3. WHAT IS SOCIO-LINGUISTICS?
• It is the study on how and what way the
language is used in a specific society and
it is concerned with the effect of
language on the society’s cultural
perception, norms, identity, etc.;
• The investigation between the
relationship of language and society;
4. • Sociolinguistics is essential because it
helps us understand the differences
occur on how we speak in various
social settings, as well as how we use
particular language roles to express
social significance or facets of our
personality.
7. WHAT IS BILINGUALISM?
• It is the phenomenon of speaking
and understanding two or more
languages;
• Can be acquired early by children in
regions where most adults speak
two languages.
8. THREE GENERAL TYPES OF
BILINGUALS
1.Compound bilingual - developed
two language systems
simultaneously with a single
context.
2.Coordinate bilingual - learn two
languages in distinctively separate
contexts.
11. WHAT IS LANGUAGE
CHANGE?
• It is the phenomenon by which permanent
alterations are made in the features and the
use of a language over time.
•It caters all languages we could've ever
encountered.
12. TYPES OF LANGUAGE CHANGE
a. Lexical changes - refers to a change
in the meaning or use of a word, a move of
preference for one word or phrase over
another;
- most likely the recurrent type of language
change and definitely the easiest to detect.
13. Phonetic and Phonological changes –
phonological change is any sound change
that alters the distribution of phonemes in a
language.
- a language develops a new system of
oppositions among its phonemes. Old
contrasts may disappear, new ones may
develop, or they may simply be restructured.
14. - one person could actually adopt the
enunciation or how the other person spoken
out his utterances towards the other, with
this, change takes place.
15. b. Spelling changes - the spelling of English
words is not fixed all the time.
- differences in spelling often catch the eye of a
reader of a text from a previous century and that
it usually changes and is somehow the reason
why there is modification of sounds and
enunciation.
17. c. Semantic changes - the alteration of
meaning occurs because words are constantly
used and what is intended by speakers is not
exactly the same most of the time
- if a different intention for a word is shared by
the speech community and becomes established
in usage then a semantic change has occurred.
18. COMMON TYPES OF SEMANTIC
CHANGE
Amelioration - it is where to upgrade or
elevate word meanings such that one word could
affect negatively but here, it develops in a
positively.
Pejoration - worsen the negative meaning of
the word.
19. Broadening - an expansion or to broader
word meaning to be more inclusive than its prior
meaning.
Semantic narrowing - the opposite of
broadening wherein the meaning of the word
becomes less general or complete than the
former meaning.
20. Bleaching /Semantic loss/Reduction of word
meaning - refers to how the intensity use of a
language differs and here it lessens that emphasis.
Metaphor/Metaphorical change - in semantics,
it is defined on a similarity of form or function between
the original concept and the target concept named by a
certain word.
21. Metonymy - refers to shifting names
between things that are somehow known
to be connected in reality.
22. e. Syntactic change - a phenomenon
creating a shift in language patterns over
time, subject to cyclic drift, which means a
long term pattern.
- where the evolution of the syntactic
structure of a natural language existed.
24. WHAT IS LANGUAGE
SHIFT?
•also known as the assimilation of language
which the community shifts to different
language in an extended period of time.
•the new language is adopted as a result of
contact with another language community and
may cause in the endangerment of the old
language.
25. Factors contributing to Language shift
(Katibatufah, 2015)
•Economic Factor - the role of economic factors
such as a need for work is also reflected to language
shift.
- people can change their location as well as their
language. The most obvious reason of studying another
language is to find jobs.
26. • Social factor - when a group sees no need
to take active action to preserve their ethnic
language, language shift occurs.
- when a group of speakers relocates to an area or
nation where the language is different from their
own, they are more likely to adopt the new
language.
27. •Political Factor - when people are anxious to
succeed in a society where knowing a second
language is needed, a rapid shift occurs.
- in a multilingual nation a political factor forces
language shift, the authority usually select one
language as the lingua franca to unite various ethnic
groups.
28. •Demographic Factor - when the group of
speakers move to an area or country where language
is different from their own, there is tendency for a
new language to become dominant. Since rural groups
are segregated from political power, they are more
resistant to language.
- change in rural areas than urban areas. The majority
of people’s social need can be meet in minority
language.
29. •Attitude and Values - when the minority
group supports the minority language's use in a
number of domains, it makes it easier for them
to resist the majority group’s pressure to turn to
majority groups language.
- the language shift may also be accelerated by
negative attitude toward the language.
- It happens when an ethnic language is
undervalued and not used as a sign of identity.
31. WHAT IS CODE
SWITCHING?
• Code switching is one of these tricks,
which we see more often in school. It’s
natural merging that occurs frequently
among multilingual speakers who shared
two or more languages.
32. •
• when a speaker switches / alternates
between two or more languages ( or
dialects, or variations of language) in
the same conversation
33. REASONS WHY SPEAKERS CODE
SWITCH :
1.To fulfill a need - Code switch tend to
occurs when the speaker is tired, upset, angry
or when they are less fluent in one language.
2. To express Solidarity - switching is often
popular when someone wants to show
solidarity with a specific group.
34. 3. To exclude others - They
use their first language to
gossip or talk about important
matters.
35. TYPES OF CODE
SWITCHING
1. Inter-Sentential - Sentence boundaries,
words or phrases at the start or end of a
sentence are used to switch languages.
- this form is common in bilingual speakers who
are fluent in both language.
36. 2. Intra-Sentential - there are no
interruptions, hesitations, or
delays to signify a change in the
middle of a sentence.
- usually the speaker is completely
unaware of the change.
37. 3. Extra -Sentential / Tag switching - it
is when a single word or a tag phrase is
switched from one language to another.
- it entails inserting tag from one
language into sentence in a different
language.
39. WHAT IS LANGUAGE DEATH?
• this occurs when a language have
already lost its last native speaker;
• when a certain language have no
written documents, or none of the
people are aware about the
language.
40. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO
LANGUAGE DEATH
1. Language assimilation or language
shift - this is when a bilingual speaker
replace his native language with his second
language as the primary means of
communication.
41. 2. Cultural assimilation - occurs when
a certain ethnic group or a small group
adapts to the culture of much bigger
groups.
- this also occur when a speaker or a
group of speakers migrate from another
language speaking community.
42. 3. Colonialism - it occurs when
one nation tyrannize another
through conquering its
population, and forcing its own
language and cultural values upon
its citizens (Blakemore, 2019).
43. FOUR TYPES OF
LANGUAGE DEATH
1.Radical death - this is when the
native speakers stops speaking their
language as a self-defense.
2.Gradual death – when a speaker
gradually replace L1 with L2.
44. 3. Sudden death – a rapid extinction
of language.
4. Bottom-top-death – when a
language is only being used for certain
purposes rather than being a means of
communication.
45.
46. WHAT IS LANGUAGE
REVIVAL?
• Language revival is the process to
which a nearly extinct language is
being revived or brought back.
• This action is taken by Linguists,
the government, community or
cultural groups.
47. FIVE STAGES OF LANGUAGE
ENDANGERMENT
1. Healthy/strong - all generations use
language in variety of settings;
2. Weakening/sick - spoken by older people;
not fully used in younger generations;
3. Moribund/dying - only a few speakers
(non-children) remain; no longer used as
native language by children;
48. 4. Dead - no longer spoken as a
native language; and
5. Extinct - no longer spoken and
barely has written records (if at
all).
50. •A standard language is one that is written
and has been regularized or codified to
some degree (for example, in a grammar
and a dictionary).
•It is also a form of language that a group of
people uses in public.
WHAT IS A STANDARD
LANGUAGE?
51. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
STANDARD LANGUAGE
•A recognized dictionary (standardized
spelling and vocabulary)
• A recognized grammar
•A standard pronunciation (educated
speech)
53. WHAT IS A VERNACULAR
LANGUAGE?
• refers to a language which has not been standardized
and which does not have official status.
• the language or dialect spoken by the common people
of a country or area is known as vernacular.
•often used for a relatively narrow range of informal
function.
54. • the language is spoken as one's
mother tongue rather than being
taught or imposed as a second and it
is also the use of a country's or
region's mother tongue in speech or
written works.
55. CHARACTERISTICS OF
VERNACULAR LANGUAGE
•The standard native language of a country or
locality.
•The everyday language spoken by a people as
distinguished from the literary language.
•A variety of such everyday language specific to a
social group or region.
56. •The idiom of a particular trade or
profession: in the legal vernacular.
• An idiomatic word, phrase, or expression.
•The common, nonscientific name of a plant
or animal.
57. •Native to or commonly spoken by the members
of a particular country or region.
•Using the native language of a region, especially
as distinct from the literary language: a
vernacular poet.
• Relating to or expressed in the native language
or dialect.
58. •Of or being an indigenous building style using
local materials and traditional methods of
construction and ornament, especially as
distinguished from academic or historical
architectural styles.
•Occurring or existing in a particular locality;
endemic: a vernacular disease.
60. WHAT IS A NATIONAL
LANGUAGE?
•A language officially designated the
language of a nation or country.
•national language is meant to bind the
society, in order to achieve our goal to
be an independent state (Muhammad
Ridwan, 2018).
61. FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL
LANGUAGE
•Represents nation's identity which makes it
distinct to the other nations;
• Promotes independency;
•Unifies the people despite the difference
between regions; and
•Performs political, social, and cultural means.
62. COUNTRIES CHOSE ITS
NATIONAL LANGUAGE BY:
•depending on the initial language of the
first people that occupied the homeland.
•depending on the language that the
majority of the people are aware of and
also know how to enact it.
64. WHAT IS AN OFFICIAL
LANGUAGE?
• A language that is given with legal
status to use for a state's
governement, courts,
administration, and other official
purposes (Tanvir Shameem, 2019).
65. •An official language could
not be a national language
unlike national language is a
part of the official language.
66. DE FACTO AND DE
JURE
• segregations or status that are
connected with the national
and official language.
67. WHAT IS A DE FACTO?
• de facto is a language that is not a
legally recognized national language.
It’s a national language that just so
happens to be spoken by the majority
of the people in a particular country
68. WHAT IS A DE JURE?
• A de jure is a language that is a legally
recognized national language. This is a
language that has been legally
established as the national language
of the country.
69. PIDGIN
• Pidgin is created by words and other form
of body language from one or multiple
tongue to develop means of
communication between two or group of
speakers with no common language.
• It is a mode of interaction used in specific
scenarios and it only has small vocabulary
and simple grammatical structure.
70. • This means of communication would
later use as the first language of
children as they grow up and by that,
the pidgin language becomes a creole
and that creole is now a widely
spoken language.
72. WHAT IS A REGIONAL
DIALECT?
• Regional dialect is the various linguistic
differences accumulate in a particular
geographical region.
• The geographical position of an area
has a significant impact on the growth of
a local tongue (Sarah Etter, 2005).
73. International Variety - this variety
talks about the variety of languages
within parts of the world.
Intra-continental or Intra-national
Variety - This variety covers the
differences of the dialects within the
country.
74. Dialect Chain or Cross-continental
Variation - It is the spread of language
variety across the neighboring areas.
- These dialects have a slight common in
its near borders but might be difficult to
be understood on the distant geographical
areas.
76. WHAT IS A SOCIAL
DIALECT?
•It is the variety of language to
which differs from the social
group of the speaker.
77. FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE
SOCIAL DIALECT
• Social class – whether the speaker is from the upper
class, or the lower class.
• Religion – language also differs from religion. For
instance, a Roman Catholic speaker refers their religious
leader as Priest however, for a Hindu speaker, they refer
them to as Brahmin.
78. • Education – it is very obvious that education
would be one of the factors that affects the social
dialect. Through a speakers grammar and
pronunciation, we can recognize whether the
speaker have a formal education or not fortunate at
all.
• Profession – the use of language also varies from
profession, since, a single word may have different
use and meaning for each profession.
79. • Caste – is a form of social classification it
divides the people by their endogamy,
hereditary transmission, ritual status in a
hierarchy, and customary social interaction
and exclusion based on cultural notions of
purity and pollution.
- It is seen in India and Bangladesh, to which,
their matter of speech depends on their caste.
80. • Age – it is understood that the language has
already evolved and left various words from
different generation.
• Gender – the differences may also vary
from the gender. As expected that the
genders are very different from each other.
Each of them have different codes that only
the insider have the ability to understand.
