Global Adoption - In Precision Agriculture in Australia, Interest in Precision Agriculture (PA) has Increased Rapidly Within the Grain Growing Regions Over Recent Years (David et al., 2017). Many Farmers have Invested in Machinery Guidance Systems And Yield Monitors, But Few are using the Technology to Manage Spatial Variability Across Farming Zones. In Argentina farmers in the province of Cordoba, Pampas and Bones Aires, often equip their combine harvesters with yield monitors (Bongiovanni and Lowenberg, 2015). Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is available from private companies for broadcasting information. In addition, Variable Rate Technologies are used for seeding and fertilizer application. In Africa PA is being used in Kenya, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Ethiopia, and South Africa. In South Africa, farmers have reported that the costs saved while using variable rate fertilizer and irrigation are the major factors in adopting precision agriculture (Jacobs et al., 2018).

1. Adama, Ethiopia
Biniam Zewdie G/Kidan *
•Haramaya Institute of University
P.O.Box:138; Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
•Mobile: +251910408218/+25191582832
•E-mail: nzg2001nzg@gmail.com/zewdienico@gmail.com

2. 10/29/2022
2
 Background & Justification
 Statement of Problems
 Hypothesis/Seminar Questions
 Objectives Of Seminar
 Significance of Seminar
 Scope of Seminar
Agricultural Technology Adoption
Conceptual Framework of Adoption of PA
Technologies

3. • Global Adoption - In Precision Agriculture in Australia, Interest in Precision
Agriculture (PA) has Increased Rapidly Within the Grain Growing Regions
Over Recent Years (David et al., 2017). Many Farmers have Invested in
Machinery Guidance Systems And Yield Monitors, But Few are using the
Technology to Manage Spatial Variability Across Farming Zones.
• In Argentina farmers in the province of Cordoba, Pampas and Bones Aires,
often equip their combine harvesters with yield monitors (Bongiovanni and
Lowenberg, 2015). Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is available
from private companies for broadcasting information. In addition, Variable
Rate Technologies are used for seeding and fertilizer application.
• In Africa PA is being used in Kenya, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Ethiopia, and
South Africa. In South Africa, farmers have reported that the costs saved
while using variable rate fertilizer and irrigation are the major factors in

4. • Ncube et al. (2018) suggested that African farmers could benefit from PA in
terms of increase in water and nutrient efficiency and timely carrying
activities such as weeding. Benefit from precision agriculture include soil
preparation, fertilization, irrigation, and weed management.
• In General, It Appears that Countries Such as USA, Australia, Canada, and
Argentina Are Likely to use Wide Spread use of Precision Agriculture Due To
Financial, Farm Size And Education Level (Jenson 2018).
• The Ethiopian land holding is less than one hectare in the highlands and a bit
more in Afar, Gambelia, and Somali Regions. Hence, adoption of precision
farming may be difficult, as the technology requires large farms of at least
60 hectares. However, the current system of cluster based farming for a
single commodity (several hundred farmers clustered to grow a single crop

5. • The high cost of initial investment on machineries, soft wares and the
skilled labour that can use it may scare adoption of precision farming.
However, studies (David et al. 2017, Hamouz et al. 2013, Jenson 2018) have
shown that the benefit out weights the investment cost.
• On The Other Hand, There Is Vast Fertile Land Suitable For Irrigation In
Awash, Omo, Wabe Shebelle, And Dawa Genale Valleys. These Valleys Are
Suitable For Irrigated Wheat, Rice, Maize, Pulses, and Horticultural Crops
Production.
• Ethiopia Is Importing 30% of Wheat, 70% of Sugar and Rice, and 85% of the
Vegetable Oil Annual Demand From Abroad. This has Brought A Huge
Burden For The Economy Which Otherwise Would Have Been Used For
Development. Hence The Government Of Ethiopia has A Project to Intensify
the Productivity of Wheat in the Highlands and Increase the Area of Wheat

6. • In Ethiopia, since large- and small-scale farmers are using furrow
(Agegnehu et al., 2015) and flood irrigation that resulted (Zeleke et al.,
2010) Ethiopia has been one of the countries affected by soil sanity in
the world (IFPRI, 2010).
• Precision farming, which provides a holistic approach, helps farmers to
manage the spatial and temporal crop and soil variability within a field
in order to increase profitability, optimize yield and quality, and reduce
costs (Paustian and Theuvsen, 2017).
• Precision agriculture (PA) is considered as a paradigm shift in the
management of variability within agricultural sector (Whelan and
McBratney, 2010).

7. According to Sileshi B., (2016)
• Precision Farming Technology Can Be Introduced In Large Farms Such As
Sugar Estates, Cotton, and Cereals Farms In The Low Lands And Fits Well
With The Cluster Approach Of Farming In The High And Mid Altitudes.
• The Technology Enables Correct Tillage, Land Levelling and Seeding
Resulting In Uniform Crop Stand Establishment and Maturity That Maximizes
Product Quality and Minimizes Loss.
• Precision Farming Saves Irrigation Water, Energy, Reduces the Cost of
Herbicides, and Assists the Correct Application Of Fertilizer.
• Ethiopia Has Vast Fertile Lands Suitable For Irrigation, However, The Current
Method Of Furrow Irrigation Promotes Salt Affected Soils, Wastes Water and
Energy, Hence Precision Irrigation Using Center Pivots Can Sustain Soil Health

8. HYPOTHESIS/SEMINAR QUESTIONS
• What is the Influence of Socioeconomic Factors, Agroecological Factors,
Factors, Institutional Factors, Information Sources, Farmer Perception,
Perception, Behavioral and Technological Factors in The Adoption of PAT
PAT By Farmers?
• Based On Systematic Literature Review, Is it Possible to Build A Conceptual
Conceptual Model that Reflects and Consolidates the Determinants of Pat
of Pat Adoption By Farmers?

9. OBJECTIVES OF SEMINAR
• The Main Objective of this Seminar is to Perform A
Systematic Literature Review of Studies On Determinants of
Adoption of PAT and To Build A Conceptual Framework That
Consolidates The Determinants of Adoption Of PAT By
Ethiopian Farmers.

10. SCOPES OF SEMINAR
• The Use Of Precision Agriculture Technologies (PAT) and
the Adoption of Innovations in Agriculture are Crucial For
Establishing The Production Patterns and to Mitigate
Specific Risks Associated to Agriculture. In this Scopes,
performed a systematic review of literature related to the
determinants of adoption of PAT, compiling the results of
ex-post researches.

11. • Methodological Aspects - in this Seminar; Literature was Collected On the
Adoption Rate of Precision Agriculture (PA) Technologies in Ethiopia and other
different Countries.
• A Literature Search was Conducted through the Web Of Science (Apps. Web of
knowledge. Com, Google Scholar (Scholar. Google. Com), AGRIS (Agris. Fao.
Org), Research Gate (Https://Www.Researchgate.Net), Ethiopian Journal Of
Agricultural Sciences, The Ethiopian Society Of Soil Science (Www. Esss. Org.
Et), and Libraries Of The Ethiopian Institute Of Agricultural Research and
National Soils Research Center.
• We Searched The Literature Published Up To 2021, Using “Precision
Agriculture”, “Precision Farming”, “Smart Agriculture”, and “Variable Nutrient
Management” As Key Terms. Several Publications That Provide Empirical

12. • The Seminar Was Grouped With Respect to their Seminar Objectives and
Hypothesis, and Categorized Into Studies Focusing On Precision Agriculture, Smart
Agriculture, and Precision Farming. Scientific Articles, Reports, Books and Relevant
Web Pages Found After The Review Process Were Studied and Information On the
Adoption Of PA Technologies In Different Countries Was Compiled.
• The Countries are Divided Into two Groups as Developed Countries and Developing
Countries Based On United Nations Classification (UN, 2014).
• The Data are Summarized In Tables to Make the Data More Readable and
Comparable. The Adoption Of PAT Technologies is Studied in Ex-ante and Ex-post
Approaches.
• Ex-post Studies Demonstrate The Reasons and Conditions That Influenced And
Still Influence The Decisions About Adoption Of PAT Technologies. Now, Ex-ante
Studies Allow Analyzing The Acceptance Of A New Technology Prior To Its Market

13. • The Adoption Of Improved Agricultural Technologies Is Very Important Means For
Poverty Alleviation and to Bring Assure Food Security In Developing Country.
Making A Decision About A Particular Innovation Goes Through Five Steps, Which
are Called The Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) [Rogers, E. M. (2003)].
• The First Stage is When the Individual Gets to Know the Innovation and How A
New Technology Functions, Its Purpose and The Need For It.
• The Second Stage Occurs When the Individual Likes or Dislikes this New
Technology.
• The Third Stage is The Decision Made by Individuals to Accept or Reject the
Technology.
• The Fourth Stage is the Implementation of this New Technology and

14. 1) Relative Advantage: Answers “Is the New Technology is Better than Existing
Technology?’’
2) Compatibility: The Degree to Which an Innovation is Seen as Consistent With
Existing Experiences, Needs, and Beliefs of Adopters;
3) Complexity: The Degree of How Difficult the Innovation is to Understand and
Use;
4) Trialability: The Degree to Which The Innovation May be Used on a Limited
Basis;
There are Five Attributes that Encourage an Individual to Like A New
Technology and Affect Their Decision As [Rogers, E. M. (2003)] Identified
- Second Stage

15. According to the definition of [Loevinsohn M, Sumberg J, Diagne A.
(2012)],
• Adoption is the integration of a new technology (Loevinsohn et al.,
2013) into existing practice and is usually proceeded by a period of
“trying” and some degree of adaptation.
• [Bonabana-Wabbi J. (2012)] defines adoption as a mental process an
individual pass from first hearing about an innovation to final utilization
of it.
• It has two categories: rate of adoption and intensity of adoption. The
former is the relative speed with which farmers adopt an innovation, has
as one of its pillars, the element of time.
• While, Intensity of Adoption Refers to the Level of Use of A Given

16. 2.2. DETERMINING FACTORS OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
ADOPTION
• This Paper Deeply Reviews The Major Determining Factors Which
Influences Agricultural Technology Adoption In Five Parts, i.e., Economic,
Technological, Demographic, Socio-cultural, and Institutional Factors.
1. Economic Factors
• Many Authors Have Analyzed Farm Size As One Of Important Determinant Factors
Influencing Technology Adoption.
• The Cost Of Adopting Agricultural Technology Is Also The Critical Factors For
Technology Adoption.
2. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
• Cultural Differences/Traits Enter Into The Agricultural Technological Adoption Process
Through Network Formation, Indirect Effects Such As Imitation, Peer Effects, and

17. 2. Technological factors
• The farmers’ decision of whether or not to adopt a given new
technology is based on a careful evaluation of many factors.
• If the technology is very complex and difficult to operate, it cannot
attract the farmers to adopt it.
3. Demographic factors
• Farmers’ age, gender and educational status are likely influence
the probability of farmers’ adoption of new technology [Mamudu. A.,
Emelia. Guo., Samuel, K. (2012).
• Many studies revealed that being women headed negatively
influencing technology adoption decisions.
• Due to social and cultural values and norms, males have the
freedom to mobility, to attend in different training, meetings and
workshops.

18. 5. Institutional Factors
• Access to extension service helps to spread information and farmers to get updated
information regarding agricultural technologies which helps them to adopt the new
technologies easily.
• Access to credit is very critical factor to adoption of agricultural technology by the
smallholders.
• Information access about a new technology is another factor that determines
technology adoption.
• Access to road, distance to the nearest market and farmers training center is an
important factor which determine the technology adoption.
• Access to irrigation is also the main factor which likely influences the adoption of
agricultural technologies. many studies reported the significant influence of irrigation
water access to the agricultural technology adoption.

19. Determinants of PAT adoption – Adapted de Souza Filho et al. (2011), Tey e Brindal (2012) e Pierpaolia et
al. (2013), based on Table 1.

20. 2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF ADOPTION OF IMPROVED NEW
TECHNOLOGIES
• The Most Important Variables Included In This Review is Farm Size, Family
Size, Off-farm Income, Gender, Educational Status, Access to Extension,
Access to Irrigation, Access to Market and Social and Cultural Traits. Some
Variables Affect The Probability Of Adopting The Technologies More Than
Other Factors In Specific Areas And On Specific Technologies.
• If The Technology Is Very Complex and Difficult to Operate and Apply, The
Farmers Cannot Be Voluntary to Easily Accept it Rather they Prefer Divisible
Technologies Like High Yielding Varieties And Fertilizer [Mignouna, B.,
Manyong, M., Rusike, J., Mutabazi, S., & Senkondo, M. (2011).
• The Farmers With Large Farms are Likely to Adopt A New Technology As they
Can Afford to Devote Part of Their Land to Try New Technology Than The
Farmers Who has Small Land [Solomon Y, Endrias O. (2018)]. Also, Farmers
Who Live Around Farmers Training Center Are Likely to Adopt the Technology
than Who Lives Far From The Center [Yanggen, D., Kelly, V., Reardon, T., &

21. Adopted from; Yanggen, D., Kelly, V., Reardon, T., & Naseem, A.

22. FIGURE 2 - INTEGRATED MODEL OF ADOPTION OF PRECISION
AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES BY FARMERS.
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Of
Venkatesh And Bala (2018)

23. KEY BENEFITS OF ADOPTION OF PAT
1. Decision Accuracy-information Technology Is Very Useful For Farmers, Researchers And
Other People To Make Decisions Regarding Their Agricultural Activities And Marketing. The
Varieties Of Different Sensors With Generated Data Enables Better Understanding Of An
Interaction Of Dynamic Crop, Soil And Weather Conditions While Machinery Data Leading
To More Accurate And Fast Decision Making.
2. Agriculture Advancement- With The Development Of New Technologies Like Improved
Varieties and Hybrids, Fertilizers, Irrigation Technologies Like Drip Or Sprinkler System,
Weeding Technologies Insecticides, Pesticides With Their Optimum Dose And Their
Application On Optimum Time In The Agriculture Field Helps In Sustainable Production.
3. Suitable Planning-information Technology Has Provided Farming Software Which Can Keep
Better Track Of Agriculture and Predict Yields. Farmers Can Efficiently Improve Their
Agriculture Production With Superior Utilization Of Modern Farming Technology And
Methodology.
4. Prediction Of Weather–weather Prediction Becomes Also Possible With This Improved
Technology. This Weather Data Aware The Farmers Regarding Weather Conditions Like
Rainfall, Drought, Hailstorms Etc. and Help Them To Plan Accordingly.

24. • Adoption of improved agricultural technologies is the foremost tools from the
review, it was obtained that technological, socio-cultural, demographic, economic
and institutional factors are the main determinant factors which hinders the rate and
intensity of technology adoption.
• The farmers’ perception toward the nature/characteristics of the technology is a pre-
condition for their decision. Individual decision whether to adopt the technology or
not depends on five attributes; relative importance of the new technology over the
existing one, the degree of compatibility, the degree of complexity, trialability, and
observability.
• As the review revealed that, the effect of the variable varies depending on the nature
and cost of technologies, educational status of the individual and its exposures to
different accesses.
• Knowing the determinant factors of agricultural technology adoption and
incorporating farmers preference criteria and need is very crucial points for policy

25. • This paper performed a systematic literature review of studies of the
drivers of adoption of precision agriculture technologies (PAT), featuring
the main technologies used and the factors of major influence in the
adoption of PAT. furthermore, we analyzed the influence over factors as
socioeconomic, agroecological, behavioral, information sources, perception
by the farmer and technological in the adoption of PAT.
Based on the studies analyzed we were able to build up some propositions
relating the determinants identified in the studies analyzed with the
probability of farmers adopt or not PAT, which may indicate pathways for
development of future studies. the assumptions are as below:
• Producers that have larger farms are more likely to adopt PAT, since the
adoption can generate economies of scale.
• Producers with higher level of education are more likely to adopt PAT, since
they have more knowledge about best production practices.

26. The Assumptions Continues…
• The age of the producers can be a limiting factor in the PAT adoption: as
older farmers are more resistant there are in adopting new technologies.
• Farmers who have other sources of income besides agriculture are more
likely to adopt PAT, because the risk of failure of adoption is less impactful in
income than those who rely exclusively on agriculture.
• Producers with greater availability of financing sources for funding the
production and financing of machinery are more likely to adopt PAT, since
the access to these sources can encourage the purchase of new machinery
and modern inputs.
• Farmers who participate in associations and cooperatives have more experience
changes with other producers and this aspect influence the adoption of PAT

27. • Producers who have more access to sources of information about PAT are
more likely to adopt new technologies because they get awareness about the
impact of adoption on the farm business.
• Producers who have better management of rural business are more likely to
adopt PAT because this vision creates more chances of identifying
opportunities for investment in PAT, affecting profitability in the long term.
• Producers who have a positive perception regarding the use of pat are more
likely to adopt these technologies because they are more willing to
experiment and innovate.
• The opportunity to experiment the technology on a smaller scale before its
adoption in the entire area provides a greater chance of adoption of PAT,
because producers can evaluate the results and impacts of the adoption in
their business before exposing themselves to the risk of adopting in the full
area.
The Assumptions Continues…

28. • Negative past experiences and difficulties in adopting certain technology
negatively influence the adoption of PAT by the producer, because the
negative history of adoption can create barriers in adopting new
technologies.
• The type of technology to be adopted influences adoption of new
technologies. PAT perceived as simpler are more likely to be adopted than
technologies that are more complex.
• The crop type influences the adoption of precision agriculture. producers of
row crops (soybeans, corn, cotton) are more likely to adopt the PAT that
crops such as vegetables, fruits and minor crops.
• More sensitive and risky crops require more technology to operationalize the
production, which demands greater adoption of precision agriculture by
producers. we expect that this work contributed to the construction of future
studies relating the adoption of precision agriculture worldwide
The Assumptions Continues…

29. • As a Recommendation, we Propose Good Capacity
Building and Youth Empowerment to Champion
Technology Adoption and Utilization In The Ethiopia. It Is
Further Recommended That Farmers are Capacitated to
Change their Orientation about the Effect of Climate
Change and the Best Practice to Adopt in Compliance
With he Three Pillars (GPS, GIS, RS) of 5R’s PAT.