulphonamides has decreased due to
an increase in bacterial resistance and the
development of other antibiotics that are more
effective.
 Marketed preparations:
 Septrin (co-trimoxazole)
 Sulfadiazine
20

21. TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS
 Minocycline and oxytetracycline -used to treat moderate to
severe acne and rosacea
 used to treat a wide range of other bacterial infections,
including respiratory and genital infections.
 Marketed preparations:
 Aknemin (minocycline)
 Demeclocycline
 Doxylar (doxycycline)
 Oxytetracycline
 Tetracycline tablets
 Lymecycline (eg Tetralysal)
 Vibramycin-D (doxycycline)
21

22. OTHER ANTIBIOTICS
 Marketed Preparations:
 Azactam (aztreonam)
 Chloramphenicol capsules
 Clofazimine
 Colomycin injection (colistin)
 Cubicin (daptomycin)
 Dalacin C capsules (clindamycin)
 Dificlir (fidaxomicin)
 Fasigyn (tinidazole)
 Flagyl suppositories
(metronidazole)
 Flagyl tablets (metronidazole)
 Fucidin suspension (fusidic acid)
 Fucidin tablets (sodium fusidate)
 Furadantin (nitrofurantoin)
 Hiprex (methenamine)
used for more specific types of
infections.
oKemicetine (chloramphenicol)
oMacrobid (nitrofurantoin)
oMacrodantin (nitrofurantoin)
oMeronem (meropenem)
oMetrolyl suppositories (metronidazole)
oMetronidazole tablets and suspension
oNorzol suspension (metronidazole)
oPolyfax (polymixin B, bacitracin)
oPolytrim (trimethoprim, polymixin B)
oPrimaxin (imipenem, cilastatin)
oTargocid (teicoplanin)
oTrimethoprim
oVancocin capsules (vancomycin)
oVancomycin injection
oXifaxanta (rifaximin)
oZidoval (metronidazole)
oZyvox (linezolid)
22

23. 23