Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Human structure S1.pdf
1. Introduction to the Human Body
Elizabeth Sidhartha, MSc.
elizabeth.sidhartha@i3l.ac.id
BM2103
2. Course Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
• CLO-1 Use anatomical terminology to identify and describe
locations of major organs of each system covered.
• CLO-3 Describe the interdependency and interactions of the
systems.
Session Learning Outcomes
• Elaborate the chemical level of organization
• Identify the organization from the cellular to tissue level
• Understand and able to use anatomical terminology
3. Structure - Anatomy
• The study of the structure of organisms and their parts.
• The oldest and the most basic science in Medicine
• Macroscopic anatomy (or gross anatomy): Study of structures large
enough to be seen with the naked eye
• Microscopic anatomy: Study of structures on a microscopic scale
using optical instruments. It includes histology (study of tissues) and
embryology (study of embryos and their development)
physiology
4. Function - Physiology
• The scientific study of the body function
• It focuses on how biomolecules, cells, tissues, organs and organ
systems function. Human physiology tries to understand the
mechanical, physical and biochemical mechanisms that keep the
human body alive
• Mechanistic (HOW?) and Teleological approach (WHY?)
6. Structural Organization
of the Human Body
Organelles have specific
functions within cells.
Cannot survive outside of
cells
Cells are the
smallest units
that have
characteristics
of life
Tissues are a group of
cells that perform a
specific function
Organs are contained
groups of tissues that
have specific vital
function in the body
Macromolecules are large
moieties that are built from
smaller molecular subunits
Atoms make up
every material thing
in the universe
Molecules are the smallest
fundamental unit that can take
part in chemical reactions
Systems are a group
of organs that
perform complex
tasks in the body
7. Organelles and Cells
• Organelle is a variety of tiny functioning units inside of cells that present in
a flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid,
• Cell is a basic unit of living things. Human is a multicellular organism.
• Several basic activities/functions of all cells:
• obtain nutrients and O2
• make usable energy
• eliminate wastes
• respond to environmental changes
• transport molecules
• reproduce
package and
transport protein
folding protein
cell membrane wall
power house
contain enzyme
contain genome
synthesis protein
cell comunication
8. Tissues
• A tissue is a group of many
similar cells (or a few related
types of cells) that work
together to perform a
specific function
• There are 4 main tissues in
the human body:
• Nervous tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
9. 1. Nervous Tissue
• The most complex system in human body
formed by network of billion nerve
cells.
• Two types of cells:
• Neuron → Conduct electrical signal and responding
to stimuli
• Neuroglia (Glial cell) → provide support and
protection to neuron
11. 3. Epithelial Tissues
• Epithelial tissues cover surfaces exposed to the outside
• Also found associated with glands
• Attached by a basement membrane to connective tissue below
• Basement membrane: A binding material of epithelial tissue in contact with the dividing layer of cell.
Consists of glycoprotein and a meshwork of collagenous and reticular tissue of the underlying connective
tissue.
12. Epithelial Tissues
• Epithelial tissues are classified
based on:
• Shape of epithelial cells
• Number of layers of epithelial cells
14. 4. Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue cells support, protect, and give
shape to the body.
• Connective tissues are composed of cells + fibers
+ ground substance
• Protein fibers associated with connective tissue
are:
• Collagen (bendable)
• Elastin (stretchy)
• Reticular fibers (branched, thin collagenous fibers)
• Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like
substance, mostly composed of large
carbohydrates and proteins
15. Types of Connective Tissues
Less fibers, more cell
Supports structures it
surrounds
More fibers, less cells
Reinforces and binds
structures
16. • Loose connective tissue surrounds
internal organs, muscles, blood
vessels.
• Dense connective tissue are tendons,
ligaments, deeper layer of skin
• Elastic tissue surrounds hollow organs
that change shape/size regularly
• Reticular tissue is found in soft organs
e.g. liver, spleen
Cartilage is found in the nose,
vertebral disks, lining of joint
cavities
17. Organ and Organ System
• An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the
body composed of two or more tissue types.
• Each organ performs one or more specific
physiological functions.
• An organ system is a group of organs that work
together to perform major functions or meet
physiological needs of the body.
• There are eleven distinct organ systems in the human
body.
• Many organs contribute to more than one system.
25. Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is defined as maintaining a stable, constant internal
environment within an organism.
• As changes constantly occur in the external environment, organisms
must have control systems so they can detect these changes and
respond to them.
• Anything that must be maintained in the body within a normal range
must have a control system.
• For example, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose
levels all have to be regulated.
26. Feedback Mechanism
Negative Feedback
• Adjustments to bring body back
to within acceptable range
Positive Feedback
• Emergency response to amplify
stimulus
28. Today’s Summary
Structural Organization of
the Human Body
Organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ system
Tissue types: nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective
Anatomical Terminology
Body positions
Planes
Directional terms
Concept of Homeostasis
Feedback mechanism
Control system
