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Disabilitas Akibat
Fraktur Ektremitas dan
Komplikasinya
Pembimbing: dr. Wanarani Alwin, SpKFR-K
Presentan: dr. Gantarini Rianna Panannangan
Introduction
01
Cause and Type of
Fracture
02
Fracture Healing
03
Impairment and
Disability
04
Table of contents
Introduction
01
Introduction
• Fracture = a break in the structural continuity of a bone
→ Secondary Injuries : soft tissue (nerve, spinal cord, etc)
•
Descriptive Terms
• Site → diaphyseal, metaphyseal, epiphyseal, intra-
articular, fracture-dislocation
• Extent → complete, incomplete
• Configuration → transverse, oblique/ spiral,comminuted
• Relationship of the Fracture Fragments to each other →
undisplaced, displaced (translated, angulated,
rotated, distracted, overriding, impacted)
• Relationship of the Fracture to the External Environment →
closed, open fracture
• Complications → uncomplicated, complicated
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Cause and Types
of Fracture
02
]
1. Injury
• Direct Force → bone breaks at the point of impact
• Indirect Force → bone breaks at a distance from where the force is applied →
Mechanism : Twisting, Compression, Bending, Tension, Combination
2. Repetitive Stress
Repeated heavy loading → minute deformations → remodelling phase bone resorption 🡪
replacement → fracture
3. Pathological :
Abnormal weakening of the bone due to change in its structure (Osteoporosis,Paget’s
disease, etc) or through lytic lesion (Bone Cyst, Metastasis, etc)
Cause of Fracture
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Type of Fracture
Incomplete fracture
• Greenstick
• Compression
Complete Fracture
• Transverse
• Oblique/Spiral
• Impacted
• Comminuted
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
How Fractures are Displaced
•After a complete fracture the fragments usually become displaced, partly by
the force of injury, partly by gravity and partly by the pull of muscles attached to
them.
•Translation (shift)
•Angulation (tilt)
•Rotation (twist)
•Length
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
White T. McRae’s Orthopaedic Trauma and Emergency Fracture Management.3rd ed. Elsecier; 2016.
Fracture Healing
03
Fracture Healing
• Definition : process of new bone formation with fusion of the bone fragments
• Primary Healing (Direct Union)
Absolute Stability and Compression = Contact Healing
• Secondary Healing (Indirect/Callus) → Relative stability
• Callus Formation = in response to movement at the fracture site → stabilize the
fragments
• Stages = Hematoma formation, Inflammation, Soft Callus, Hard Callus, Remodelling
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Factors Associated with Fracture Healing
1. Patient Factor
1. Age
2. Nutrition
3. Medication
4. Smoker
2. Injury factor
1. Open fractures
2. Severity
3. Intra-articular fractures
4. Segmental Fractures
5. Soft tissue Interposition
6. Damage to blood supply
3. Tissue Factor
1. Form of Bone
2. Bone necrosis
3. Bone Disease
4. Infecton
4. Treatment factor
1. Aposition of fracture fragments
2. Loading and Micromotion
3. Fracture Stabilization
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Diamond Concept of Bone Healing
The ‘diamond concept’, being a conceptual
framework for a successful bone repair response,
gives equal importance to mechanical stability
and the biological environment.
A deficit in the biological environment or the
mechanical environment, or failure to appreciate
the comorbidities of the host and the lack of
vascularity can all lead to an impaired fracture
healing response (non-union).
Overall, the diamond concept refers to the
availability of osteoinductive mediators,
osteogenic cells, an osteoconductive matrix
(scaffold), optimum mechanical environment,
adequate vascularity, and addressing any existing
comorbidities of the host.
Diamond Concept of Bone Healing
Impairment & Disability
04
Clavicle Fractures
Craig Classification
• Group I : fracture of middle 1/3
• Group II : fracture of the lateral or distal 1/3
Type I: minimally displaced
TypeII: displaced secondary to a fracture medial to the coraco
clavicular ligament complex
Type III: fracture of the articular surface
Type IV: ligaments intacr to the periosteum, with displacement of
the proximal fragment
Type V: comminuted
• Group III: fracture of the medial 1/3
Type I: minimally displaced
TypeII: displaced
Type III: intraarticular
Type IV: epiphyseal separation
Type V: comminuted
Also evaluate the acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular joints, and
pneumothorax
Neovascular injuries : subclavian artery & vein, brachial plexus injury
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Clavicle Fractures
Clinical features:
The arm is clasped to the chest to prevent movement.
A subcutaneous lump may be obvious and occasionally
a sharp fragment threatens the skin
Treatment:
Undisplaced non-operatively (using sling)
Displaced operative
GOALS:
Right alignment
Stability,
Range of motion
Muscle strength
Improve and restore the function of the shoulder for activity
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Proximal Humerus Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
• Fractures of the proximal end of the
humerus involve the humeral head,
anatomic neck, and surgical neck of the
humerus.
• Neer's classification four-part fractures
based on the displacement and angulation
of the parts
• Displacement of the fracture exceeding 1
cm or angulation of more than 45 degrees
constitutes a part or displaced fracture.
Proximal Humerus Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Clinical features:
Often firmly impacted pain may not be severe.
The appearance of a large bruise on the upper part of the arm is
suspicious.
Signs of axillary nerve or brachial plexus injury should be sought
Treatment:
Immobilized in a sling
Displaced 2-part or 3-part fractures internal fixation
GOALS:
Right alignment
Stability,
Range of motion
Muscle strength
Improve and restore the function of the shoulder for activity
Midshaft Humerus Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Fractures of the humeral shaft involve the diaphysis or
midshaft and do not involve the articular or
metaphyseal regions proximally or distally
Fractures above the pectoralis major insertion abduction
and external rotation of the proximal humerus
secondary to the pull of the rotator cuff muscles.
Fractures below the pectoralis major insertion and above
the deltoid adduction of the proximal fragment
(under the influence of the pectoralis major) and
proximal and lateral displacement of the distal
fragment (under the influence of the deltoid).
Fractures below the deltoid insertion abduction of the
upper fragment (under the strong influence of the
deltoid).
Radial nerve palsy may occur.
Midshaft Humerus Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Treatment:
Right alignment
Stability,
Range of motion
Muscle strength : pectoralis major, deltoid, biceps, triceps
Improve and restore the function of the involved activity in self
care and personal hygiene
Distal Humerus Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Fractures of the distal humerus involve the metaphysis.
Intraarticular fractures include medial and lateral condylar fractures (single
column) as well as T and Y intercondylar (two-column) fractures.
Extraarticular fractures include supracondylar (extracapsular), transcondylar
(intracapsular), and medial and lateral epicondylar fractures
(extracapsular).
Olecranon Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
• An olecranon fracture involves the proximal end of the ulna.
• It may be extraarticular or intraarticular, displaced or nondisplaced.
• These fractures can be further classified as transverse, oblique,
comminuted, stable, or unstable.
• Displaced fractures are generally defined as those with a separation of
greater than 2 mm between fracture fragments
• Olecranon fractures may cause disruption of the extensor mechanism.
• Olecranon fractures may be associated with coronoid fractures as well
as elbow fracture/dislocations.
Forearm Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
• Monteggia fracture : Fracture of the diaphysis of the ulna with a
dislocated radial head.
• Galleazi fracture: distal-third radius fracture with disruption of the
distal radioulnar joint.
Colles Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
• Colles' fracture is a distal metaphyseal fracture of the radius, usually
occurring 3 to 4 em from the articular surface with volar angulation of
the apex of the fracture (silver fork deformity), dorsal displacement of
the distal fragment, and a concomitant radial shortening.
Femoral Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Tibial and Ankle Fracture
Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Pathological Fractures
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Complication Fractures
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
EARLY
• Visceral = Trunk → Pneumothorax
• Vascular = major artery around Knee &
Elbow, Humeral & Femoral shafts →
Ischemia, Tissue death, Gangrene →
Paraesthesia, Cold, Cyanosis
• Haemarthrosis = swollen, tense joint
• Infection = open fractures, post-op
• Gangrene = clostridial infection (anaerobic
organisms) → Pain, Swelling
Early Nerve Injuries
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
• Common with Fractures of Humeral Shaft / injuries around Elbow & Knee
• Closed Nerve Injuries: seldom severed, spontaneous recovery (90% within 4 months)
• Open Nerve Injuries : usually complete, needs debridement / surgery
• Acute Nerve Compression : numbness (Common : ulnar, median, posterior tibial nerve)
Liepert LS. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. 5th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 2011.
Liepert LS. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. 5th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 2011.
Liepert LS. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. 5th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 2011.
Early : Compartment Syndrome
• Bleeding & Oedema → increase the pressure within the
osseofascial compartments → reduced capillary flow →
muscle ischaemia, further oedema, greater pressure →
muscle & nerve necrosis
• Nerve = capable of Regeneration
• Muscle = can never recover → replaced by inelastic
Fibrous tissue (Volkmann’s Ischaemic Contracture)
• 5P’s = Pain, Paraesthesia, Pallor, Paralysis,
Pulselessness
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Late : Muscle Contracture
• Following arterial injury or
compartment syndrome
• Nerves injured by ischaemia
sometimes recover Symptoms :
deformity &
stiffness, but numbness is inconstant
• Common sites : Forearm and Hand, Leg
and Foot
• Forearm → wasting of the forearm and
hand, clawing of the fingers
(Volkmann’s)
• Calf (Distal Tibia/Fibula) → claw toe
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Late : Abnormal Healing of Fracture
• Malunion → normal time, unsatisfactory
position with residual bony deformity
• Delayed Union → not at expected rate
and time, but healing is possible (>6
months without Callus formation)
• Non-Union → fracture that has not healed
9 months post op / no visible progress of
healing during the last 3 months 🡪 fibrous
union or a false joint (pseudoarthrosis)
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Late : Joint Instability & Stiffness
INSTABILITY
•Ligamentous Laxity → knee, ankle
•Muscle Weakness → prolong
splintage, inadequate exercise
•Bone Loss → post open fracture
•Recurrent Dislocation →
Shoulder (Glenoid Labrum), Patella
(Patellofemoral Ligament)
Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
STIFFNESS
•Sites : knee, elbow, shoulder
•Etiology : oedema and fibrosis of the
capsule, ligaments, and muscles
around the joint / adhesion of the
soft tissues to each other or to the b
•Worsened by prolong immobilization
→ Ulcus Decubitus
The best treatment is prevention – by exercises that keep
the joints mobile from the outset.
General Principles of Fracture Treatment
1. Do No Harm
2. Base Treatment on an Accurate
Diagnosis and Prognosis
3. Select Treatment with Specific Aims
4. Make Treatment Realistic and Practical
5. Select Treatment for Patient as an
Individual
ICF Core Set
Body functions
b710 Mobility of joint functions
b715 Stability of joint functions
b760 Control of voluntary movement
functions
b770 Gait pattern functions
b780 Sensations related to muscles and
movement functions
b260 Proprioceptive functions
Body structures
s730 Structure of upper extremity
s73003 muscles of upper arm
s750 Structure of lower extremity
S75012 Muscle of lower leg
Health condition
Fracture of upper extremity
Fracture of lower extremity
Participations
D710 interacting with people
D760 family relationship
D8450 seeking employment
Activities
d210 Undertaking a single task
d220 Undertaking multiple tasks
D430 lifting and carrying objects
D4101 squatting
D4154 Maintaining a standing
position
d450 walking
d 4558 Moving around
D640 Doing housework
Personal Factors
Age
Sosiodemographics
Characteristics
Health insurance
Complieance to medical treatments
Environmental factors
e115 Products and technology for personal use in daily living
e120 Products and technology for personal indoor and
outdoor mobility and transport
e150 Design, construction of building for public
e310.Family Supports
e410.Family/Friends Attitude
e575 Services/systems/policies : Transportation
e575.Services/systems/policies : Education
e575.Services/systems/policies : Health
Thank You

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Disabilitas Akibat Fraktur Ekstremitas.pptx

  • 1. Disabilitas Akibat Fraktur Ektremitas dan Komplikasinya Pembimbing: dr. Wanarani Alwin, SpKFR-K Presentan: dr. Gantarini Rianna Panannangan
  • 2. Introduction 01 Cause and Type of Fracture 02 Fracture Healing 03 Impairment and Disability 04 Table of contents
  • 4. Introduction • Fracture = a break in the structural continuity of a bone → Secondary Injuries : soft tissue (nerve, spinal cord, etc) • Descriptive Terms • Site → diaphyseal, metaphyseal, epiphyseal, intra- articular, fracture-dislocation • Extent → complete, incomplete • Configuration → transverse, oblique/ spiral,comminuted • Relationship of the Fracture Fragments to each other → undisplaced, displaced (translated, angulated, rotated, distracted, overriding, impacted) • Relationship of the Fracture to the External Environment → closed, open fracture • Complications → uncomplicated, complicated Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
  • 5. Cause and Types of Fracture 02 ]
  • 6. 1. Injury • Direct Force → bone breaks at the point of impact • Indirect Force → bone breaks at a distance from where the force is applied → Mechanism : Twisting, Compression, Bending, Tension, Combination 2. Repetitive Stress Repeated heavy loading → minute deformations → remodelling phase bone resorption 🡪 replacement → fracture 3. Pathological : Abnormal weakening of the bone due to change in its structure (Osteoporosis,Paget’s disease, etc) or through lytic lesion (Bone Cyst, Metastasis, etc) Cause of Fracture Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
  • 7. Type of Fracture Incomplete fracture • Greenstick • Compression Complete Fracture • Transverse • Oblique/Spiral • Impacted • Comminuted Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
  • 8. How Fractures are Displaced •After a complete fracture the fragments usually become displaced, partly by the force of injury, partly by gravity and partly by the pull of muscles attached to them. •Translation (shift) •Angulation (tilt) •Rotation (twist) •Length Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018. White T. McRae’s Orthopaedic Trauma and Emergency Fracture Management.3rd ed. Elsecier; 2016.
  • 10. Fracture Healing • Definition : process of new bone formation with fusion of the bone fragments • Primary Healing (Direct Union) Absolute Stability and Compression = Contact Healing • Secondary Healing (Indirect/Callus) → Relative stability • Callus Formation = in response to movement at the fracture site → stabilize the fragments • Stages = Hematoma formation, Inflammation, Soft Callus, Hard Callus, Remodelling Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
  • 11. Factors Associated with Fracture Healing 1. Patient Factor 1. Age 2. Nutrition 3. Medication 4. Smoker 2. Injury factor 1. Open fractures 2. Severity 3. Intra-articular fractures 4. Segmental Fractures 5. Soft tissue Interposition 6. Damage to blood supply 3. Tissue Factor 1. Form of Bone 2. Bone necrosis 3. Bone Disease 4. Infecton 4. Treatment factor 1. Aposition of fracture fragments 2. Loading and Micromotion 3. Fracture Stabilization Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
  • 12. Diamond Concept of Bone Healing The ‘diamond concept’, being a conceptual framework for a successful bone repair response, gives equal importance to mechanical stability and the biological environment. A deficit in the biological environment or the mechanical environment, or failure to appreciate the comorbidities of the host and the lack of vascularity can all lead to an impaired fracture healing response (non-union). Overall, the diamond concept refers to the availability of osteoinductive mediators, osteogenic cells, an osteoconductive matrix (scaffold), optimum mechanical environment, adequate vascularity, and addressing any existing comorbidities of the host.
  • 13. Diamond Concept of Bone Healing
  • 15. Clavicle Fractures Craig Classification • Group I : fracture of middle 1/3 • Group II : fracture of the lateral or distal 1/3 Type I: minimally displaced TypeII: displaced secondary to a fracture medial to the coraco clavicular ligament complex Type III: fracture of the articular surface Type IV: ligaments intacr to the periosteum, with displacement of the proximal fragment Type V: comminuted • Group III: fracture of the medial 1/3 Type I: minimally displaced TypeII: displaced Type III: intraarticular Type IV: epiphyseal separation Type V: comminuted Also evaluate the acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular joints, and pneumothorax Neovascular injuries : subclavian artery & vein, brachial plexus injury Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
  • 16. Clavicle Fractures Clinical features: The arm is clasped to the chest to prevent movement. A subcutaneous lump may be obvious and occasionally a sharp fragment threatens the skin Treatment: Undisplaced non-operatively (using sling) Displaced operative GOALS: Right alignment Stability, Range of motion Muscle strength Improve and restore the function of the shoulder for activity Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
  • 17. Proximal Humerus Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018. • Fractures of the proximal end of the humerus involve the humeral head, anatomic neck, and surgical neck of the humerus. • Neer's classification four-part fractures based on the displacement and angulation of the parts • Displacement of the fracture exceeding 1 cm or angulation of more than 45 degrees constitutes a part or displaced fracture.
  • 18. Proximal Humerus Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018. Clinical features: Often firmly impacted pain may not be severe. The appearance of a large bruise on the upper part of the arm is suspicious. Signs of axillary nerve or brachial plexus injury should be sought Treatment: Immobilized in a sling Displaced 2-part or 3-part fractures internal fixation GOALS: Right alignment Stability, Range of motion Muscle strength Improve and restore the function of the shoulder for activity
  • 19. Midshaft Humerus Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. Fractures of the humeral shaft involve the diaphysis or midshaft and do not involve the articular or metaphyseal regions proximally or distally Fractures above the pectoralis major insertion abduction and external rotation of the proximal humerus secondary to the pull of the rotator cuff muscles. Fractures below the pectoralis major insertion and above the deltoid adduction of the proximal fragment (under the influence of the pectoralis major) and proximal and lateral displacement of the distal fragment (under the influence of the deltoid). Fractures below the deltoid insertion abduction of the upper fragment (under the strong influence of the deltoid). Radial nerve palsy may occur.
  • 20. Midshaft Humerus Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. Treatment: Right alignment Stability, Range of motion Muscle strength : pectoralis major, deltoid, biceps, triceps Improve and restore the function of the involved activity in self care and personal hygiene
  • 21. Distal Humerus Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. Fractures of the distal humerus involve the metaphysis. Intraarticular fractures include medial and lateral condylar fractures (single column) as well as T and Y intercondylar (two-column) fractures. Extraarticular fractures include supracondylar (extracapsular), transcondylar (intracapsular), and medial and lateral epicondylar fractures (extracapsular).
  • 22. Olecranon Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. • An olecranon fracture involves the proximal end of the ulna. • It may be extraarticular or intraarticular, displaced or nondisplaced. • These fractures can be further classified as transverse, oblique, comminuted, stable, or unstable. • Displaced fractures are generally defined as those with a separation of greater than 2 mm between fracture fragments • Olecranon fractures may cause disruption of the extensor mechanism. • Olecranon fractures may be associated with coronoid fractures as well as elbow fracture/dislocations.
  • 23. Forearm Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. • Monteggia fracture : Fracture of the diaphysis of the ulna with a dislocated radial head. • Galleazi fracture: distal-third radius fracture with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint.
  • 24. Colles Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. • Colles' fracture is a distal metaphyseal fracture of the radius, usually occurring 3 to 4 em from the articular surface with volar angulation of the apex of the fracture (silver fork deformity), dorsal displacement of the distal fragment, and a concomitant radial shortening.
  • 25. Femoral Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
  • 26. Tibial and Ankle Fracture Hoppenfels S, Murthy Vl. Treatment and rehabilitation of fractures . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
  • 27. Pathological Fractures Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
  • 28. Complication Fractures Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018. EARLY • Visceral = Trunk → Pneumothorax • Vascular = major artery around Knee & Elbow, Humeral & Femoral shafts → Ischemia, Tissue death, Gangrene → Paraesthesia, Cold, Cyanosis • Haemarthrosis = swollen, tense joint • Infection = open fractures, post-op • Gangrene = clostridial infection (anaerobic organisms) → Pain, Swelling
  • 29. Early Nerve Injuries Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018. • Common with Fractures of Humeral Shaft / injuries around Elbow & Knee • Closed Nerve Injuries: seldom severed, spontaneous recovery (90% within 4 months) • Open Nerve Injuries : usually complete, needs debridement / surgery • Acute Nerve Compression : numbness (Common : ulnar, median, posterior tibial nerve)
  • 30. Liepert LS. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. 5th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 2011.
  • 31. Liepert LS. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. 5th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 2011.
  • 32. Liepert LS. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. 5th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 2011.
  • 33. Early : Compartment Syndrome • Bleeding & Oedema → increase the pressure within the osseofascial compartments → reduced capillary flow → muscle ischaemia, further oedema, greater pressure → muscle & nerve necrosis • Nerve = capable of Regeneration • Muscle = can never recover → replaced by inelastic Fibrous tissue (Volkmann’s Ischaemic Contracture) • 5P’s = Pain, Paraesthesia, Pallor, Paralysis, Pulselessness Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
  • 34. Late : Muscle Contracture • Following arterial injury or compartment syndrome • Nerves injured by ischaemia sometimes recover Symptoms : deformity & stiffness, but numbness is inconstant • Common sites : Forearm and Hand, Leg and Foot • Forearm → wasting of the forearm and hand, clawing of the fingers (Volkmann’s) • Calf (Distal Tibia/Fibula) → claw toe Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
  • 35. Late : Abnormal Healing of Fracture • Malunion → normal time, unsatisfactory position with residual bony deformity • Delayed Union → not at expected rate and time, but healing is possible (>6 months without Callus formation) • Non-Union → fracture that has not healed 9 months post op / no visible progress of healing during the last 3 months 🡪 fibrous union or a false joint (pseudoarthrosis) Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
  • 36. Late : Joint Instability & Stiffness INSTABILITY •Ligamentous Laxity → knee, ankle •Muscle Weakness → prolong splintage, inadequate exercise •Bone Loss → post open fracture •Recurrent Dislocation → Shoulder (Glenoid Labrum), Patella (Patellofemoral Ligament) Blom A, Warwick D, Whitehouse MR. Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma. 10th ed. CRC Press; 2018. STIFFNESS •Sites : knee, elbow, shoulder •Etiology : oedema and fibrosis of the capsule, ligaments, and muscles around the joint / adhesion of the soft tissues to each other or to the b •Worsened by prolong immobilization → Ulcus Decubitus The best treatment is prevention – by exercises that keep the joints mobile from the outset.
  • 37. General Principles of Fracture Treatment 1. Do No Harm 2. Base Treatment on an Accurate Diagnosis and Prognosis 3. Select Treatment with Specific Aims 4. Make Treatment Realistic and Practical 5. Select Treatment for Patient as an Individual
  • 38. ICF Core Set Body functions b710 Mobility of joint functions b715 Stability of joint functions b760 Control of voluntary movement functions b770 Gait pattern functions b780 Sensations related to muscles and movement functions b260 Proprioceptive functions Body structures s730 Structure of upper extremity s73003 muscles of upper arm s750 Structure of lower extremity S75012 Muscle of lower leg Health condition Fracture of upper extremity Fracture of lower extremity Participations D710 interacting with people D760 family relationship D8450 seeking employment Activities d210 Undertaking a single task d220 Undertaking multiple tasks D430 lifting and carrying objects D4101 squatting D4154 Maintaining a standing position d450 walking d 4558 Moving around D640 Doing housework Personal Factors Age Sosiodemographics Characteristics Health insurance Complieance to medical treatments Environmental factors e115 Products and technology for personal use in daily living e120 Products and technology for personal indoor and outdoor mobility and transport e150 Design, construction of building for public e310.Family Supports e410.Family/Friends Attitude e575 Services/systems/policies : Transportation e575.Services/systems/policies : Education e575.Services/systems/policies : Health

Notas del editor

  1. Fraktur merupakan kerusakan kontinuitas struktur tulang, yg akan diikuti dengan injury pada soft tissue di sekitarnya. Terdapat beberapa istilah yang perlu dimengerti untuk dapat menjelaskan fraktur secara akurat: 1. Site : diafisis, metafisis, epifisis, intraarticular. Jika disertai dislokasi pada joint disebut fracture-dislocation 2. Cakupan : bisa complete/incomplete 3. Configuration : transverse, oblik/spiral, comminuted 4. Hubungan antar fragmen fraktur : displaced/undisplaced 5. Hubungan dengan lingkungan external : closed jika kulit masih intak/ sedangkan open fracture jika merusak kulit atau kavitas pada tubuh yang rentan terhadap kontaminasi dan infeksi. 6. Komplikasi /tidak 🡪 local/sistemik
  2. Fraktur yg disebabkan oleh injury Penyebab terbanyak fraktur adalah disebabkan oleh adanya excessive force yang tiba-tiba. Baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Direct force 🡪 tulang patah pada point of impactnya, disertai kerusakan soft tissue sekitarnya. Pada direct force akan membelah tulang secara transversal atau menekuk sehingga terbentuk butterfly fragment. Jika injury terjadi dengan keras, fraktur dapat menjadi comminuted dengan kerusakan jar lunak yang luas. Indirect force🡪 tulang patah jauh dari sumber forcenya. Kerusakan jar lunak lebih sedikit. Mekanisme fraktur : twisting, compression, bending, tension, atau kombinasi Repetitive stress Fraktur dapat terjadi pada tulang normal yang mengalami beban berat berulang, biasanya pada atlet, penari atau pada militer yang memiliki program Latihan yang tinggi. Beban berat ini akan membuat deformasi perlahan yang menginisiasi proses normal remodelling tulang. Ketika terpapar stress dan deformasi berulang terus menerus, resorpsi tulang akan berjalan lebih cepat dari pada pembentukannya sehingga rentan terjadi fraktur. Fraktur patologis Fraktur yang terjadi karena kelemahan tulang yg disebabkan perubahan struktur (spt osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta atau pagets disease), atau lesi litik (spt bone cyst atau metastasis)
  3. Fraktur komplit : pd fr komplit tulang terbagi menjadi 2 fragmen atau lebih. Pola fraktur dapat dilihat pada gambar di bwh ini: Patahan melintang Patahan obliq 🡪 tulang terlihat memendek Fraktur impaksi 🡪 fragmen tampak rapat dan garis tdk jelas Fraktur kominutif 🡪 fraktur dengan lebih dari 2 fragmen dan tidak stabil Fraktur inkomplit Merupakan fraktur dimana tulang terbagi tidak sempurna sehingga periosteum masih tetap dalam kontiuitas. Pada Fraktur greenstick🡪 tulang tertekuk/bengkok (seperti saat mematahkan ranting). Ini biasa terlihat pada anak2 yang tulangnya lebih rapuh dari org dewasa. Fraktur kompresi terjadi Ketika tulang trabecular terkompresi seperti pada vertebral bodies, calcaneum, tibial plateu
  4. Pada kondisi fraktur komplit, fragmen biasanya akan tergeser, dapat disebabkan dari force injury itu sendiri, atau karena pengaruh gravitasi, atau bisa juga karena tarikan oleh otot2 yang melekat pada tulang itu. Jenis pergeserannya ada 4 macam Translasi 🡪 fragmen dapat digeser ke saping depan atau belakang 🡪 kondisi ini harus dilakukan reduction untuk mengembalikan posisinya Angulasi 🡪 fragmen miring satu sama lain sehingga terjadi malalignment. Jika dibiarkan dapat menyebabkan deformitas. Rotasi/twist 🡪 fragmennya terputar sehingga terlihat deformitas rotasional. Length 🡪 fragmen terpisah/overlap bisa disebabkan karena muscle spasm yg menyebabkan pemendekan tulang
  5. Penyembuhan fraktur ditandai dengan proses pembentukan tulang baru dengan fusi dari fragmen tulang. Tulang dapat sembuh secara primer/ tanpa pembentukan kalus, Atau secara sekunder dengan pembentukan kalus. Pada penyembuhan primer🡪 stabilitas absolut dan kompresi akan memberikan contact healing. 🡪 osteoblastic new bone formation Pada penyembuhan sekunder 🡪 terbentuk kalus yang akan menstabilkan fragmen tulang. Kalus terbentuk sebagai respon terhadap pergerakan pada lokasi fraktur. Kalus ini diperlukan untuk menjembatani pembentukan tulang baru. Oleh karena itu pada fraktur tulang perlu dilakukan splinting untuk: mengurangi rasa sakit, memastikan penyatuan tulang berada pada posisi yang baik. Proses penyembuhan fraktur bervariasi tergantung tipe tulang yang terlibat dan jumlah pergerakan pada tempat fraktur. Mekanikal strain yang diterapkan pada gap fraktur akan berperan dalam mengarahkan respon penyembuhan. Penyembuhan dengan kalus, walaupun tidak langsung seperti pada contact healing, namun memiliki keuntungan, yaitu memastikan kekuatan mekanis pada penyembuhan tulang. Dengan meningkatnya tekanan, kalus akan tumbuh lebih kuat (Wolff’s law) Ada 5 stages: Hematoma formation 🡪 terjadi perdarahan dari tulang dan soft tissue 2. Inflamasi 🡪 adanya sitokin akan merangsang proses penyembuhan dengan merangsang pembentukan jaringan fibrosa, cartilage dan bone formation. Osteoclast akan meremove bagian ujung tulang yang nekrotik dari fragmen yg patah. (proses inflamasi brlangsung sekitar 1minggu) Soft callus formation 🡪 stlg 2-3 minggu, soft callus terbentuk. Tulang tidak lagi bisa bergerak bebas. Tegangan yg diberikan akan merangsang growth factor dan progenitor cells menjadi osteoblast 🡪 terbentuk woven bone Hard callus formation 🡪 mengalami mineralisasi dan fragmen sudah menyatu dengan kuat (3-4bln). Bone callus terbentuk dr perifer ke central Remodelling 🡪 tulang menjadi lamellar bone (berlangsung bbrp bln sampai bbrp tahun) Periosteum merupakan sumber mesenchymal stem cell yang dapat meningkatkan perbaikan tulang, krn itu penting untuk periosteum dibiarkan di tempatnya dan dijaga agar tetap viable.
  6. Patient factor: usia muda 🡪 pertumbuhan tulang yang cepat Nutrisi Medikasi spt nsaid dan juga merokok akan menghabat bone healing Injury factor: Open fracture, penyembuhan >lama Keparahannya, melibatkan articular/tidak Segmental fracture, adanya soft tissue interposition, dan supply darah yg buruk akan memperlambat penyembuhan Tissue factor Formasi tulangnya, adanya bone necrosis, bone disease, infection akan memperlambat penyembuhan Treatment factor Posisi fragmen tulangnya apakah sudah in line Loading dan micromotion Stabilisasi fraktur
  7. Osteoinductive mediators Initial bleeding→coagulation cascade→haematoma (contains platelets and macrophages → release cytokines →stimulating initiate healing. (include proinflammatory interleukins 1, 6, 8, 10 and 12, tumour necrosis factor-a (TNFa), activated protein C (APC), monocyte chemoattractive protein (MCP), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprogenin (OPG). Metalloproteinases and angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) also play an important role in the overall bone repair process [1, 34, 35]. However, the most important mediators released having a direct effect on progenitor cells to undergo the process of mitogenesis and osteoblastic differentiation include platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) proteins, which include bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2, 4, 6 and 7. Osteogenic cells Osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum) and endothelial progenitor cells, are also activated according to the local fracture environment in the haematoma The cytokine release→inflammatory phase(increased blood flow,vascular permeability,chemotaxis with activation of the complement cascade.) Osteoclasts and fibroblasts initiate conversion of haematoma → granulation tissue, laying down a fibrin meshwork which is then invaded by a new capillary network allowing further MSC migration. Following activation, cytokines are also released by endothelial cells, MSCs, chondrocytes, osteocytes and osteoblasts themselves. This is followed by the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs, leading to simultaneous hard and soft callus formation, which is highly influenced by the mechanical micro-environment and fracture biology. Higher oxygen tension at periosteal surfaces distal to the fracture site, as well as other factors, encourages preferential MSC differentiation into osteoblasts [16]. In the peripheral (cortical) zone, osteocalcin initiates periosteal osteoblasts to produce type 1 collagen, leading to intramembranous ossification (hard callus). In central (medullary) zones, MSCs develop into chondrocytes, initially laying down type 2 collagen (soft callus) known as endochondral ossification; by week 3, increasing osteocalcin induces calcification and hard callus formation here too (Fig. 3). Mineralisation of fracture callus into an osteoid-type matrix and type 1 collagen fibrils leads to bridging of the fracture site and disordered ‘woven bone’ formation [31, 38–41]. Critical in guiding this process are the BMPs, which are responsible for inducing osteogenic activity in mesenchymal stem cells and maturation of lamellar bone, as well as helping coordinate osteoclastic activity [32, 42–44]. Inhibitory and fibrinolytic molecules also play a key role in regulating the process, without which bone healing has shown to be delayed [32, 35, 45]. This is followed by a period of remodelling by bone multicellular units (BMUs) in a process of activation, resorption, reversal and formation, taking at least 6 months to complete. The disordered woven bone, which is comparatively weak, develops into stronger, organised lamellar bone following in general the principles of Wolff’s law, who showed that the trabecular pattern of bone corresponds to the mechanical stresses placed upon it
  8. Osteoinductive mediators Initial bleeding→coagulation cascade→haematoma (contains platelets and macrophages → release cytokines →stimulating initiate healing. (include proinflammatory interleukins 1, 6, 8, 10 and 12, tumour necrosis factor-a (TNFa), activated protein C (APC), monocyte chemoattractive protein (MCP), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprogenin (OPG). Metalloproteinases and angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) also play an important role in the overall bone repair process [1, 34, 35]. However, the most important mediators released having a direct effect on progenitor cells to undergo the process of mitogenesis and osteoblastic differentiation include platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) proteins, which include bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2, 4, 6 and 7. Osteogenic cells Osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum) and endothelial progenitor cells, are also activated according to the local fracture environment in the haematoma The cytokine release→inflammatory phase(increased blood flow,vascular permeability,chemotaxis with activation of the complement cascade.) Osteoclasts and fibroblasts initiate conversion of haematoma → granulation tissue, laying down a fibrin meshwork which is then invaded by a new capillary network allowing further MSC migration. Following activation, cytokines are also released by endothelial cells, MSCs, chondrocytes, osteocytes and osteoblasts themselves. This is followed by the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs, leading to simultaneous hard and soft callus formation, which is highly influenced by the mechanical micro-environment and fracture biology. Higher oxygen tension at periosteal surfaces distal to the fracture site, as well as other factors, encourages preferential MSC differentiation into osteoblasts [16]. In the peripheral (cortical) zone, osteocalcin initiates periosteal osteoblasts to produce type 1 collagen, leading to intramembranous ossification (hard callus). In central (medullary) zones, MSCs develop into chondrocytes, initially laying down type 2 collagen (soft callus) known as endochondral ossification; by week 3, increasing osteocalcin induces calcification and hard callus formation here too (Fig. 3). Mineralisation of fracture callus into an osteoid-type matrix and type 1 collagen fibrils leads to bridging of the fracture site and disordered ‘woven bone’ formation [31, 38–41]. Critical in guiding this process are the BMPs, which are responsible for inducing osteogenic activity in mesenchymal stem cells and maturation of lamellar bone, as well as helping coordinate osteoclastic activity [32, 42–44]. Inhibitory and fibrinolytic molecules also play a key role in regulating the process, without which bone healing has shown to be delayed [32, 35, 45]. This is followed by a period of remodelling by bone multicellular units (BMUs) in a process of activation, resorption, reversal and formation, taking at least 6 months to complete. The disordered woven bone, which is comparatively weak, develops into stronger, organised lamellar bone following in general the principles of Wolff’s law, who showed that the trabecular pattern of bone corresponds to the mechanical stresses placed upon it
  9. Mekanisme injury: jatuh pd bahu or other direct trauma to the shoulder, klavikula menekuk dan patah diatas titik tumpu costae 1, jatuh dgn tangan terlentang Fraktur klavikula diklasifikasikan ke dalam 3 grup
  10. Manifestasi klinis: Lengan rapat ke dada utk mengurangi pergerakan Benjolan subkutan mungkin terlihat Treatment : displaced operatif Goal treatment: ortopedik mengembalikan ke posisi yang benar dan stabilisasi (external imobilization atau internal fixation) Rehab: Mengembalikan ROM shoulder, menguatkan otot2 : sternocleidomastoideus (utk neck rotation), pectoralis mayos (Arm adduction), deltoid (arm abduction), mengembalikan fungsi shoulder utk aktivitas. Ekspektasi durasi rehabilitasi 10-12 minggu Hari 1-1minggu 🡪 fase inflamasi, blm ada kalus 🡪 blm ada Latihan 2 minggu 🡪 minimal stability, fase reparative🡪 osteoprogenitor sel 🡪 osteoblast yg akan membentuk woven bone 🡪 gentle pendulum exc. 4-6minggu 🡪 terbentuk stabilitas pada lokasi fraktur dengan adanya bridging callus yang akan membentuk lammelar bone. Kekuatan callus belum terlalu kuat sehingga harus dijaga agar tidak terjadi fraktur ulang 🡪 pendulum exc, mulai Latihan isometric pada rotator cuff dan deltoid 6-8 minggu 🡪 proses pembentukan lammelar bone masih terus berlangsung 🡪 weight bearing secara gradual
  11. Fraktur ujung proximal humerus melibatkan humeral head, anatomic neck, surgical neck humerus Neers classification mengkategorikan fraktur ini menjadi 4 bagian berdasarkan pergesesran dan angulasi dari bagian humerus yaitu: shaft, caput, freater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity. Disebut displaced bila terdapat pergeseran yang melebihi 1 cm atau angulasi melebihi 45 derajat (baca gambar) Fraktur pada 1 bagian bisa seperti pada impacted fractur/nondisplaced 2 bagian seperti pada tuberosity fraktur atau surgical neck fracture displaced Mekanisme injury : jatuh dengan tumpuan siku atau tangan terutama pada orang tua Pada kondisi ini harus diperhatikan apakah ada rotator cuff tears, dan injury pada nervus axillaris atau posterior cord dari brachial plexus.
  12. Goal treatment: ortopedik mengembalikan ke posisi yang benar dan stabilisasi (external immobilization pd fraktur nondisplaced yang stabil atau internal fixation pd fracture displaced 2-3 bagian. Untuk fraktur 4 bagian 🡪 endoprosthesis) Rehab: Mengembalikan ROM shoulder, menguatkan otot2 (flexor, shoulder abductor, shoulder adductor, shoulder ext-int rotator, shoulder extensor, rotator cuff) mengembalikan fungsi shoulder utk aktivitas. Ekspektasi waktu penyembuhan tulang 6-8 bln, dan durasi rehabilitasi 12minggu-1 thn Hari 1-1minggu 🡪 fase inflamasi 🡪 gentle pendulum exc tanpa gaya gravitasi diperbolehkan 2 minggu 🡪 minimal stability, fase reparative🡪 osteoprogenitor sel 🡪 osteoblast yg akan membentuk woven bone🡪 gentle passive-assisted exc, Latihan rom sebatas supinasi. 4-6minggu 🡪 terbentuk stabilitas pada lokasi fraktur dengan adanya bridging callus yang akan membentuk lammelar bone. Kekuatan callus belum terlalu kuat sehingga harus dijaga agar tidak terjadi fraktur ulang 🡪 Latihan ROM shoulder, flexi/abduksi, int ext rotation pendulum exercise, Latihan isometric dan isotonic pada elbow 6-8 minggu 🡪 proses pembentukan lammelar bone masih terus berlangsung🡪 Latihan isometric pada shoulder, lanjutkan Latihan isometric dan isotonic pada elbow. Mulai progressive resistive exercise pada pasien dengan slung. Weight bearing sesuai toleransi 8-12 minggu 🡪 sudah stabil, remodelling phase🡪 Latihan aktif dan pasif ROM shoulder dan elbow di semua bidang, resistive exc shoulder secara gradual, isokinetic exercise, boleh full weight bearing
  13. Fraktur shaft humerus adalah fraktur yang melibatkan diafisis dan tidak melibatkan daerah artikular atau metafisis proksimal atau distal. Hal ini berguna untuk mengklasifikasikan fraktur ini berdasarkan lokasi anatomis karena ada efek dari gaya otot yang menyebabkan pola perpindahan yang berbeda tergantung pada tingkat fraktur. -Fraktur di atas insersi pektoralis mayor menyebabkan abduksi dan rotasi eksternal humerus proksimal akibat tarikan otot rotator cuff. -Apabila Fraktur di bawah insersi pektoralis mayor dan di atas deltoid menyebabkan adduksi proksimal fragmen krn tertarik oleh pektoralis mayor) dan perpindahan proksimal dan lateral dari fragmen distal (di bawah pengaruh deltoid). - Apabila Fraktur di bawah insersi deltoid menyebabkan abduksi dari fragmen diatasnya(di bawah pengaruh kuat dari deltoid). Fraktur humerus ini bisa sebagai fraktur tertutup atau terbuka, transverse, oblik, spiral, segmental, atau comminuted. Radial nerve palsy may occur.
  14. Mekanisme injury : dapat disebabkan oleh pukulan langsung, twisting force, jatuh ke lengan, aatau penetrating trauma dan sering dikaitkan dengan kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor. Treatment: Alignment dan stabilitas akan diperbaiki oleh ortopedik Range of motion Muscle strength Pectoralis major: shoulder adductor Deltoid: shoulder flexor, extensor, and abductor Biceps: elbow flexor and shoulder flexor Triceps: elbow extensor The rotator cuff muscles biasanya tidak memerlukan aggressive rehabilitation. Improve and restore the function of the involved activity in self care and personal hygiene Hari 1-1minggu 🡪 inflammatory phase🡪 in brace/splint tdk blh Latihan ROM, pada internal fixation 🡪 gentle active and active assisted ROM. Belum boleh Latihan penguatan dan weight bearing 2 minggu 🡪boleh Latihan active and active assisted ROM elbow dan shoulder. Pada penggunaan splint , abduksi- shoulder tdk boleh lebih dr 60 derajat Belum boleh Latihan penguatan dan weight bearing 4-6 minggu 🡪 boleh mulai Latihan isometric dan isotonic dari forearm muscle. Setelah 6 minggu Latihan isometric bicep dan tricep. Early weight bearing boleh pada fiksasi internal. 8-12 minggu 🡪 progresif resistive exercise untuk shoulder dan elbow, boleh full weight bearing
  15. Fraktur humerus distal melibatkan metafisis. fraktur dapat meluas ke permukaan intraartikular. Fraktur intraartikular termasuk fraktur kondilus medial atau lateral (single columnt) serta fraktur interkondilus T dan Y (two column). Pada kondisi ini Permukaan artikular telah terganggu di masing-masing, tetapi dengan fraktur unicondylar, satu fragmen masih terhubung ke poros sendi. Fraktur ekstraartikular termasuk supracondylar (ekstracapsular), transcondylar (intracapsular), dan fraktur epikondilar medial dan lateral (ekstrakapsula). Fraktur supracondylar dan transcondylar mungkin dibagi lagi menjadi tipe ekstensi atau fleksi, tergantung pada mekanisme cedera dan lokasi dari fragmen distal. Dengan fraktur tipe ekstensi ada perpindahan posterior dari ujung distal dari humerus, sedangkan cedera tipe fleksi menyebabkan perpindahan anterior dari fragmen distal dan siku persendian Ekspektasi bone healing sekitar 8-12 minggu Sementara ekspektasi durasi rehabilitasi sekitar 12-24 minggu
  16. Fraktur olecranon melibatkan ujung proksimal dari ulna. Ini mungkin ekstraartikular atau intraartikular, displace atau nondisplaced. Fraktur ini bisa lebih lanjut diklasifikasikan sebagai melintang, miring, kominutif, stabil, atau tidak stabil. Fraktur displaced umumnya didefinisikan sbg fraktur yang memiliki pemisahan lebih besar dari 2 mm antara fragmen fraktur (Gambar 14-1; lihat Gambar 14-5 dan 14-6). Fraktur dianggap stabil jika tidak terpisah atau jika tingkat pemisahan tidak tidak meningkat dengan fleksi siku hingga 90 derajat. Fraktur olekranon dapat menyebabkan gangguan mekanisme ekstensor. Untuk menguji ini, pasien harus: diminta untuk mencoba ekstensi siku melawan gravitasi. Jika pasien tidak dapat melakukan ini, mekanisme ekstensor terganggu dan memerlukan perbaikan operatif. Fraktur olekranon dapat dikaitkan dengan fraktur koronoid serta fraktur/dislokasi siku. Stabilitas siku harus diuji, termasuk: ligamen kolateral medial (MCL), Fraktur intraartikular merupakasetelah fiksasi operatif dengan mengarahkan sendi siku ke varus dan tegangan valgus pada ekstensi penuh dan moderate flexion. n penyebab sebagian besar fraktur olecranon dan umumnya terjadi efusi sendi dan hematoma. Fraktur ekstraartikular termasuk fraktur avulsi dan paling sering terlihat pada lansia. Mekanisme Cedera: Karena olecranon adalah struktur subkutan, sehingga sangat rentan terhadap trauma langsung. Bisa jg jatuh dengan tangan terentang dengan siku fleksi, menyebabkan kontraksi trisep. Kecelakaan mobil, juga dapat menyebabkan fraktur head radius terkait dislokasi elbow
  17. Fraktur lengan bawah termasuk fraktur shaft radius, ulna, atau kedua tulang. Dislokasi caput radial berhubungan dengan fraktur ulna (Monteggia) Fraktur Galeazzi merupakan fraktur radius 1/3 distal dengan dislokasi sendi radioulnar distal Pada fraktur ini penting untuk mengembalikan alignmentnya. Karena malunion akan menyebabkan trganggunya pronasi, supinasi dan kekuatan grip. Kekuatan otot yang perlu dilatih adalah pronator, supinator, long flexor dan long extensor. Proses penyembuhan tulang sekitar 8-12 minggu dan durasi rehabilitasi sekitar 12-24 minggu
  18. Fraktur Colles adalah fraktur metafisis distal dari radius, biasanya terjadi 3 sampai 4 cm dari permukaan articular, dengan angulasi volar dari puncak fraktur (silver fork deformity), perpindahan dorsal dari fragmen distal, dan pemendekan radial secara bersamaan. Dapat melibatkan fraktur styloid ulnaris (Gambar 17-1 dan 17-2). Pada fraktur yang melibatkan intraartikular mungkin melibatkan permukaan artikular distal radius dan radiokarpal distal atau sendi radioulnar (lihat Gambar 17-9A). Mekanisme Cedera Jatuh dengan tangan terentang menyebabkan fraktur dan perpindahan dorsal radius distal. Injury pada saraf medianus dapat terjadi dan menyebabkan carpal tunnel syndrome.
  19. Fraktur neck femur adalah fraktur yang terjadi proksimal thd garis intertrochanteric di daerah intracapsular hip. Sebagian besar fraktur neck femur pada orang tua bersifat spontan atau disebabkan oleh trauma energi rendah. Populasi ini rentan terhadap osteoporosis senilis (tipe II), yang menyebabkan kelemahan pada korteks dan trabecular neck femur dan menjadi predisposisi fraktur. Pada pasien yang lebih muda, trauma energi tinggi diperlukan untuk menyebabkan fraktur neck femur, dan oleh karena itu dislokasi fraktur dan kerusakan suplai darah biasanya lebih besar pada kasus tersebut. Gbr 1… Gbr 2 intertrochanteric fracture yg terjadi antara trokanter mayor dan minor di sepanjang garis intertrochanteric, di luar kapsul sendi panggul Gbr 3 adalah Fraktur shaft femur yang tidak meluas ke artikular atau daerah metafisis. Mekanisme injury nya adalah Trauma berenergi tinggi seperti kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor. Fraktur ini sering dikaitkan dengan jaringan lunak yang signifikan dan, kadang-kadang, luka terbuka. Otot yg hrs diperkuat adalah quadricep, hamstring, gluteus medius, maksimus, tensor fascia lata, adductor magnus
  20. Fraktur shaft tibia adalah fraktur diafisis dari tibia yang biasanya tidak melibatkan daerah artikular atau metafisis. Trauma berenergi tinggi dari dampak langsung dapat terjadi pada fraktur transversal atau kominutif, yang sering terbuka. Trauma tidak langsung berenergi rendah dari puntiran cedera pada kaki yang dgn close kinetic chain atau jatuh dari ketinggian rendah dapat menyebabkan pola fraktur spiral atau miring. Fraktur ankle termasuk fraktur medial dan malleolus lateral serta permukaan artikular distal dari tibia dan fibula. Fraktur ankle secara spesifik dijelaskan pada gambar di kanan ini • Fraktur malleolar lateral terisolasi (ekstraartikular; Gambar 30-1 dan 30-2) • Fraktur bimalleolar (intraartikular; Gambar 30-3 dan 30-4) • Fraktur malleolar medial (intraartikular; Gambar 30-5 dan 30-6)
  21. Tulang patah secara spontat atau krn hal sepele harus dianggap patologis sampai terbukti bahwa bukan patologis. Pasien tua harus selalu ditanyakan Riwayat penyakitnya. Tumor ganas, tidak peduli berapa lama itu terjadi, mungkin menjadi sumber lesi metastasis lanjut; Riwayat gastrektomi, malabsorpsi usus, alkoholisme kronis atau terapi obat berkepanjangan harus memikirkan adanya gangguan metabolisme tulang. Pada pasien yang lebih muda, riwayat penyakit sebelumnya yang menyebabkan patah tulang mungkin mengarah pada diagnosis osteogenesis imperfekta
  22. Komplikasi pada fraktur bisa early yang muncul sebagai bagian dari primary injury atau late Visceral injury : contohnya pneumothorax, rupture bladder/urethra Vascular inj: paling sering pd arteri sekitar lutut elbow, femoral dan humeral shaft dimana arteri dapat robek atau spasme🡪 mnyebabkan iskemia, kematian jaringan, gangrene yg ditandai dengan parestesi, dingin, pucat dan sianosis. Juga pulsasi yang menurun atau hilang
  23. Pada cedera tertutup, saraf jarang terputus, dan pemulihan spontan harus ditunggu – 90% kasus terjadi dalam waktu 4 bulan. Jika pemulihan belum terjadi dalam waktu yang diharapkan, dan jika studi konduksi saraf dan EMG gagal menunjukkan bukti pemulihan, saraf harus dieksplorasi. Pada fraktur terbuka, cedera saraf total lebih mungkin terjadi. Dalam kasus ini saraf harus dieksplorasi pada saat debridement dan diperbaiki. Kompresi saraf, berbeda dari cedera langsung, kadang-kadang terjadi pd patah tulang atau dislokasi sekitar pergelangan tangan. Keluhan mati rasa atau parestesia pada distribusi saraf median atau ulnaris harus ditanggapi dengan serius dan pasien dipantau secara ketat; jika tidak ada perbaikan dalam 48 jam setelah fracture reduction atau splitting bandage, saraf harus dieksplorasi dan didekompresi
  24. Fraktur pd lengan atau tungkai dapat menyebabkan iskemia berat, walaupun tidak ada kerusakan pada pembuluh darah besar. Pendarahan, edema, atau peradangan (infeksi) dapat meningkatkan tekanan dalam salah satu osseofascial kompartemen🡪 shg menurunkan aliran kapiler🡪 yang mengakibatkan iskemia otot, edema lebih lanjut, tekanan dan iskemia yang lebih dalam – sebuah setan lingkaran yang berakhir, setelah 6 jam atau kurang. saraf mampu regenerasi tetapi otot, setelah infark, tidak pernah bisa pulih dan digantikan oleh fibrous yang mrupakan jar yg tidak elastis (kontraktur iskemik Volkmann). Contoh lain adalah compartment syndrome yg disebabkan oleh pembengkakan anggota badan di dalam gips yang ketat Gejalanya dsebut 5p: pain, parestesia, pallor, paralysis, pulseness Namun, pada sindrom kompartemen, iskemia terjadi pada tingkat kapiler, sehingga denyut nadi masih dapat dirasakan dan kulit mungkin tidak pucat! Fitur 'klasik' yang paling awal adalah rasa sakit yang parah (atau sensasi 'meledak') Perubahan sensibilitas dan paresis (atau lebih sering: kelemahan dalam kontraksi otot aktif) juga dapat terjadi. Sensasi kulit harus hati-hati dan berulang kali diperiksa
  25. Setelah cedera arteri atau sindrom kompartemen,dapat terjadi kontraktur iskemik dari otot yang terkena (kontraktur iskemik Volkmann). Saraf yang terluka oleh iskemia pulih, setidaknya sebagian; pasien datang dengan deformitas dan kekakuan, tetapi mati rasa tidak konstan. tempat yang paling sering terkena adalah lengan bawah, tangan, tungkai dan kaki. Dalam kasus parah yang mempengaruhi lengan bawah, akan terjadi atrofi pd lengan dan tangan, dan clawing finger (Gambar 23.40). Jika wrist difleksikan, maka pasien dapat mengekstensikan jari, menunjukkan bahwa deformitas sebagian besar disebabkan oleh kontraktur otot lengan bawah. Iskemia otot betis dapat mengikuti cedera atau operasi yang melibatkan arteri poplitea atau divisi-divisinya. Ini lebih umum dari biasanya. Gejala, tanda, dan kontraktur serupa dengan iskemia lengan bawah. Salah satu penyebab late claw toe defoemation adalah sindrom kompartemen yang tidak terdiagnosa
  26. Malunion : penyembuhannya dalam range waktu yg normal tapi posisinya tidak pas 🡪 menyebabkan deformitas Delayed union 🡪 penyembuhannya memanjang. Penyebabnya: biological: inadekuat bood supply Severe soft tissue damage Periosteal stripping Biomekanikal: Imperfect splintage Over rigid fixation Infection Patient related Non union-🡪 fraktur yg blm sembuh 9bln pasca operasi, atau tdk ada progress selama 3 bln terakhir. Pnyebabnya: ketidakstabilan mekanis, atau gangguan vaskularisasi
  27. Joint instability -kelemahan ligamen – terutama di lutut, ankle,dan sendi metacarpophalangeal ibu jari • kelemahan otot – terutama jika splint berlebihan atau kepanjangan, dan latihan inadekuat – (lagi-lagi lutut dan pergelangan kaki yang paling sering terkena) • bone loss– terutama setelah gunshot fracture atau cedera parah, atau dari crushing metafisis pada fraktur depresi sendi. Cedera juga dapat menyebabkan dislokasi berulang. Itu situs yang paling umum adalah: bahu – jika glenoid labrum telah terlepas atau glenoid retak (Lesi Bankart); dan (2) patela – jika, setelah trauma dislokasi, ligamen patellofemoral yang menahan sembuh dengan buruk. Stiffness Kekakuan sendi setelah patah biasanya terjadi pada lutut, siku, bahu dan (yang terburuk dari semua adalah) sendi kecil dari tangan. Sendi yang terluka; akan terbentuk hematrosis dan menyebabkan perlengketan sinovial. Seringnya kekakuan disebabkan oleh edema dan fibrosis kapsul, ligamen, dan otot di sekitar sendi, atau perlengketan jaringan lunak satu sama lain atau ke tulang di bawahnya. Semua kondisi ini diperburuk oleh imobilisasi berkepanjangan; lebih-lebih lagi,jika sendi telah ditahan pada posisi di mana ligamen terpendek, tidak ada Latihan yang akan berhasil meregangkan jaringan ini dan memulihkan gerakan yang hilang sepenuhnya. Perawatan terbaik adalah pencegahan – dengan latihan yang menjaga persendian tetap bergerak sejak awal. Jika suatu sendi harus dibidai, pastikan bahwa dia ada di 'posisi imobilisasi yang aman’. Sendi yang sudah kaku membutuhkan waktu untuk mobilisasi, tetapi fisioterapi yang intens dan berkepanjangan dan pasien dapat memperbaiki kondisi ini. Jika situasinya disebabkan oleh adhesi intra-articular, dapat dilakukan release dengan arthroscopic.
  28. Do no harm ( misal: jangan membuat iatrogenic injury 🡪 spt slh posisi mengangkat,excessive traction Base treatment on an accurate diagnosis and prognosis Pilih terapi sesuai tujuan yg spesifik. Misal utk menghilangkan nyeri 🡪 imobilisasi. Untuk mencapai posisi yg benar dr fragmen tulang. Misal hanya dgn traksi continus, casting, fiksasi external atau internal. Untuk mendukung penyembuhan tulang missal dengan bone graft. Untuk mengoptimalkan fungsinya, missal dgn isometric exercise untuk mencegah disuse atrophy dan meningkatkan muscle power. Treatment yang realistis dan praktikal Treatment pada tiap pasien bersifat individual