2. NATALITY/FERTILITY
actual bearing of children / actual level of
performance in a population based on no: of births
that occur
latin root word fertilis means
“bearing in abundance or fruitful “
from ferre means to “bear”
15 to 45 years – a period of 30 years ( women’s rep
period )
fertility can be ascertain from statistics of birth
3.
4. At current fertility levels,
a woman in Pakistan will have
an average of 3.48 children in
her lifetime.
.
5.
6. FACTORS AFFECTING
FERTITLITY
AGE AT MARRIAGE ( 16 to 21 decrease by 20 -30%)
DURATION OF MARRIED LIFE (50 -55% births in 5 -15yrs )
SPACING OF CHILDREN
EDUCATION ( inverse relation ) inc exposure , skills
for employment , female participation in decision
making
ECONOMIC STATUS ( economic development is best
contraceptive )
CASTE AND RELIGION ( muslims have high fertility
rates
FAMILY PLANNING ( PLAY KEY ROLE IN DECLINING
OTHERS
7. Average age of a woman at birth of first
child
Availability of legal abortions
Availability of reliable birth control methods
industrialization , urbanization , Employment
opportunities
housing , better health condition Level of
available health care
Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural
norms
place of women in society , value of children
in society , Perceived cost of having children
8.
9. Psychological: To have urge for many children and feeling
pleasure for having many children.
Social: Early marriage, family customs, lack of education and
pressure from older family members.
Economic and Security Benefits: More children will earn more
and provide security.
Demographic : as IMR is high here so parent wants to replace
children and due to early stoppage of breast
feeding fertility is more.
Causes of high fertility:
10. DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY
DIRECT /DIRECT/
INTERMEDIATE
/proximate
proportion of married among
females
%age of women using
contraceptives and
effectiveness
prevalence of induced abortion
Proportion of women who are
currently not fecund
INDIRECT/BAC
KGROUND
VARIABLES
socioeconomic and
contextual
characterstics that
affects fertility
through change in
proximate
determinants
11. FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS
FERTILITY RATE
The fertility rate is the average
number of children borne by one
woman while being of child-bearing
age
CRUDE BIRTH RATE
GENERAL FERTIITY RATE
AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
GROSS REPRODUCTIVE RATE
12. unsatisfactory
measure because
total population
is not exposed to
the child bearing
( DOESN’T GIVE
TRUE IDEAOF
FERTILITY )
crude birth rate: = No of live births in a year
Population in mid year
multiplied by 1000
Here we take mid year population as in the
beginning or end of the year the no of population
is different and it is crude as in denominator all
male and female are included among them some
are not fit to produce child so it is crude rate.
13. Better than CBR
because the
denominator is
restricted to the
women in child bearing
age
but major weakness is
that not all women in
denominator are
exposed to risk of child
birth
15. Widely used measure in demography
Comparing fertility patterns between two populations
Sensitive indicator of family planning achievements
Computed by
summing all
the ASFR
For all ages
ASFR is not the
summary
measure as it
includes 7 age
groups so we
take TFR and
after
calculating all
ASFR we
multiply by 5 as
it is class
interval
17. Women Having Fewer Babies but Not Few
Enough to Stabilize the World’s Population
Fertility rate
number of children born to a woman during her
lifetime
Replacement-level fertility rate
Average number of children a couple must have to
replace themselves
2.1 in developed countries
Up to 2.5 in developing countries
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Average number of children born to women in a
population
19. Fertility rates are higher in poor resourced countries
but due to high mortality and perinatal deaths there
s reduction in birth rate
Developing countries
Children are needed as
labour force
To provide care in old
ages
FR are higher due to lack
of contraceptives use
Religious beliefs
Economic status
Early marriages
Poor level of living
Developed countries
Tend to have lower FR due to
lifestyle choices associated with
the economic influences where
mortality rate is low
Birth control is easy and
accesible
Children often can
become an economic
drain caused by housing
and education
Higher education and
professional career of
Women married at 15 and ive till 45 yrs is exposed too risk of pregnancy for 3 0 years and may give birth to 15 children
Fertility = actual outcome of conception
Fecundity= physiological capacity of a women to bear a children
The fertility rate is the average number of children borne by one woman while being of child-bearing age. In 2016, the fertility rate in Pakistan amounted to 3.48 children per woman
Imp component of pop that can bring changes in its age sex structure
Broad base pop consisting of lrge no of children causing issues related to healt heducation schoolings creation of jobs etc
Figure 6.5: This graph tracks the total fertility rate for both the more-developed and less-developed regions of the world, 1955–2010, with projections to 2050 (based on medium population projections). Although the world’s average TFR has dropped to 2.5, it will have to drop to around 2.1 to eventually halt the world’s population growth. (Data from United Nations Population Division)
Figure 6.4: This chart shows the populations of the world’s five most populous countries in 2010 and 2050 (projected). In 2010, more than one of every three persons on the earth lived in China (with 19% of the world’s population) or India (with 17%). (Data from United Nations Population Division)