5. Value of ecosystem services
Worldwide ecosystem services are worth average of
$33 trillion per year (Costanza et al. 1997)
6. The state of ecosystem services
Ecosystems and Human Well-being
M i l l e n n i u m E c o s y s t e m A s s e s s m e n t
www.millenniumassessment.org
7. Unprecedented change
More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years
after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and
1850.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005
10. Drivers of global change growing in intensity
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005
11. Service Status
Food crops
livestock
capture fisheries
aquaculture
wild foods
Fiber timber +/–
cotton, silk +/–
wood fuel
Genetic resources
Biochemicals, medicines
Fresh water
Status of Provisioning Services
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005
12. Status of Regulating and Cultural Services
Status
Regulating Services
Air quality regulation
Climate regulation – global
Climate regulation – regional and local
Water regulation +/–
Erosion regulation
Water purification and waste treatment
Disease regulation +/–
Pest regulation
Pollination
Natural hazard regulation
Cultural Services
Spiritual and religious values
Aesthetic values
Recreation and ecotourism +/–
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005
13. Degradation of ecosystem services
Degradation of
ecosystem services often
causes significant harm
to human well-being
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005
15. Pest control
Value of natural pest control in agricultural crops -
$13.6 billion per year (Losey & Vaughan 2006)
One third – predators and parasitoids
Importance of non-crop habitats
https://www.wur.nl/en/show/Biological-pest-control.htm https://pmgbiology.com/tag/biological-control/ http://m.espacepourlavie.ca/en/biological-control-age
18. Pollination
75% of crop species rely on animal pollinators
Economic impact on world food production = Euro 153 billion
Vulnerability to pollinator loss depends on crop specialization and
geographical region
20. Pollination: SA
From: Melin et al. 2014 SAJS
Critical role of floral resource availability at the landscape
and regional scale to sustain pollinators
23. Soil
Soil structure, aeration,
decomposition influenced by
soil biota
From: Janion-Scheepers et al. 2016 Pedobiologia
Sien: Landbou weekblad,
1 Desember 2017
a
d e h
f g
b c i j
k l
m n o p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w x2
y1
x1
y2x4
x3
26. Carbon sequestration
Carbon sequestration AND biodiversity can be achieved in
agricultural landscapes
Bryan et al. 2015 NCC
Examples of market-based incentives:
• China's Grain for Green programme (China),
• Payment for Ecosystem Services (Costa Rica)
• Conservation Reserve Program (U.S.A) Emissions
Reduction
• Fund (Australia)
• REDD+ mechanism (International)
29. Future trends
• Major investments in
public goods (e.g.,
education, infrastructure)
and poverty reduction
• Trade barriers and
distorting subsidies
eliminated
• Widespread use of
active adaptive
management
• Investment in
education (countries
spend 13% of GDP on
education, compared to
3.5% today)
• Significant investment in
development of
technologies to increase
efficiency of use of
ecosystem services
• Widespread use of
‘payments for ecosystem
services’ and
development of market
mechanisms
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005
