This document provides an introduction to a course on haematology. It outlines the learning outcomes which are to understand the blood system and its role in homeostasis, explain the components of blood and their functions, pathological conditions related to blood, and laboratory analysis techniques. The main topics covered will be introduction to blood, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood disorders, and transfusion. Assessments will include quizzes, exams, assignments and presentations. The first session will describe the components of blood including plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
2. Course Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, students will be able to :
Understand the blood system and its contribution to
homeostasis, health and human welfare
Explain the basic components of blood and their function in
human health and disease
Explain the method of laboratory analysis for the blood
system
Explain the pathological conditions that arise from diseases
related to the blood system
Understand the management of pathological conditions
related to the blood system
3. Main Topics
1. Introduction to the human blood
2. Haematopoiesis
3. The Red Blood Cell
4. The White Blood Cell
5. Platelets and Haemostasis
6. Blood barriers
7. Blood Analysis and Techniques
8. RBC Disorders
9. WBC Disorders
10. Platelet and Haemostasis Disorders
11. Blood Transfusion
6. Related Learning Outcomes
CLO-1 :Understand the blood system and its contribution
to homeostasis, health and human welfare
Session Learning Outcomes
1. Describe blood components
2. Explain the function of each blood component
8. • Vehicle for long-distance, ______________________
between the cells and external environment or
between the cells
• Adults have 4-6 L of blood
• Main components of blood:
– Plasma
– Erythrocytes (RBC)
– Leukocytes (WBC)
– Platelets (thrombocytes)
Blood
mass transport of materials
9. Blood Functions
• Transportation
– transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and
metabolic wastes
• Regulation
– regulates the pH and electrolyte composition of the
interstitial fluids
– regulates body temperature
• Protection
– restricts fluid losses through damaged vessels
11. Blood Plasma
• Largest portion of blood
– 58% in women
– 55% in men
• Medium for materials carried in the blood
• Dissolves large numbers of __________________________
• Functions :
– Membrane excitability
– Osmotic distribution
– Buffering of pH changes
Organic and unorganic compounds
A protein that transport oxygen
12. • Albumins (60%)
– Most abundant plasma proteins
– Oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure
– Non-specifically bind poorly soluble substances
• Globulins (35%)
– Alpha and beta globulins: transport of many water-insoluble
substances
– Gamma globulins: antibodies or immunoglobulins
• Fibrinogen (4%)
– Blood clotting
Plasma Proteins
13. Non-Protein Components of Blood Plasma
• Nitrogenous compounds
– Free amino acids
– NH3, Urea
• Nutrients
– Glucose
– Vitamins, minerals
– Fats, cholesterol
• Dissolved gases
– O2
– CO2
– Nitrogen
• Electrolytes
– Na
– K
– Cl
– Mg
– P
– Ca
14. Formed Elements of Blood
Erythrocyte
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
Platelets
Monocyte
Small
lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Young (band)
neutrophil
Small
lymphocyte
Large
lymphocyte
15. Erythrocytes
• 5 million cells/mm3 blood
• Flat, disc-shaped indented in the middle on both
sides
• _______________: large surface for O2 diffusion
• Flexible membrane
• Contain 250 million of haemoglobin molecules
• No nucleus
• Short life span (~120 days)
Biconcave shape
16. Erythrocyte Enzymes
• Glycolytic enzymes
– Generating the energy needed to fuel the active-
transport mechanism
• Carbonic anhydrase
– Catalyze key reactions that leads to conversion of
CO2 to bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
18. Hemoglobin (Hb)
• Normal Hb level: 14-15g/dl of blood
• Functions of Hb:
– Carrying O2
– Contribute to CO2 transport
– Regulate blood pH buffering capacity
19. Leukocytes
• The least numerous cells in the blood
• Total number of 4,500-11,000 cells/mm3 blood
• Mobile units of body’s immune defense
• Primarily function as defense agents outside the
blood
• Able to exit the blood and reach the infected areas
(___________)
• Lifespan of 12 hours to several days
Diapedesis
21. Platelets
• 150,000-350,000 cells/mm3
• Small cell fragments shed from the
outer edges of megakaryocytes
• Important in hemostasis
Platelets
RBC
WBC
Megakaryocyte
(a)
Bloodflow
Proplatelets
Endothelium
2µm
Pseudopod
Granules
Open
canalicular
system
Mitochondria
Sinusoid of
bone marrow
(b)
a: NIBSC/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
22. Platelet Functions
• Secrete vasoconstrictors that help reduce blood loss
• Form _____________ to seal small breaks
• Secrete pro-coagulants or clotting factors that
promote clotting
• Initiate formation of ___________________
• Chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes to
sites of inflammation
• Phagocytize and destroy bacteria
• Secrete growth factors that stimulate mitosis to
repair blood vessels
platelet plugs
clot dissolving enzyme
