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                                                                                                Bourne                      ºÜ¿ì                                           ³öÏÖÁËÆä û    shell                                                                                                                                                          Èç»ùÓÚÔ-ʼ          'Bourne shell'µÄ 'ksh' 'zsh'                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ºóÕß³£ÓÃ


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                                           cd /u<TAB>sr<TAB>l<TAB>


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                µÀ                                             Linux ÊÇø·Ö´óСµÄ                                                                                     Èç¹ûÒѾ-×Ðϸ¶Á ýÇ°Ã沿·ÖµÄ»                                                                                                                                                                                   ÄúÏëµ½¿ÉÒÔÓÃ

                cd /u<TAB>sr<TAB>l<TAB>/d<TAB>

                À©Õ¹³ÉÁË                                                                 '/usr/src/linux/drivers/'                                                                                                                                                      Òò´ËÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ                                                                          'Documentation'(´óдµÄ                                         'D')

                                       ÕâÖ ²¹Æë¶ÔÃüÁîÒ ÓÐ §

                [tom@belbo tom]$ gre<TAB>

                grecord grefer grep

                [tom@belbo tom]$ gre

                ÔÚÕâÀï                                                               shell ½«ÁгöËùÓÒÔ×Ö·û´®                                                                                                                                                                         'gre'¿ªÍ·µÄÒÑÖÃüÁî

                ÃüÁîÐ µÄÀúÊ·¼ÇÂ

                ͨ¹ý°´ÏòÉ·½¼ü                                                                                                                              Äú¿ÉÒÔÏòºó±éÀ½ü´Ú¸ÃØÖÆ̨ÂÊäÈëµÁî                                                                                                                                                                                                              ÓÃÏò·½¼ü¿ÉÒÔÇ°
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                ÃüÁî                                                     È»ºóÔÙ ËÐ

                                       °´                     <CTRL r> ºó                                                                                 shell ¾Í½øÈë                                                                                                 "reverse-i(ncremental)-search" ÏòºóÔöÁ¿ËÑ÷                                                                                                                                                     ģʽ                        ÏÖ
                                ÔÚÊäÈëÄúÒªÕ µ ÃüÁî Ê× Öĸ

                                       (reverse-i-search)`':. ÇÃÈë                                                                                                                                  'i'¿ÉÄÜ»á±ä³

                                       (reverse-i-search)`i': isdnctrl hangup ippp0

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                ESC>                                                                      ÉÏÃæµÄ üÁ»Ø ÆÕͨ à Р                                                                                                                                                                                                               ÕâÑùÄú¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½øÐ Ê µ± à¼-

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l <CTRL u>                                                                                                                                         ɾ³ý´Ó¹â±êµ½Ð Ê× Ä²¿·Ö

     l <ALT d>                                                                                                ɾ³ý´Ó¹â±êµ½ Ç° ¥ Ê áβ Ä ¿·Ö

l <CTRL w>                                                                                                                                                                       ɾ³ý´Ó¹â±êµ½ Ç° ¥ Ê¿ªÍ· IJ Ö

     l <CTRL a>                                                                                                                                         ½«¹â±êÒƵ Ð Ê×

     l <CTRL e>                                                                                                                                         ½«¹â±êÒƵ Рβ

     l <ALT a>                                                                                                ½«¹â±êÒƵ Ç° ¥´ÊÍ·²¿

                               l <ALT e>                                                                      ½«¹â±êÒƵ Ç° ¥´Êβ ¿

                               l <CTRL y>                                                                                                     ²åÈë×î½üɾ³ýµÄ ¥´Ê

l <!$>                                                                      Öظ´Ç°Ò» öÃüÁî× ºóµÄ²ÎÊý

   ÀýÈç                                                           ÄúÓÃüÁî                                                                                                                                       mkdir peter/pan/documents/tinkerbell н¨ÁËÒ»¸öÄ¿¼                                                                                                                                                                ÏÖÔÚÄúòÓÃüÁî
'cd'½øÈë¸ÃĿ¼                                                                                                                                                                                                  Äú¿ÉÒÔÓà cd !$ shell ½«°ÑÇÒ»¸öÃüÁî                 'mkdir'µÄ²ÎÊýÌí¼Óµ½ÏÖÔÚ                                                                                                                                                                            'cd'ºó
Ãæ

     µ±Äú¸üÉîÈëÁË½â                                                                                                                                                                                             Linux ºó       ½«¿´µÕâЩìÝ·ÊÔÚÆäËûӦóÌòÏÂÈë±                                                                                                                                                                                    ÓÐʱҲ§                       ±È
Èç                                        ÔÚä¯À Æ÷ÖеÄÊ Èë¿ò

¿ÉÓÃµÄ                                                                      Shell ¿ì½Ý·Ê

Red Hat Linux ´øÓв»ÉÙ¿ì½Ý·Ê                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ÆäÖÐÒ»²¿· ÊÇ                                    bash Ô-À´¾ÍÓÐµÄ                      ¶ø»¹ÓÐÒ ©ÔòÊÇΪ
ÄúÔ¤ÏÈÉèÖõ   ÔÚºóÃæÄú½«¿´µ Èç ÎÉèÖ

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'~'¾Í                             ÊÇÄúµ                                                                      home Ŀ¼µòдÎʽ                                                                                                                                                                         ÎÒÃǼÙÉèÄúÔÚÆäËû¿Â                                                                         Ïë°ÑÒ»¸öÃûΪ                                              'sometext'µÄÎ
¼þ¸´ÖƵ½Äú                                                                                                   home Ŀ¼ϵ                                                                                                                                            'docs'×ÓĿ¼ÖÐ                                                               ³ýÁËÊäÈë

     cp sometext /home/myusername/docs

     Äú»¹¿ÉÒÔÓüòд

                      cp sometext ~/docs

                      ÀíÂÛÉÏ                                                                ÕâÒ²¿ÉÔÓ¦ÃÚüÁî                                                                                                                                                       'cd'ÉÏ            ÎÞÂÛµ±Ç°·¾¶ÔÚÄÀï                                                                                          cd ~ ½«»Øµ                Äúµ                                   home Ŀ¼
     Æäʵ»¹¿ÉÒÔ¼ò ¯                                                                                                                                                                                               Ö»Òª¼üÈë                                      cd      ¾Í¿ÉÒÔ·µ»Ø                                                                          home Ŀ¼ÁË


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Red Hat Linux ΪÄúÌṩÁËÒ»ÐÔ¤ÏÈÉèÖõĿì½Ý·Ê                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ³ÆΪ                                                                                       '±ðÃû   '   aliases                                                               ±È ç

l ll                                                     ½«Ö´Ð                                    'ls -l -k'                                                                ÒÔ³¤¸ñʽÁÐ öĿ¼ ÚÈÝ                                                                                                                                                              °üÀ¨Ò»Ð©ÎļþÊô Ô                                                                                                                                                          ²¢ÒÔ                                                   KB ¶ø²»ÊÇ                  byt
e Ϊµ¥ »ÏÔʾ ļþ´óС

l ls                                                             ½«Ö´Ð                            'ls -F --color=auto'                                                                                                                                    ÁгöĿ¼ ÚÈÝ                                                                                                                ¼ÓÉÏÎÄ þÀàÐͱêʶ                                                                                                                                                             ²¢Ê¹ÓÃÑÕÉ«

ÏÖÔÚ                                                                     ÄúÓ¦¸Ã¶Ô                    shell ¼°Ò»Ð©¿ì½Ý·ÊÓÁËøÒ»²µÄ½â                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ÏÂÃæÎÒ ÇÀ´¿ ³ýÁËÓ¦ à »Ð©
¼òµ¥ ÄÃüÁî                                                                                        shell »¹ÄÜ×÷ʲô

µÚÈýƪ                                                                                ÃüÁîµÄÅ Ð                                                             ÃüÁîµÄÈÎ ñ ÷¶                                                                                                                                                                        ÃüÁîµÄÌæ»

                       ÃüÁîµÄÅ Ð

                       ÏÖÔÚÄú½«¿´µÒ»Ð©³£ÓÃüÁîÅ                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Äú¿ÉÜÏëÔÚÒ»ÐÖ¸ø³öËùÓÃüÁî                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              È»ºó¾Í¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ×¢âÁ¦
תÒƵ½äËûØ·                                                                                                                          ûÎÊÌâ                                                            shell ÔÊÐíÄúÚ²»Í¬µÃüÁîÖ®¼ä                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ·ÅÉÏÌØÊâµÄÁÐ×Öû                                                                                                                       (queuing
              characters)                                                                            Õâ¶ù½« éÉÜ×î³£ÓõÄÁ Ö

              Çë×¢Òâ                                                        ΪÁË¿´ÆðÀ¸üÇå³þ                                                                                                             ÎÒÔÚÕâЩ×Ö·ûÁ½Å¼ÓË¿¸ñ                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ¶øÔÚʵ¼Ó¦ÃÖÐ                                                                                                                       Äú²»Ò¶¨ª                Õâ
ô×ö                                                                     'ls -a ; du -hs'ºÍ                                                                                                        'ls -a;du -hs'µÄЧ¹ûÊÇÒ»Ñùµ

                       command1 ; command2

                       ÏÈÖ´Ð                                                        command1                                                         ²»¹Ü                                                     command1 ÊÇ·ñ³ö´í                                                                                                                                                                          ½ÓÏÂÀ´Ö Ð                                                                                                                 command2

                       ÀýÈç

                       ls -a ; du -hs

                       ½«ÏÈÔÚÆÁÄ»É Ð³ö ¿Â¼Ö µ ËùÓ ÄÚÈÝ                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      È»ºóÁгöËùÓ Ä¿Â¼ °Æä× ËùÕ ´Å Ì óС

              command1 && command2

              Ö»Óе±                                                                command1 ÕýÈ·ÔËÐÍê±Ïºó                                                                                                                                                                                          ²ÅÖ´Ð                                                    command2

                       ÀýÈç

                       ls -a bogusdir && du -hs

½«·µ»Ø ls: bogusdir: No such file or directory                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ¶ø                                  'du'Ôò¸ù±¾Ã»ÓÐÔË                                                                                                                                           ÕâÊÇÒòΪÄúû                              ÓÐ
'bogusdir'Ŀ¼   Èç¹ûÄú½«· ºÅ» ³ÉÁË  ';' 'du'½«±»Ö´Ð

                       ΪÁ˽øÒ»² µÃ÷                                                                                         ';'ºÍ            '&&'µÄÇø±ð                                                                            ¼°Ò» ãÃüÁîŠеÄÓ ´¦                                                                                                                                                                                 ÏÂÃæ¾ÙÒ»¸ö -µä ÄÀý×Ó                                                                                                                                                          Linux


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Äں˵ ±àÒë Í°²×

                               Òª±à ë °²× Linux                         ÄúÐèÒªÖ´ » ®ÃüÁî                                           'make dep' 'make clean' 'make bzImag
e' 'make modules' 'make modules_install'ºÍ 'make install' Èç¹ûÒªµ»¸öÃüÁîÍê³Éºó
                  ÔÙÊäÈëÏÂÒ»¸ö             ÔÙµÈ      ÔÙÊäÈë                                           ÄǾÍÌ«Âé·³ÁË                              ÁíÒ»·½Ãæ                  ÿ¸öüÁîÖ»Óе±Ç°æÄ
ÁÕýÈ·Ö´ÐÍê±Ïºó                                           ²ÅÄÜ¿ªÊ¼Ö´Ð                                            Èç¹ûÄúÓà         ';'À´ÅÁÐÃüî          Ôò¼´Ê¹ÓÐÃüÁîÖ§°Ü                                ºó
ÃæµÄÒ²Õ ³£ÔËÐ                                   ×îºó                                     Äú¿É ÜÔÚ '/boot'Ŀ¼ϵýһ¸öÓÐÎÊÌâÄں˳Ïñ                                                          (image) ¶øÓà    '
                  &&'

                                                         make dep && make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules
                                                         _install && make install

                                                         ²»ÐèÒªÖ Í¾´ò¶Ï                                                       ¾Í¿ÉÒÔ±à ëÄں˼°Æä £¿é                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ²¢Íê³ÉºóÃæµÄ° ×

                         ÃüÁîµÄÈÎ ñ ÷¶

                         µ±ÄúÔÚÖÕ¶ËÀïÐÒ»¸öÃüÁîò¿ªÆô³ÌÊ                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ÖÕ¶ËÒªµÈ½ÃüÁî»ò³ÌÐÔÍê±Ïºó                                                                      ²ÅÄÜÔÙ
                    ±»Ê¹Óà                                                                          ÔÚ              Unix ÖÐ                                                                 ÎÒÃdzÆÕâÑùµÄ üÁî»ò ÌÐ ÔÚÇ° ¨                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (foreground)ÔËÐ               Èç¹ûÄúÏëÔÚÖÕ¶Ë
                    ÏÂÔËÐ ÁíÒ»¸öÃü î                                                                                                                   ÔòÐèÒª Ù´ ¿ »¸ö µÄÖÕ¶Ë

                         µ«ÕâÀﻹÓÐÒ ¸ö ü ÅÑ µÄ°ì·¨                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ³ÆÎªÈ ñµ÷¶                                                                                  (jobbing)»òºǫ́                                                (backgrounding)                        µ±ÄúÔËÓÃ
                         ÈÎñµÄ÷¶»ò½«ÃüÁîÖÓÚºǫ́                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Öն˾ÍÁ¢¼´½â·Å                                                                                                     ÕâÑùÒ»À´                                                  ÖÕ¶ËÁ¢¼´¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½ÓÊÜеÄä
                    Èë                                                    ΪʵÏÖÕâÑù Ä ¿                                                                                                                                                   ÄúÖ»ÐèÔÚÃüÁîºó æÌí¼ÓÒ»¸ö                                                                                                                               &

                                                         gqview &

                                                         ¸æËß                              shell ½«Í¼Æ¬²é¿´÷                                                                                                                                        'GQview'·Åµ½ºǫ́ȥִР                                                                                                                                                       ¼´µ±³É          job À´ÔËÐ

                                                         ÃüÁî                              jobs ½«¸æËßÄú                                                                         ÔÚÕâ¸öÖ ¶Ë´°¿ Ð                                                                                                                                                    ÔËÐ ×ÅÄ ©ÃüÁîÓë³Ì ò

jobs

[1]+ Running gqview &

µ±ÄúÒª¹ØÕֶ˴°¿ÚÊ                                                                                                                                                                                                          ÕâÒ»µã¾ÍºÜÖت                                                                               ÒòΪ¹Ø±Õֶ˽«µ¼ÂùÓÐÔÚÆäÄÈñ
                    ±»ÖÐ ¹                                                                               ÔÚ´ËÀýÖÐ                                      Èç¹ûÄú رÕÁËÖ ¶                                                                                                                              ÓÉÕâ¸öÖ ¶Ë¿ªÆôµÄ                                                                                                                             GQview ³ÌÐòÒ²½«±»¹ØÕ

µ«ÈçºÎ½ ǰ̨ÔËÐ ÄÒ»¸ö³ ò·Åµ½ºǫ́ȥ                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ûÎÊÌâ

                                                         gqview

                                                         <CTRL z>

                                                         [2]+ Stopped gqview


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bg

         [2]+ gqview &

         ×éºÏ¼ü                                              <CTRL z> ½«¹ÒÆðÖÕ¶ËÐýÔڵijÌò                                                                                                                                                                                             È»ºóÄú¾Í¿ÉÒÔÓà                                                                                                             bg ÃüÁÆä·Åµºǫ́
         È¥Ö´Ð

                               Çë×¢Òâ                         ÔÚºǫ́ËÐͼÎӦóòʱǴµÄ                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔÚÖ¶ËÏÂʾ¸ö³ÌÐòµÄ
´íÐÅÏ¢                                                                                 ËäÈ»Õâ¶ÔÄú¿ÉÜÃÓÐÖ±½µ°ï                                                                                                                                             µ±Èç¹ûÅö½ÁËÂé·³                                                                                                               Ïò±ðÈËѯÎÊ                                        ÕâЩ³ö´í    Ìá
ʾ ÍÓÐ ÃÎäÖ®µØÁË

                  һЩͼγÌò                                                                                                                                      ºÜ¿ÉÄ»¹´¦ÔÚ²âÊÆ                                            (Beta) ¾¡¹ÜÔÚºǫִ́Р                                                                                             Ò²»áÔÚÖÕ¶ËÐÊä³ö©ÅÏ¢
         Èç¹ûÄú¶Ô´Ë²»Â                                                                                                                                                                 ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÏ æ üÁî

                               command &>/dev/null &

Õâ²»½ö«³ÌÐòË͵ºó¨Ö´                                                                                                                                                                                      »¹½«Æäʳö·¢µ                                                       '/dev/null'Îļþ                                                  '/dev/null'ÊÇ                                                                        ÏµÍ³Ä   "ËéÖ½»ú    " (s
hredder)                                                                                                        ËùÓР͵½ÄÇÀï ÅÏ¢¶¼ « ûʧ´ù¾¡

                               ÃüÁîµÄÌæ»

                               ÃüÁîÌæ»                        (Command substitution)ÊÇÒ»ÏîºÜʵÓÃŦ                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ÎÒÃǼÙÉè                                                              ÄúÏë¿´                            XFree86 ÎÄ
µ ÖÐ Ä                                                       'README.mouse'Îļþ      µ«Äú²»Öª ÀÕâ¸öÎ ¼þµ à                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           µ«ÄúÊÇλ Áé Óà §                                                           ÒѾ-
Ìý˵Á                                                      'locate'ÃüÁî Ò²° × ÁË 'slocate'°ü                                                                                                                                                 Äú¾Í¿ÉÒÔÓÃ

                                         locate README.mouse

                                         ·¢ÏÖÄǸöμþÔÚ                                                                                                                              '/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc' ÏÖÔÚÄú¾Í¿ÉÒÕ¶ËÀïÓà                                                                                                                                                                      'less'»òÔÚÎļþ¹ÜÀíÆ÷ÖÐ
½øÈëÄǸö ¿Â¼ »ºó¶Á ¡Î þ                                                                                                                                                                           ¶øÃüÁîÌæ» ¿ÉÒÔ¸ Äú´øÀ Щ±ã½Ý

         less $(locate README.mouse)

Ò»²½µ Î                                                         ÃüÁî                                                                                                                'locate README.mouse'µÄÊä³ö                                                                  (= /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.mou
se)×÷Ϊ                                                     'less'µÄ²ÎÊý                                                                                                                  È»ºó¾Í¿ÉÒÔÏ Ê Îļþ ÚÈÝÁË

                               ÕâÖ »ú ƵÄÓï·¨ÊÇ

                  command1 $(command2)

                  ³ýÁË                                   '$( )'                                                                                Äú»¹¿ÉÒÔÓúó ý Å                                                         (backquote)

         command1 `command2`



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ÕâÑùËäÈ»¿ÉÒÔ¼õÙÊë                                                                                                                                                  µ«¿É¶ÁÐÔ²î                                                                               ¶øÇÒºÜÈÝ×¾ÍûÓÐÌ湦ĵ°ã¥ýÅìÏ                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ÎÒ
¸üÐÀÉÍÇ°Ò»Ö ·½ ¨                                                                                                                   µ«Õâ×îÖ Æð¾öÓÚÄú

ÕâÀïÓÐÁíÍ Ò»¸ö ý×                                                                                                     ÎÒÃǼÙÉè                                                                                                         Äú´òËã½áÊøÒ»¸öÃûΪ                                                                                     'rob'µÄ³ÌÐò                                                              ÄúÏȵÃÓ üÁî                                                                      'pidof'ÕÒ
³öÏàÓ¦µÄ½ø ̺Š                                                                                                 (Process ID)                                                                          È»ºóÒÔÕâ¸ö                                                                                              PID Ϊ²Êý                          ÔËÐ                                                     'kill'ÃüÁî                             ÕâÑù¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½áÊø                                                           'r
ob'³ÌÐò                                                          ³ýÁËÓÃ

                    pidof rob

                    567

                    kill 567

                    Äú»¹¿ÉÒÔÊ

                    kill `pidof rob`

                    ÔõôÑù                      ЧÂÊÓ ËùÌá¸ß°É

ÔÚÏÂһƪÖÐ                                                                                 ÎÒ½« Ó×Å éÉÜ                                                                                      shell µÄÁíÍâ½ÖÊÓûúÆ                                                                                                                                                     ÎļþÃûÆ¥Åä                                                                                 Êä³öÖض¨Ïò

                    µÚËÄƪ                      ÎļþÃûÆ¥Åä                                                                                            Êä³öÖض¨Ïò

                    ÎļþÃûÆ¥Åä

                    ÎļþÃûÆ¥Åäʹµú²»±ØÒд³ö                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ¾Í¿ÉÒÔÖ¸¶¨àöÎļþ                                                                        Äú½«ÓõһЩÌØÊâ×Ö·û                                                                                                              ³Æ
ΪͨÅä·û                                        (wildcards)

¼ÙÉèÄúÏëÓà                                                                'rm'ÃüÁîɾ³ýĿ¼ÏËùÓÐÒÔ×Ö·û´®                                                                                                                                                                                                         '.bak'½áβµÄ¼þ                                                                              ³ýÁËÔÚ                   'rm'ºó¸úÉÏËùÓÐÎļþ
Ãû×÷Ϊ² Êý                                                                   Äú»¹¿ÉÒÔÓÃͨÅä·û                                                                                                                      '*'

                    rm *.bak

                    '*'¿ÉÆ¥ÅäÒ»¸öò¶à×Ö·û                                                                                                                                          ÔÚ±¾ÀýÖÐ                                                                                                 Äú¸æËß                shell ½«ÃüÁî                                       'rm'µÄ²ÎÊýÀ©Õ¹µ½                                                                                                          "ËùÓÐÒÔ      '*.bak'
                    ½áβµÄ ¼þ                                             "                               shell ¾Í½«À©Õ¹ºóµÄ²ÎÊý¸æËß                                                                                                                                                                          'rm'ÃüÁî

Äú½«¿´µ                                          shell ÔÚÃüÁîÖ´ÐÇ°                                                                                                                                                  ¾Í½«¶ÁÈ¡²¢âÊÃüîÐ                                                                                                                  ÕýÊÇÒòΪâ¸ö                                                                                                             Äú²Å¿ÉÒÔ½«Í¨ä
·ûÓÃ Ú                                        shell ÃüÁîµÄ²ÎÊýÖÐ

ÈÃÎÒ Ç¸ü½ø »² µØÀ´ÈÏʶͨÅä·û                                                                                                                                                          '*' ¼Ù¶¨ÄúÓиö¿Â                                                                                                                           ÆäÖк¬Îļþ                                                                          '124.bak' '346.bak'¼°                                                                               '5
83.bak' ÄúÏëÖ»±£Áôμþ                                                                                                                                                           '583.bak' ¿ÉÒÔÓÃ

rm *4*.bak



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         10
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Linux shell

  • 1. Linux Shell ¼ò½é °æȨÐÅÏ¢ ×÷Õß Î´Öª ÎÄÕ³ö´¦ »Æ×ì ó¶ ÂÛ̳ flaboy ÐÖתÌù Îĵ ÖÆ×÷ ¾Ü øÕý°æ ±¾Îĵ ÚÈÝÀ´Ô Ó MUO µÄ Basics ²¿·Ö ÆäÔ-ʼӢÎÄ°æ¿ÉÒ ´ ÕâÀï»ñµÃ http://www. mandrakeuser.org/docs/ ÖÐÎÄ°æÀ´×ÔâÏþ¹µ CMUO http://dummy.linux.net.cn/~xgwu/c muo/ MUO ÊÇ Mandrake Linux http://www.mandrakelinux.com/ ΪÓû§ÌṩµÄÈëÅÊÖ ²á ÆäÄÚÈÝʵÓò¢ÇÒ±¸üР·Ç³£ÊºÏõѧÕß×öÈëÃŲο¼ Óë³£¼ûµÄ¸÷Ö Linux ½Ì ³Ì²»Í¬ MUO ½éÉܸø Linux ³õѧÕßµÄÊÇÏ° Linux µÄ·½¨¶øÇÔ³¸öÏ͵ÄÃèÊ Õâ¶Ô¸÷Ö ÓÐ×Åǧ ²îÍò±ðµÄ Linux ·¢ аæµÄѧÏÓÈΪÖØÒ ±¾ÎÄàÒëÕûÀíʶÔϹؽÚ×öÁËÓ¦µÉ¸´ È¥µôÁËÕë¶Ô Mandrake Linux µÄ²¿·ÖÚÈÝ Ê¹Óà Shell ÒÔϽ« éÉܲ¢ âÊÍ»ù±¾µÄ shell ÃüÁîºÍ»úÖÆ µÚһƪ ³¬¼¶¹¤¾ß Terminals xterms ºÍ Shells ³¬¼¶¹¤¾ß Äú»òÐíÌý¹ÕâÑùµÂÛ÷ ÃüÁîÐ (the mommand line)Ôç ¾ÍÒÑ-¹ýʱÁË ÄǶ«Î÷ÉñÃØÙâµ µÈ ÓÐ ©ÈËÉõÖÁ¾ µÃ²Ù×÷Ï Í³ ÐÓ¦¸ » Õâ ©ÃüÁî²Åº Ê µ ÇÉÏ Äú¿ÉÒÔ²»¶®Èκ shell ¾ÍÄÜʹÓà Linux ÄúÆô¶¯ÏµÍ³ºó¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó øÈë X Wi ndow ×îºóÔÚ X Window Ϲػú ÎÒ¼áÐÅ Óà Linux ¶ø²»® shell ¾ÍÏ󿪳µÖ» áÓà · (first gear)Ò»Ñù µ±È» ×î³õ¿´Æð À´ Ö±½Ó¶ø¼òµ¥ ÔÚ´ó¶àÊýÇé¿öÏ ¼¹ÜÓà µ«ËÙ¶ÈÂý ¶øÇÒÎÞ·¨Õæ ýÌåÑé¼ÝÊ»µÄÀÖȤ ¶Ô ÃüÁîкÜÓȤ ¾ÍÏóÓÃÒ»´¶ÑÊÕ¼¯µ½Äý ¾¹¿ÉÒÔÍê³Ðí¶àâÏë²»µ½Ä´Ù һЩ ¼« Æ临ÔӵŤ×÷ Ö»Ð輸ÃüÁî¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½âö ÕâÊÇÒòΪ ÔÚ Unix ÖÐ shell ¿É²»ÊǼòµ¥ÄÃü Áî½âÊÍÆ÷ µäÐÍ ÄÓ Windows ÖÐµÄ DOS ¶øÊÇÒ»¸öÈ«¹¦Äܵ ±à³Ì ·¾ Õâ²¢ »Ò ζ×Å shell ·Ç³£ÈÝÒ×ѧͨ ÄúÖªµÀ ºÃʶàÄ¥ Õ⻹ÊÇÒª ¨µã ¤·ò Ä ;-) µ«ÇëÏà ÐÅÎÒ Õâ¾ø¶Ôֵà ÄúÔںܶÌʱ¼ä ¾ÍÄܱ»Ò´ó°ïÃÅ⺵õΪ Unix wizard Ææ²Å *grin* ΪÁË µÃ÷ shell ÕâÀïÐèÒª » ©±³¾°Ö ʶ Terminals, xterms Óë Shells ×·Ëݵ½ Unix µ®ÉúÄǸöê´ µ±Ê»¹ÃÓÐÏÖÔÚÁ÷Ä "¸öÈ˼Æã»ú " ±»³ÆΪ¼ËãúµÄ÷ »¹ÊÇÍÌ Â´Å øÓë magnetic memory ÓÃÊõ ï 'core'À´±íʾϵͳ memory µÄÅÓÈ»´óÎï D EC ¹«Ë¾ ÚÔÖÏ Äµ Compaq ÍƳöµÄ PDP-11 Ìå»ýС ±»³ÆΪ mini ¶øÇÒ¼Û¸ñµ× ÔÚ´ó ѧÖÐÒýÆðÁ˾޴óµÄ·Ïì ºÜ¶àѧУֱµ½ÄÇʲÅÂòÃÆðһ̨¼Ëãú PDP-11 ÎïÃÀ¼ÛÁ® Ö»ÓÐ 10000$ ÕâЩ»úÆ÷µÄ²Ù×ÏͳÓÉã±àïÑÔ »úÆ÷ÓïÑÔд³É ËùÒÔÐÆðÀ´§ÂÊºÜ¸ß µ«¶¼ÎÞ·¨ÒÆÖ² (u nportable) ÿ¼Ò ÆËã»ú¹« ¾¶ ¸ø×Ô¼ºµÄ Æ÷ÅäÉ϶ÀÓÐ ²Ù× µÍ³ È»ºóÔÙÏúÊÛ ÕâÖ±¿×¾µÄ÷·¨ºÜìÍ»ÈËÃÇÒʶ½Á ÓÚÊǾͿª¼Ð˽¨Ò»¸öÉÔ²¬Æ·Åú÷쵀 ²Ù×÷ϵͳ 1969 Äê Ken Thompson ¿ªÊ¼Ð´ºóÀ³ÉÎ Unix µÄÚһдúÂë Thompso 1
  • 2. n Ôø¾-²Î¼ÓÁËÒ»¸öÏîÄ¿ MULTICS Unix ÊÇÓëÕâйصÄÒ»¸öÍæ¦´Ê Æäʵ Dennis Rit chie ΪÕâ¸öеIJÙ×÷ÏͳÉè¼ÆÁËÒ»ÖеıàÌÓïÑÔ -- C ÓïÑÔºó ÊÂÇé²ÅÕæ ý¿ª ¼ ËäÈ» Unix µÄЧÂʲ»¼°Ô-À´Ù×÷Ïͳ µ«ÓÐÈý¸öÍ»³ÄÅã ¿ÉÒÔÈÎâÆÖ²µ½äËû»ú÷ ÆäÖÐµÄ C ÓïÑÔ´ó ¼ò»¯Á˱à³Ì ¶øÇÒÕâЩ ¼ free ºÜ¿ì È«ÃÀ¹úµÄ´óѧ¶¼ ¦×Å¿ªÊ Î »ú Æ÷°²× Unix ÖÕ¶Ë Terminals Unix ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔÚÐí¶àÖ»úÆ÷Ï˵IJÙ×ͳ µ«ÈËÃÇÓÖ çºÎʹ ÕâЩ»úÆ÷ÄØ ËûÃÇÊͨ¹ý ÑÆÖÕ¶ËÀ´Á¬½ÓµâЩ»ú÷ Ò²¾ÍÊÇÓüüÅÌ ÏÔʾÆ÷¼°×ã¹»µÄ electronics µç×ÓÔª¼þ ×é³É µÄ»úÆ÷ÓëÖÐѼËã (central computer)ÏàÁ¬ ÔÚÕâЩֶËÉÏ Óû§¿ÉÒÔÇ×Ö·û teletypy Õâ¾ÍÊÇ×Ö·û´® 'tty'±íʾÖÕ¶ËÉ豸Îļþ ºÍ 'getty'ÃüÁîµÄÃû³ÆÀ´ú Äú¿É Ü»áÎÊ ÏÖÔÚÕâЩ¶«Î÷ ¼ Ä ù ÕâÐ©Ö ¶ËµÄ³§¼ÒÎÞ·¨´ï É »Ïî× ÖÕ±ê ×¼ Õâµ¼ÖÂÿ ÖÅÆ×ÓµÄն˼и÷Ôü̲¾ ¸÷×ÔµÄÚÆÁ»ÉÏʾַû½¨ ·¢ËÍ»ò½ÓÊղôÐź ±íʾ ²Ã´×Ö·û ¿ØÖÆ´úÂëµÈ ΪÁ˱ÜÃâÕ Ð©»ìÂÒ ¾Í´ ½¨ÁËÒ»¸öº¬ÓÐ ù ² Í ÖÕ¶ËÌØ Ô µÄ (capability)Îļþ Õâ¾ÍÊÇ 'termc ap' ÓÃÒ»¸ö¹¤¾ß´ò¿ª '/etc/termcap'ÇÆÇ ¿É±ðÏÅ× ÁË ;-) Linux Öն˴óàÊýÓà 'vt100'»ò 'linux'×÷ΪÖÕ¶ËÀàÐÍ xterms ÔÚ°ËÊ®Äê´ú³õÆ ²úÉ ÁËÒ»¸ö Unix µÄͼÐÎ×Óϳ -- the X Window System ¾ÅÊ®Äê´ú ÔçÆÚ ÎªÁ˸üºÃµØÊ ÏÖ»ùÓÚ Intel µÄ Unix ÀàÏµÍ³É Èç FreeBSD NetBSD Linux µÄ Ó¦ à ²úÉ ÁËÒ»¸öϵͳ·Ö § -- XFree86 X Window ÖÐÒ»¸öºÜ´óµÄæÊÇ¿ÉÒÔËжà¸öéÄâ (virtual)ÖÕ¶Ë ÉõÖÁÔÚ X Window ÏÂ¾Í ÓÐÕâô¸ö ¦ ³Ì ò --'xterm' Äú½«·¢ÏÖ 'xterm'ºÍ 'virtual terminal'ÔںܶàÇé¿öϼÊÒ»ÑùµÄ ÓеÄØ·½Ë '´ò¿ªÒ»¸ö xterm' ÆäʵÄú²»Ç·ÒªÓà 'xterm'³ÌÐò ÆäËûµÄÖÕ¶£â÷ (terminal emulator) Èç rxvt konsole aterm eterm wterm µÈ Ò»ÑùÓÐ § ÖÕ¶ËÄ£âÆ÷ ÓÖ³ÆΪÐéÄâÕ¶Ë Í¨¹ýα (pseudo) tty É豸 -- pty ÓëϵͳàÁ¬ ²¢ÇÒʹÓÃ×Ô¼º µÄÏÔʾ±ê×¼ -- xterm Õâµ¼Ö²»Í¬Ä¶Ë£Æ÷¿ÉÜÔÚÒЩ°´üò³ÌÏ渡î±ð ÕâÈ¡¾öÓÚÄ£ Æ÷¶à´ó³Ì ÈÉÏ×ñÊØÁË 'xterm'µÄÏÔʾ±ê×¼ Shells ΪÁËÔÚÖնгÌò ÐèÒª shell shell ÊDzÙ×÷ϵͳÄÒ»¿·Ö ÓÃÀ´ë»§ò½µ ²¢ ÇÒ¿É ÔÓÃÀ´Ð-µ÷¸ ö üÁî µÚÒ»¸öÕæýÄ Unix shell -- 'sh' Òà³ÆΪ 'Bourne shell' µ®ÉúÓÚ 1975 Äê ×÷ÕßÊÇ Steve Bourne ºÜ¿ì ³öÏÖÁËÆä û shell Èç»ùÓÚÔ-ʼ 'Bourne shell'µÄ 'ksh' 'zsh' ºóÕß³£Óà 2
  • 3. ×÷ ¨Êô Unixes ϵͳÖÐıê×¼ shell Ò²ÓÐ » ©´ C ÓïÑÔÖÐ ÜÉú³öÀ´µÄ shell Èç 'csh' »ò 'tcsh' ÔÚ Linux ÖÐ ±ê×¢µÄ shell ÊÇ 'bash' ¼´ the GNU Bourne-Again Shell ÓеãÍæ ¦ Äζ µÀ Õâ¸ö shell ¹¦Äܷdz£¿´ó ÉõÖÁÓÐÈ˾µÃÌ«Å´ó ѹËõµÄ man page ¾ÍÓÐ 50 KB Shell Æð²½ Ê×ÏÈ ÓÐÒ»µã ¡Ë Ã÷ ÔÚƽ³£Ó¦ ÃÖÐ ½¨ÒéÄú²» ªÓà 'root'ÕʺÅÔËÐ shell Èç¹ûÄú» ÊÇРÊÖ ÕâÒ»µãÓÈÆäª×¢ ×÷ΪÆÕͨÓû§ ²»¹ÜÄúÓÐÒâÊÇÎÞ ¶¼ÎÞ·¨Æ»µÏͳ µ«Èç¹û ÊÇ 'root' ÄǾͲ»¬ÁË Ö»ÒªÇü¸ ö× Ä ¾Í¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÔ ÑÐ ºó¹û µ±ÄúÇÈëÏͳ»ò´¿ªÒ¸ö xterm ´°¿Ú Ê×ÏÈ¿´µ½ÄÇÌá¾·û (prompt) Red Hat Linux µÄ ±ê×¼Ìáʾ·û°üÀ¨ÁËÄúµ Óû§ µÇÈë ÄÖ÷»úÃû ûÓÐÉèÖ µÄ ° ÊÇ 'localhost' µ±Ç°ËùÔÚ µÄ ¿Â¼ (working directory) Ìáʾ·ûºÅ [tom@belbo tom]$ ÎÒ ÔÓû§ û 'tom'µÇÈëÃûΪ 'belbo'µÄÖ÷»ú µ±Ç°ÔÚÎÒ Ä home Ŀ¼ --'/home/tom'ÖÐ 'root'µÄ Ìáʾ·û [root@belbo root]# ³ýÁ˲»Í¬µÄÓçûâ Ìáʾ·ûºÅÓÉ '$'±ä³ÉÁË '#' ¸ù¾Ý Bourne shell µÄ´«Í³ ÆÕͨÓû§µÄÌá ʾ·ûÒÔ '$'½áβ ¶ø³¬¼ Óû§ '#' Ìáʾ·ûµÄÿ¸ö² Ö¶¼ ÉÒÔ ¨ Æ ÄúÔÚºóÃ潫ÓиüÉîµ ÁË â ÒªÔËÐ ÃüÁîµÄ»° ÄúÖ»ÒªÔÚÌáʾ·ûºóÇýø üÁî È»ºóÔÚ°´ <ENTER> ¼ü shell ½«ÔÚÆä· ¾¶ÖÐ ÏêÇé¼ûºó ËÑ÷Õâ¸öÃüÁî ÕÒµ½Ôºó¾ÍËÐ ²¢ÔÚÖÕ¶ËÀïÊä³öÏàÓ¦µÄ½á¹û Èç¹ûÓÐ µÄ »° ÃüÁî½áÊøºó ÔÙ¸ø³öеÄÌáʾ·û [tom@belbo tom]$ whoami tom [tom@belbo tom]$ ˳´øÖ¸ö µ±ÄúÇà ENTER ʱ ¹â±ê (cursor)ÔÚ ÄÀï²¢»Òª½ô ÒòΪ shell ×ÜÊÇ»áÕûеضÁ È¡ »ù±¾µÄÃüÁîÓÐ 'ls' list directory ÁгöĿ¼ÚÈÝ 'cp' copy ¸´ÖÆ 'mv' move / rename Òƶ¯ ÖØÃüû 'cd ' change directory ¸Ä±ä¿Â¼ ÕâЩÃüÁîºó涼¿É ÒÔ¸úÉÏ »°ï¿ Ñ¡ î Õâ·½Ãæ man page ÓÐÏ긵ĽéÉÜ man ls, man mv µÈ ÔÚÄú¶¯ÉíÇ°Íù shell ÁìµØÇ° ÕâÀïÓм¸öÊõ (terminology)µÄ ¼ò¶Ì˵Ã÷ ÃüÁî¿ÉÄÜ´øһЩ 3
  • 4. Ñ¡Ïî options ²ÎÊý arguments mv -i file dir ÆäÖÐ '-i'ÊÇÃüÁî 'mv'µÄÒ»¸ö¿ÉÑ¡Ïî ¶ø 'file'ºÍ 'dir'ÔòÊDzÎý ËùÓпÉÑ¡ÏîÔڸà üÁ µÄ man pag e ¶¼ÖÐÓ Ïê ¸µÄ½éÉÜ ´ËÀýÖÐÓà man mv ¶ø²ÎÊýÔòÓÉÄúÌṩ ¿ÉÑ¡Ïî¾ö¶¨ÃüÁ ÈçºÎ¹¤ ×÷ ¶ø²ÎÊýÔòÓà ÚÈ· ¨ üÁî×÷ µÄ ¿±ê µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹ ½éÉܵÃÓÐãÏóí¶àÈËÑáñÇÊÄ DOS shell µ«°éËæ×ÅÏÂÃĽÉÜ Äú½«»á ÓРµÄÌåÑé µÚ¶þƪ ×Ô¶¯²¹Æë ÃüÁîÐ µÄÀúÊ·¼Ç ±à¼-ÃüÁîÐ ¿ÉÓÃµÄ Shell ¿ì½Ý·Ê Unix ¼°ºóÌÕß Linux ÔÚÃüÁîÐÏÂæµ®Éú Òò´Ë Unix ÖеÄÃüÁîÓí¶à·Ç³£Ê¹¦ ÄÜ ÔÚ±¾ÆªÖÐ ÎÒÃǽ«À´×÷ »Ð©ÁË â ×Ô¶¯²¹Æë ÈçºÎÓà 'cd' ¸Ä±ä ¿Â¼ change directory ×î¿ìµØ´ÓÄú ±Ç°ËùÔÚ home Ŀ¼Ìøµ½ '/usr/sr c/redhat/'ÄØ cd /u<TAB>sr<TAB>r<TAB> Õâ³ÆΪ 'ÃüÁîÐ×Ô¶¯²¹Æë '(automatic command line completion) ÕâÔÚƽ³£Ó¦ÃÖÐÊDz»¿Éȱ ÉÙµÄ ÈÃÎÒ Ç×Ðϸ¿´ Õâ öÀý Ó cd /u<TAB> À©Õ¹³ÉÁË cd /usr/ ºÜ¼òµ¥°É ÏÂÃæµÄ cd /u<TAB>sr<TAB> À©Õ¹Îª cd /usr/src/ Èç¹ûÄúÖ»ÇÃÁË cd /u<TAB>s<TAB> '/usr'Ï ƥÅäµÄ 'cd /u*/s*' Èý ¸ö×ÓĿ¼½«Áг ¹© úÑ¡Ôñ '/usr/sbin' '/usr/share'ºÍ '/usr/src' Òò´Ë <TAB> ¼ü¿ÉÒԺܷ½±ãµØÓÃÚ¸ù¾ÝÇ°ö×ÖÄ À´²éÕÒÆ¥ÅäµÄμþ»ò×Ó¿Â ±Èç ls /usr/bin/zip<TAB> ½«ÁгöËùÓ '/usr/bin'ÏÂÃæ ÒÔ×Ö·û´® 'zip'¿ªÍ·µÄμþ»ò×Ó¿Â µ±È» Íê³ÉÕâÀàÈÎ ñ»¹Óиü ÷º¦µÄà Áî µ«Õâ¸ö·½ ¨È Ê ºÜ¹ Óà ÁíÍâ Åöµ½³¤ÎļþÃûʱ¾ÍÏÔ ÌØ ð·½ ã ¼ÙÉèÄúÒª°²× »¸öÃûÎ 'boomshakalakwhizbang- 4.6.4.5-i586.rpm'µÄ RPM °ü ÄúÊäÈë rpm -i boom<TAB> Èç¹ûĿ¼ÏûÓÐÆäËÎþÜ ¹»Æ¥Åä ÄÇ shell ¾Í»á×Ô¶¯°ïæ²¹Æë cd /u<TAB>sr<TAB>l<TAB> 4
  • 5. ½«À©Õ¹³É cd /usr/src/linux ²¢µÈ´ý¼ÌÐø '/usr/src'ÖÐÓÁ½¸öÆ¥ÅäµÄ¿Â¼ '/usr/src/linux-[...] ' '/usr/src/linux' ÈçºÎ¸æËß shell ÄúÏëÒªºóÃæµÇ¸öØ Ö»Òª¸ú öбÏß / slash ¾Í¿ÉÒÔÑ¡ ñºóÃæµÄ ǸöÁË ¼ÙÈçÄú²» ·¶¨ÊÇ '/usr/src/linux/Documentation'»¹ÊÇ '/usr/src/linux/documentation' ¶øÄúÖª µÀ Linux ÊÇø·Ö´óСµÄ Èç¹ûÒѾ-×Ðϸ¶Á ýÇ°Ã沿·ÖµÄ» ÄúÏëµ½¿ÉÒÔÓà cd /u<TAB>sr<TAB>l<TAB>/d<TAB> À©Õ¹³ÉÁË '/usr/src/linux/drivers/' Òò´ËÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ 'Documentation'(´óдµÄ 'D') ÕâÖ ²¹Æë¶ÔÃüÁîÒ ÓÐ § [tom@belbo tom]$ gre<TAB> grecord grefer grep [tom@belbo tom]$ gre ÔÚÕâÀï shell ½«ÁгöËùÓÒÔ×Ö·û´® 'gre'¿ªÍ·µÄÒÑÖÃüÁî ÃüÁîÐ µÄÀúÊ·¼Ç ͨ¹ý°´ÏòÉ·½¼ü Äú¿ÉÒÔÏòºó±éÀ½ü´Ú¸ÃØÖÆ̨ÂÊäÈëµÁî ÓÃÏò·½¼ü¿ÉÒÔÇ° ±éÀú Óë SHIFT ¼üÁ¬ÓõĻ° Äú»¹¿ÉÒÔ±éÀÍùÚ¸ÃØÖÆ̨еÊä³ö ÄúÒ²¿ÉÔ±à¼-¾µ ÃüÁî È»ºóÔÙ ËÐ °´ <CTRL r> ºó shell ¾Í½øÈë "reverse-i(ncremental)-search" ÏòºóÔöÁ¿ËÑ÷ ģʽ ÏÖ ÔÚÊäÈëÄúÒªÕ µ ÃüÁî Ê× Öĸ (reverse-i-search)`':. ÇÃÈë 'i'¿ÉÄÜ»á±ä³ (reverse-i-search)`i': isdnctrl hangup ippp0 Èç¹ûÄúÔÙ°´ <ENTER> ¼ü ÉÏÃæµÄüÁÔÙ´ÎÖÐ ¶øÈç¹ûÄú°´ÁËÏòÓÒ Ïò×ó·½¼ü» < ESC> ÉÏÃæµÄ üÁ»Ø ÆÕͨ à РÕâÑùÄú¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½øÐ Ê µ± à¼- ±à¼-ÃüÁîРͨ¹ýâ±êº¦Äܼü Home End µÈ¼ü Äú¿ÉÒÔä¯À²¢±à¼-ÃüÁîÐ Èç¹ûÄúÐèÒª »¹¿É ÒÔ ÓüüÅ̵Ŀì½Ý· Ê À´Íê³ÉÒ»°ãµÄ±à¼- l <CTRL k> ɾ³ý´Ó¹â±êµ½Ð β Ä ¿·Ö 5
  • 6. l <CTRL u> ɾ³ý´Ó¹â±êµ½Ð Ê× Ä²¿·Ö l <ALT d> ɾ³ý´Ó¹â±êµ½ Ç° ¥ Ê áβ Ä ¿·Ö l <CTRL w> ɾ³ý´Ó¹â±êµ½ Ç° ¥ Ê¿ªÍ· IJ Ö l <CTRL a> ½«¹â±êÒƵ Ð Ê× l <CTRL e> ½«¹â±êÒƵ Рβ l <ALT a> ½«¹â±êÒƵ Ç° ¥´ÊÍ·²¿ l <ALT e> ½«¹â±êÒƵ Ç° ¥´Êβ ¿ l <CTRL y> ²åÈë×î½üɾ³ýµÄ ¥´Ê l <!$> Öظ´Ç°Ò» öÃüÁî× ºóµÄ²ÎÊý ÀýÈç ÄúÓÃüÁî mkdir peter/pan/documents/tinkerbell н¨ÁËÒ»¸öÄ¿¼ ÏÖÔÚÄúòÓÃüÁî 'cd'½øÈë¸ÃĿ¼ Äú¿ÉÒÔÓà cd !$ shell ½«°ÑÇÒ»¸öÃüÁî 'mkdir'µÄ²ÎÊýÌí¼Óµ½ÏÖÔÚ 'cd'ºó Ãæ µ±Äú¸üÉîÈëÁ˽â Linux ºó ½«¿´µÕâЩìÝ·ÊÔÚÆäËûӦóÌòÏÂÈë± ÓÐʱҲ§ ±È Èç ÔÚä¯À Æ÷ÖеÄÊ Èë¿ò ¿ÉÓÃµÄ Shell ¿ì½Ý·Ê Red Hat Linux ´øÓв»ÉÙ¿ì½Ý·Ê ÆäÖÐÒ»²¿· ÊÇ bash Ô-À´¾ÍÓÐµÄ ¶ø»¹ÓÐÒ ©ÔòÊÇΪ ÄúÔ¤ÏÈÉèÖõ ÔÚºóÃæÄú½«¿´µ Èç ÎÉèÖ ÓÉ Ú home Ŀ¼ÊÇÃλӧµî¶¯ÖÐÄ Ðí¶à Unix ¶Ô´ËÓÐÌØÊâµÄ¿ì½Ý· '~'¾Í ÊÇÄúµ home Ŀ¼µòдÎʽ ÎÒÃǼÙÉèÄúÔÚÆäËû¿Â Ïë°ÑÒ»¸öÃûΪ 'sometext'µÄÎ ¼þ¸´ÖƵ½Äú home Ŀ¼ϵ 'docs'×ÓĿ¼ÖÐ ³ýÁËÊäÈë cp sometext /home/myusername/docs Äú»¹¿ÉÒÔÓüòд cp sometext ~/docs ÀíÂÛÉÏ ÕâÒ²¿ÉÔÓ¦ÃÚüÁî 'cd'ÉÏ ÎÞÂÛµ±Ç°·¾¶ÔÚÄÀï cd ~ ½«»Øµ Äúµ home Ŀ¼ Æäʵ»¹¿ÉÒÔ¼ò ¯ Ö»Òª¼üÈë cd ¾Í¿ÉÒÔ·µ»Ø home Ŀ¼ÁË 6
  • 7. Red Hat Linux ΪÄúÌṩÁËÒ»ÐÔ¤ÏÈÉèÖõĿì½Ý·Ê ³ÆΪ '±ðÃû ' aliases ±È ç l ll ½«Ö´Ð 'ls -l -k' ÒÔ³¤¸ñʽÁÐ öĿ¼ ÚÈÝ °üÀ¨Ò»Ð©ÎļþÊô Ô ²¢ÒÔ KB ¶ø²»ÊÇ byt e Ϊµ¥ »ÏÔʾ ļþ´óС l ls ½«Ö´Ð 'ls -F --color=auto' ÁгöĿ¼ ÚÈÝ ¼ÓÉÏÎÄ þÀàÐͱêʶ ²¢Ê¹ÓÃÑÕÉ« ÏÖÔÚ ÄúÓ¦¸Ã¶Ô shell ¼°Ò»Ð©¿ì½Ý·ÊÓÁËøÒ»²µÄ½â ÏÂÃæÎÒ ÇÀ´¿ ³ýÁËÓ¦ à »Ð© ¼òµ¥ ÄÃüÁî shell »¹ÄÜ×÷ʲô µÚÈýƪ ÃüÁîµÄÅ Ð ÃüÁîµÄÈÎ ñ ÷¶ ÃüÁîµÄÌæ» ÃüÁîµÄÅ Ð ÏÖÔÚÄú½«¿´µÒ»Ð©³£ÓÃüÁîÅ Äú¿ÉÜÏëÔÚÒ»ÐÖ¸ø³öËùÓÃüÁî È»ºó¾Í¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ×¢âÁ¦ תÒƵ½äËûØ· ûÎÊÌâ shell ÔÊÐíÄúÚ²»Í¬µÃüÁîÖ®¼ä ·ÅÉÏÌØÊâµÄÁÐ×Öû (queuing characters) Õâ¶ù½« éÉÜ×î³£ÓõÄÁ Ö Çë×¢Òâ ΪÁË¿´ÆðÀ¸üÇå³þ ÎÒÔÚÕâЩ×Ö·ûÁ½Å¼ÓË¿¸ñ ¶øÔÚʵ¼Ó¦ÃÖÐ Äú²»Ò¶¨ª Õâ ô×ö 'ls -a ; du -hs'ºÍ 'ls -a;du -hs'µÄЧ¹ûÊÇÒ»Ñùµ command1 ; command2 ÏÈÖ´Ð command1 ²»¹Ü command1 ÊÇ·ñ³ö´í ½ÓÏÂÀ´Ö Ð command2 ÀýÈç ls -a ; du -hs ½«ÏÈÔÚÆÁÄ»É Ð³ö ¿Â¼Ö µ ËùÓ ÄÚÈÝ È»ºóÁгöËùÓ Ä¿Â¼ °Æä× ËùÕ ´Å Ì óС command1 && command2 Ö»Óе± command1 ÕýÈ·ÔËÐÍê±Ïºó ²ÅÖ´Ð command2 ÀýÈç ls -a bogusdir && du -hs ½«·µ»Ø ls: bogusdir: No such file or directory ¶ø 'du'Ôò¸ù±¾Ã»ÓÐÔË ÕâÊÇÒòΪÄúû ÓÐ 'bogusdir'Ŀ¼ Èç¹ûÄú½«· ºÅ» ³ÉÁË ';' 'du'½«±»Ö´Ð ΪÁ˽øÒ»² µÃ÷ ';'ºÍ '&&'µÄÇø±ð ¼°Ò» ãÃüÁîŠеÄÓ ´¦ ÏÂÃæ¾ÙÒ»¸ö -µä ÄÀý×Ó Linux 7
  • 8. Äں˵ ±àÒë Í°²× Òª±à ë °²× Linux ÄúÐèÒªÖ´ » ®ÃüÁî 'make dep' 'make clean' 'make bzImag e' 'make modules' 'make modules_install'ºÍ 'make install' Èç¹ûÒªµ»¸öÃüÁîÍê³Éºó ÔÙÊäÈëÏÂÒ»¸ö ÔÙµÈ ÔÙÊäÈë ÄǾÍÌ«Âé·³ÁË ÁíÒ»·½Ãæ ÿ¸öüÁîÖ»Óе±Ç°æÄ ÁÕýÈ·Ö´ÐÍê±Ïºó ²ÅÄÜ¿ªÊ¼Ö´Ð Èç¹ûÄúÓà ';'À´ÅÁÐÃüî Ôò¼´Ê¹ÓÐÃüÁîÖ§°Ü ºó ÃæµÄÒ²Õ ³£ÔËÐ ×îºó Äú¿É ÜÔÚ '/boot'Ŀ¼ϵýһ¸öÓÐÎÊÌâÄں˳Ïñ (image) ¶øÓà ' &&' make dep && make clean && make bzImage && make modules && make modules _install && make install ²»ÐèÒªÖ Í¾´ò¶Ï ¾Í¿ÉÒÔ±à ëÄں˼°Æä £¿é ²¢Íê³ÉºóÃæµÄ° × ÃüÁîµÄÈÎ ñ ÷¶ µ±ÄúÔÚÖÕ¶ËÀïÐÒ»¸öÃüÁîò¿ªÆô³ÌÊ ÖÕ¶ËÒªµÈ½ÃüÁî»ò³ÌÐÔÍê±Ïºó ²ÅÄÜÔÙ ±»Ê¹Óà ÔÚ Unix ÖÐ ÎÒÃdzÆÕâÑùµÄ üÁî»ò ÌÐ ÔÚÇ° ¨ (foreground)ÔËÐ Èç¹ûÄúÏëÔÚÖÕ¶Ë ÏÂÔËÐ ÁíÒ»¸öÃü î ÔòÐèÒª Ù´ ¿ »¸ö µÄÖÕ¶Ë µ«ÕâÀﻹÓÐÒ ¸ö ü ÅÑ µÄ°ì·¨ ³ÆÎªÈ ñµ÷¶ (jobbing)»òºǫ́ (backgrounding) µ±ÄúÔËÓà ÈÎñµÄ÷¶»ò½«ÃüÁîÖÓÚºǫ́ Öն˾ÍÁ¢¼´½â·Å ÕâÑùÒ»À´ ÖÕ¶ËÁ¢¼´¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½ÓÊÜеÄä Èë ΪʵÏÖÕâÑù Ä ¿ ÄúÖ»ÐèÔÚÃüÁîºó æÌí¼ÓÒ»¸ö & gqview & ¸æËß shell ½«Í¼Æ¬²é¿´÷ 'GQview'·Åµ½ºǫ́ȥִР¼´µ±³É job À´ÔËÐ ÃüÁî jobs ½«¸æËßÄú ÔÚÕâ¸öÖ ¶Ë´°¿ Ð ÔËÐ ×ÅÄ ©ÃüÁîÓë³Ì ò jobs [1]+ Running gqview & µ±ÄúÒª¹ØÕֶ˴°¿ÚÊ ÕâÒ»µã¾ÍºÜÖت ÒòΪ¹Ø±Õֶ˽«µ¼ÂùÓÐÔÚÆäÄÈñ ±»ÖÐ ¹ ÔÚ´ËÀýÖÐ Èç¹ûÄú رÕÁËÖ ¶ ÓÉÕâ¸öÖ ¶Ë¿ªÆôµÄ GQview ³ÌÐòÒ²½«±»¹ØÕ µ«ÈçºÎ½ ǰ̨ÔËÐ ÄÒ»¸ö³ ò·Åµ½ºǫ́ȥ ûÎÊÌâ gqview <CTRL z> [2]+ Stopped gqview 8
  • 9. bg [2]+ gqview & ×éºÏ¼ü <CTRL z> ½«¹ÒÆðÖÕ¶ËÐýÔڵijÌò È»ºóÄú¾Í¿ÉÒÔÓà bg ÃüÁÆä·Åµºǫ́ È¥Ö´Ð Çë×¢Òâ ÔÚºǫ́ËÐͼÎӦóòʱǴµÄ ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔÚÖ¶ËÏÂʾ¸ö³ÌÐòµÄ ´íÐÅÏ¢ ËäÈ»Õâ¶ÔÄú¿ÉÜÃÓÐÖ±½µ°ï µ±Èç¹ûÅö½ÁËÂé·³ Ïò±ðÈËѯÎÊ ÕâЩ³ö´í Ìá ʾ ÍÓÐ ÃÎäÖ®µØÁË Ò»Ð©Í¼Î³Ìò ºÜ¿ÉÄ»¹´¦ÔÚ²âÊÆ (Beta) ¾¡¹ÜÔÚºǫִ́РҲ»áÔÚÖÕ¶ËÐÊä³ö©ÅÏ¢ Èç¹ûÄú¶Ô´Ë²»Â ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÏ æ üÁî command &>/dev/null & Õâ²»½ö«³ÌÐòË͵ºó¨Ö´ »¹½«Æäʳö·¢µ '/dev/null'Îļþ '/dev/null'ÊÇ ÏµÍ³Ä "ËéÖ½»ú " (s hredder) ËùÓР͵½ÄÇÀï ÅÏ¢¶¼ « ûʧ´ù¾¡ ÃüÁîµÄÌæ» ÃüÁîÌæ» (Command substitution)ÊÇÒ»ÏîºÜʵÓÃŦ ÎÒÃǼÙÉè ÄúÏë¿´ XFree86 ÎÄ µ ÖÐ Ä 'README.mouse'Îļþ µ«Äú²»Öª ÀÕâ¸öÎ ¼þµ à µ«ÄúÊÇλ Áé Óà § ÒѾ- Ìý˵Á 'locate'ÃüÁî Ò²° × ÁË 'slocate'°ü Äú¾Í¿ÉÒÔÓà locate README.mouse ·¢ÏÖÄǸöμþÔÚ '/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc' ÏÖÔÚÄú¾Í¿ÉÒÕ¶ËÀïÓà 'less'»òÔÚÎļþ¹ÜÀíÆ÷ÖÐ ½øÈëÄǸö ¿Â¼ »ºó¶Á ¡Î þ ¶øÃüÁîÌæ» ¿ÉÒÔ¸ Äú´øÀ Щ±ã½Ý less $(locate README.mouse) Ò»²½µ Î ÃüÁî 'locate README.mouse'µÄÊä³ö (= /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.mou se)×÷Ϊ 'less'µÄ²ÎÊý È»ºó¾Í¿ÉÒÔÏ Ê Îļþ ÚÈÝÁË ÕâÖ »ú ƵÄÓï·¨ÊÇ command1 $(command2) ³ýÁË '$( )' Äú»¹¿ÉÒÔÓúó ý Å (backquote) command1 `command2` 9
  • 10. ÕâÑùËäÈ»¿ÉÒÔ¼õÙÊë µ«¿É¶ÁÐÔ²î ¶øÇÒºÜÈÝ×¾ÍûÓÐÌ湦ĵ°ã¥ýÅìÏ ÎÒ ¸üÐÀÉÍÇ°Ò»Ö ·½ ¨ µ«Õâ×îÖ Æð¾öÓÚÄú ÕâÀïÓÐÁíÍ Ò»¸ö ý× ÎÒÃǼÙÉè Äú´òËã½áÊøÒ»¸öÃûΪ 'rob'µÄ³ÌÐò ÄúÏȵÃÓ üÁî 'pidof'ÕÒ ³öÏàÓ¦µÄ½ø ̺Š(Process ID) È»ºóÒÔÕâ¸ö PID Ϊ²Êý ÔËÐ 'kill'ÃüÁî ÕâÑù¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½áÊø 'r ob'³ÌÐò ³ýÁËÓà pidof rob 567 kill 567 Äú»¹¿ÉÒÔÊ kill `pidof rob` ÔõôÑù ЧÂÊÓ ËùÌá¸ß°É ÔÚÏÂһƪÖÐ ÎÒ½« Ó×Å éÉÜ shell µÄÁíÍâ½ÖÊÓûúÆ ÎļþÃûÆ¥Åä Êä³öÖض¨Ïò µÚËÄƪ ÎļþÃûÆ¥Åä Êä³öÖض¨Ïò ÎļþÃûÆ¥Åä ÎļþÃûÆ¥Åäʹµú²»±ØÒд³ö ¾Í¿ÉÒÔÖ¸¶¨àöÎļþ Äú½«ÓõһЩÌØÊâ×Ö·û ³Æ ΪͨÅä·û (wildcards) ¼ÙÉèÄúÏëÓà 'rm'ÃüÁîɾ³ýĿ¼ÏËùÓÐÒÔ×Ö·û´® '.bak'½áβµÄ¼þ ³ýÁËÔÚ 'rm'ºó¸úÉÏËùÓÐÎļþ Ãû×÷Ϊ² Êý Äú»¹¿ÉÒÔÓÃͨÅä·û '*' rm *.bak '*'¿ÉÆ¥ÅäÒ»¸öò¶à×Ö·û ÔÚ±¾ÀýÖÐ Äú¸æËß shell ½«ÃüÁî 'rm'µÄ²ÎÊýÀ©Õ¹µ½ "ËùÓÐÒÔ '*.bak' ½áβµÄ ¼þ " shell ¾Í½«À©Õ¹ºóµÄ²ÎÊý¸æËß 'rm'ÃüÁî Äú½«¿´µ shell ÔÚÃüÁîÖ´ÐÇ° ¾Í½«¶ÁÈ¡²¢âÊÃüîÐ ÕýÊÇÒòΪâ¸ö Äú²Å¿ÉÒÔ½«Í¨ä ·ûÓÃ Ú shell ÃüÁîµÄ²ÎÊýÖÐ ÈÃÎÒ Ç¸ü½ø »² µØÀ´ÈÏʶͨÅä·û '*' ¼Ù¶¨ÄúÓиö¿Â ÆäÖк¬Îļþ '124.bak' '346.bak'¼° '5 83.bak' ÄúÏëÖ»±£Áôμþ '583.bak' ¿ÉÒÔÓà rm *4*.bak 10