Renewable and non renewable sources of energy Niju Thandapra

Niju Thandapra St Berchmans MBA

A renewable resource is an organic natural
resource that can replenish in due time compared
to the usage, either through biological
reproduction or other naturally recurring processes.
Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural
environment and the largest components of
its ecosphere.

The Wind
 The wind is created by the movement of
atmospheric air mass as a results of
variation of atmospheric pressure, which
results from the difference in solar heating
of different parts of the earth surface.

•Wind power describes the process by which the
wind is used to generate mechanical energy or
electrical energy.
•Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the large
mass of air over the earth surface.
•Wind turbines converts the kinetic energy of the
wind into mechanical energy first and then into
electricity.

It is the design of the blades that is primarily
responsible for converting the kinetic energy into
mechanical energy
As the air flows over the aerofoil-section of the
blade, it induces a differential pressure distribution
across the top and bottom surfaces of the blade.

1.The wind is free and with modern technology it
can be captured efficiently.
2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it
produces does not cause green house gases or
other pollutants.
3. Although wind turbines can be very tall each
takes up only a small plot of land.This means that
the land below can still be used.This is especially
the case in agricultural areas as farming can still
continue.
4. Many people find wind farms an interesting
feature of the landscape.

5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity
power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own supply.
6.Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and
third world.
7. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means
a vast range of people and businesses can use them. Single
households to small towns and villages can make good use of
range of wind turbines available today.

1.The strength of the wind is not constant and it
varies from zero to storm force.This means that
wind turbines do not produce the same amount of
electricity all the time.There will be times when
they produce no electricity at all.
2. Many people feel that the countryside should be
left untouched, without these large structures
being built.The landscape should left in its natural
form for everyone to enjoy.
3.Wind turbines are noisy..

•Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean
surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do
useful work.
•for example : electricity generation, water
desalination, or the pumping of water (into
reservoirs).
•A machine able to exploit wave power is generally
known as a wave energy converter

1. Renewable:The best thing about wave energy is that it
will never run out.There will always be waves crashing upon
the shores of nations, near the populated coastal regions.
The waves flow back from the shore, but they always return.
Unlike fossil fuels, which are running out, in some places in
the world, just as quickly as people can discover them.
Unlike ethanol, a corn product, waves are not limited by a
season.They require no input from man to make their
power, and they can always be counted on.
2. Environment Friendly: Also unlike fossil fuels, creating
power from waves creates no harmful by products such as
gas, waste, and pollution.The energy from waves can be
taken directly into electricity-producing machinery and used
to power generators and power plants nearby. In today’s
energy-powered world, a source of clean energy is hard to
come by.

3. Abundant andWidely Available : Lots of big cities and
harbours are next to the ocean and can harness the power of
the waves for their use. Coastal cities tend to be well-
populated, so lots of people can get use from wave energy
plants.
4. Variety ofWaysTo Harness : A final benefit is that there
are a variety of ways to gather it. Current gathering methods
range from installed power plant with hydro turbines to
seafaring vessels equipped with massive structures that are
laid into the sea to gather the wave energy.

5. Easily Predictable :The biggest advantages of wave
power as against most of the other alternative energy
sources is that it is easily predictable and can be used to
calculate the amount that it can produce.The wave energy
is consistent and proves much better than other sources
which are dependent on wind or sun exposure.
6. Less Dependency on Foreign Oil Cost : Dependence on
foreign companies for fossil fuels can be reduced if energy
from wave power can be extracted up to its maximum. Not
only it will help to curb air pollution but can also provide
green jobs to millions of people.
7. No Damage to Land : Unlike fossil fuels which cause
massive damage to land as they can leave large holes while
extracting energy from them , wave power does not cause
any damage to earth. It is safe and clean.

1. Suitable to Certain Locations :The biggest disadvantage to
getting your energy from the waves is location. Only power plants
and towns near the ocean will benefit directly from it. Because of
its source, wave energy is not a viable power source for everyone.
Landlocked nations and cities cannot use this.
2. Effect on marine Ecosystem : As clean as wave energy is, it still
creates hazards for some of the creatures near it. Large machines
have to be put near and in the water to gather energy from the
waves.These machines disturb the seafloor, change the habitat of
near-shore creatures (like crabs and starfish) and create noise that
disturbs the sea life around them.There is also a danger of toxic
chemicals that are used on wave energy platforms spilling and
polluting the water near them.

3. Source of Disturbance for Private and Commercial
Vessels : Power plants that gather wave energy have to be
placed by the coastline to do their job, and they have to be
near cities and other populated areas to be of much use to
anybody. But these are places that are major thoroughfares
for cargo ships, cruise ships, recreational vehicles and beach
goers. All of these people and vessels will be disrupted by
the installation of a wave energy gathering source.
4. Wavelength :Wind power is highly dependent on
wavelength i.e. wave speed, wave length, wavelength and
water density. Some areas experience unreliable wave
behaviour and it becomes unpredictable to forecast
accurate wave power and therefore cannot be trusted as
reliable energy source.

5. Weak Performance in Rough Weather :The performance
of wave power drops significantly during rough weather.
They must withstand rough weather.
6. Noise andVisual pollution :Wave energy generators may
be unpleasant for some who live close to coastal regions.
They look like large machines working in the middle of the
ocean and destroy the beauty of the ocean.They also
generate noise pollution but the noise is often covered by
the noise of waves which is much more than that of wave
generators.

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed
using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar
heating, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar
architecture and artificial photosynthesis.
When we get the solar energy from the sun it gets trapped
and stored and can be used in various ways to generate power.
Heat energy into electrical energy.

•Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source. Once a
solar panel is installed, solar energy can be produced free of
charge.
•Solar energy will last forever whereas it is estimated that the
world’s oil reserves will last for 30 to 40 years.
•Solar energy causes no pollution.
• Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all. On the other hand,
the giant machines utilized for pumping oil are extremely noisy
and therefore very impractical.

•Very little maintenance is needed to keep solar cells
running.
•There are no moving parts in a solar cell which makes it
impossible to really damage them.
• In the long term, there can be a high return on investment
due to the amount of free energy a solar panel can produce,
it is estimated that the average household will see 50% of
their energy coming in from solar panels

• Solar panels can be expensive to install resulting in a time-
lag of many years for savings on energy bills to match initial
investments.
• Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries
exposure to sunlight; this could be limited by a countries
climate.
• Solar power stations do not match the power output of
similar sized conventional power stations; they can also be
very expensive to build.
• Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar
powered devices can be used at night.The batteries can
often be large and heavy, taking up space and needing to be
replaced from time to time

•Hydroelectricity is the term referring
to electricity generated by hydropower
•production of electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
•It is the most widely used form of renewable energy,
accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation
•150 countries all around the world uses this power
source.

1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at
a constant rate.
2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut,
stopping electricity generation.The water can be saved for
use another time when electricity demand is high.
3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can
contribute to the generation of electricity for many years /
decades.
4.The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water
sports and leisure / pleasure activities. Often large dams
become tourist attractions in their own right.

5.The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.
6.The build up of water in the lake means that energy can
be stored until needed, when the water is released to
produce electricity.
7.When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not
produce green house gases.They do not pollute the
atmosphere

1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built
to a very high standard.
2.The high cost of dam construction means that they must
operate for many decades to become profitable.
3.The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural
environment is destroyed.
4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to
be flooded, must move out.This means that they lose their
farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly
removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead.

5.The building of large dams can cause serious geological
damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in
the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has
depressed the earth’s surface at its location.
6. Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in
the past old dams have been known to be breached (the
dam gives under the weight of water in the lake).This has
led to deaths and flooding.
7. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country
usually means that the water supply from the same river in
the following country is out of their control.This can lead to
serious problems between neighbouring countries.
8. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level.

•Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the
Earth.
•The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original
formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of materials .
•The Earth's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate
to supply humanity's energy needs, but only a very small fraction may be
profitably exploited.
•Thermal energy in to electrical energy.

1) It is a renewable source of energy.
2) By far, it is non-polluting and environment friendly.
3) There is no wastage or generation of by-products.
4) Geothermal energy can be used directly. In ancient
times, people used this source of energy for heating
homes, cooking, etc.
5) Maintenance cost of geothermal power plants is very
less.
6) Geothermal power plants don't occupy too much
space and thus help in protecting natural environment.
7) Unlike solar energy, it is not dependent on the
weather conditions.

1)Only few sites have the potential of Geothermal Energy.
2) Most of the sites, where geothermal energy is produced,
are far from markets or cities, where it needs to be consumed.
3) Total generation potential of this source is too small.
4) There is always a danger of eruption of volcano.
5) Installation cost of steam power plant is very high.
6) There is no guarantee that the amount of energy which is
produced will justify the capital expenditure and operations
costs.
7) It may release some harmful, poisonous gases that can
escape through the holes drilled during construction.

•Biomass is biological material derived from living, or
recently living organisms.
•It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials
which are specifically called ligno cellulosic biomass
•As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly
via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after
converting it to various forms of biofuel.

1. No Harmful Emissions : Biomass energy, for the most
part, creates no harmful carbon dioxide emissions
2. Clean Energy : Because of its relatively clean use,
biomass energy, when used in commercial businesses
such as airlines, receives tax credit from the US
government.This is good for the environment and good
for business. It does release carbon dioxide but captures
carbon dioxide for its own growth.
3. Abundant and Renewable : Biomass products are
abundant and renewable. Since they come from living
sources, and life is cyclical, these products potentially
never run out

Reduce Dependency on Fossil Fuels : It has developed as an alternate
source of fuel for many homeowners and have helped them to reduce
their dependency on fossil fuels

•Inefficient as Compared to Fossil Fuels : Secondly, and
connected to the first, is the relative inefficiency of biomass
energy. Ethanol, as a biodiesel is terribly inefficient when
compared to gasoline, and it often has to be mixed with
some gasoline to make it work properly anyway. On top of
that, ethanol is harmful to combustion engines over long
term use.
•Consume More Fuel : Finally, using trees and tree products
to power machines is inefficient as well. Not only does it
take a lot more fuel to do the same job as using conventional
fuels, but it also creates environmental problems of its own

Are nonrenewable because they take millions of years to
form.
In developing countries, the fossil fuels are fossilized wood,
charcoal, and peat.
In developed countries, the fossil fuels are mainly coal,
natural gas, and oil.

•A major advantage of fossil fuels is their capacity to
generate huge amounts of electricity in just a single
location.
•Fossil fuels are very easy to find.
•When coal is used in power plants, they are very cost
effective. Coal is also in abundant supply.
•Transporting oil and gas to the power stations can be made
through the use of pipes making it an easy task.
•Power plants that utilize gas are very efficient.
•Power stations that make use of fossil fuel can be
constructed in almost any location.This is possible as long
as large quantities of fuel can be easily brought to the power
plants.

•Pollution is a major disadvantage of fossil fuels.This is because
they give off carbon dioxide when burned thereby causing a
greenhouse effect.This is also the main contributory factor to the
global warming experienced by the earth today.
•Coal also produces carbon dioxide when burned compared to
burning oil or gas. Additionally, it gives off sulphur dioxide, a kind
of gas that creates acid rain.
•Environmentally, the mining of coal results in the destruction of
wide areas of land. Mining this fossil fuel is also difficult and may
endanger the lives of miners. Coal mining is considered one of
the most dangerous jobs in the world.

•Power stations that utilize coal need large amounts of fuel. In other
words, they not only need truckloads but trainloads of coal on a
regular basis to continue operating and generating electricity.This
only means that coal-fired power plants should have reserves of coal
in a large area near the plants location
•Use of natural gas can cause unpleasant odors and some problems
especially with transportation.
•Use of crude oil causes pollution and poses environmental hazards
such as oil spills when oil tankers, for instance, experience leaks or
drown deep under the sea. Crude oil contains toxic chemicals which
cause air pollutants when combusted.

Coal Is a Plentiful but
Dirty Fuel
 World’s most abundant fossil fuel
 U.S. has 25%
 Current usage we have a 300 year supply
 Environmental costs of burning coal
 Severe air pollution
 Sulfur released as SO2
 Large amount of soot
 CO2
 Trace amounts of Hg and radioactive materials
 Dirtiest fossil fuel to burn.

“It was supposed to be the fuel source to end all energy
problems and power our future.”

How a Nuclear Reactor Works
 The nucleus of a heavy element, such as
uranium, splits when bombarded by a free
neutron in a nuclear reactor.(1)The fission
process for uranium atoms yields two smaller
atoms, one to three free neutrons, plus an
amount of energy.
 This leads to a continuous reaction which is
considered a chain reaction.

Boiling Water
Reactor
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Expense
Less uranium is needed to produce the same amount of energy as coal
or oil, which lowers the cost of producing the same amount of energy.
Uranium is also less expensive to procure and transport, which further
lowers the cost
.
Reliability
When a nuclear power plant is functioning properly, it can run
uninterrupted for up to 540 days.This results in fewer brownouts or
other power interruptions.The running of the plant is also not
contingent of weather or foreign suppliers, which makes it more stable
than other forms of energy.
No Greenhouse Gases
While nuclear energy does have some emissions, the plant itself does
not give off greenhouse gasses. Studies have shown that what life-cycle
emissions that the plants do give off are on par with renewable energy
sources such as wind power.This lack of greenhouse gases can be very
attractive to some consumers.

Raw Material
Uranium is used in the process of fission because it's a naturally unstable
element.This means that special precautions must be taken during the
mining, transporting and storing of the uranium, as well as the storing of
any waste product to prevent it from giving off harmful levels of
radiation.
Water Pollutant
Nuclear fission chambers are cooled by water.This water is then turned
into steam, which is used to power the turbines.When the water cools
enough to change back into liquid form, it is pumped outside into nearby
wetlands.While measures are taken to ensure that no radiation is being
pumped into the environment, other heavy metals and pollutants can
make their way out of the chamber.The immense heat given off by this
water can also be damaging to eco systems located nearby the reactor.

Waste
When the uranium has finished splitting, the resulting radioactive
byproducts need to be removed. While recycling efforts of this waste
product have been undertaken in recent years, the storage of the
byproduct could lead to contamination through leaks or containment
failures.
Leaks
Nuclear reactors are built with several safety systems designed to
contain the radiation given off in the fission process.When these safety
systems are properly installed and maintained, they function
adequately.When they are not maintained, have structural flaws or were
improperly installed, a nuclear reactor could release harmful amounts of
radiation into the environment during the process of regular use. If a
containment field were to rupture suddenly, the resulting leak of
radiation could be catastrophic.

Case Study: Worst Nuclear
Power Plant Accident in the
World
 April 26, 1986
 In Chernobyl, Ukraine
 Series of explosions caused the roof of a reactor
building to blow off
 Partial meltdown and fire for 10 days
 Huge radioactive cloud spread over many countries
and eventually the world
 350,000 people left their homes
 Effects on human health, water supply, and agriculture

Case Study: Worst Commercial
Nuclear Power Plant Accident
in the U.S.
 March 29, 1979
 Near Harrisburg, PA, U.S.
 Nuclear reactor lost its coolant
 Led to a partial uncovering and melting of the
radioactive core
 Unknown amounts of radioactivity escaped
 People fled the area
 Increased public concerns for safety
 Led to improved safety regulations in the U.S.

Renewable and non renewable sources of energy Niju Thandapra

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