This document discusses infertility in sows and rabbits. For sows, infertility can be caused by anoestrus (lack of estrus), conception failure, or pregnancy failure. Seasonal infertility is also common in sows during summer and autumn. In rabbits, non-infectious factors like nutrition (pregnancy toxemia) and infectious diseases (syphilis, pasteurellosis) can cause infertility. Proper management and early detection of infertility can help reduce costs for farmers.

1. Infertility of sow and rabbit
Prepared by Nur Ariani binti Dzulkarnain
BR12110082

2. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
• In sow, there are possibility that sow is facing
seasonally infertility especially during summer and
autumn.
• Reduction in fertility in pigs in the summer and
early autumn has been reported in many countries
and appears to manifest as a range of problems.
• In the other hand, rabbits under suitable
husbandry conditions and good nutrition, rabbits
are prolific breeders.
• However, there are a number of non-infectious
and infectious diseases of rabbits that have a
specific effect on the reproductive system.

3. 2.0FACTORS AFFECTING
THE INFERTILITY OF SOW
• Any investigation of herd fertility needs to
begin with an evaluation of the problem
which requires an initial understanding of
the history of the problem and examination
of the records which may be presented in
various ways.
• The problem can be categories as
anoestrus; conception failure and
pregnancy failure.

4. 2.1 ANOESTRUS
• Anostrus is an absence of estrous behavior
that is standing to a boar or to the riding test.
– inevitable at certain stages in a sow’s life such as
before puberty, during pregnancy and lactation.
• However, it can be one of the commonest
reproductive disorders of sow and gilts if not clarify
that the problem is truly one of the anoestrus and
not simply inadequate estrous detection.

5. Investigation and treatment of
anoestrus
• There are three method to investigate the
situation further after obtain the records from
the previous observation on the sow.
– ovarian function tests;
– post-mortem examination; and
– realtime ultrasound.
• In serious cases where ovaries are truly
inactive, it may be worth considering
hormone therapy as a means of restoring the
cyclical activity.
– a combination of equine chorionic gonadotrophin
(sCG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin
(hCG).

6. 2.2CONCEPTION FAILURE
• Defined as viable ova did not come into contact
with viable spermatozoa at the appropriate time
which is either total conception failure (regular
return to service) or partial conception failure
(reduction in litter size).
• ‘A single mating at the appropriate stage of estrus
should be sufficient to get a high proportion of ova
fertilized at the optimum time to ensure a high
embryonic survival rate and large litter size at
birth’- Lynch and O’Grady (1984).
– Inappropriate timing of service results in conception
failure.

7. 2.3PREGNANCY FAILURE
• Failure to establish pregnancy.
– Unattached conceptuses within the uterus are
susceptible to damage by many factors.
• Failure of an established pregnancy.
– Death of conceptuses during the embryonic
stage tends to result in resorption if abortion
does not occur.

8. 3.0INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF
INFERTILITY IN SOWS
• There are mainly nine viruses that can cause
reproductive disease such as
– Aujeszky's disease (AD) virus or pseudorabies virus
(PRV);
– Porcine parvovirus (PPV);
– Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
(PRRS);
– Classical swine fever virus (CSF);
– Swine influenza virus (SI);
– Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV);
– border disease virus (BDV);
– enterovirus (SMEDI); and
– Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV).

9. 4.0 REPRODUCTIVE DISEASE
AND INFERTILITY OF RABBIT
• Non-infectious factors.
– Environment: heatstroke, ultrasound and
lighting.
– Nutrition: Pregnancy toxaemia (Ketosis).
• combination of inappropriate diet, fetal load, inability to
ingest sufficient feed and perhaps exacerbating stress
factors.
• Signs include loss of appetite, dullness of eyes,
sluggishness, difficulty breathing, and lying down.
– Neoplasia: Uterine adenocarcinoma
• a gland-like, malignant type of tumor that arises from
the secretory tissue that lines the inner cavity of the
uterus.

10. Cont.
• Infectious disease.
– Rabbit syphylis
• caused by the organism Treponema cuniculi and
affects both sexes.
• Small blisters or slow-healing sores are formed,
which then become covered with a heavy scab
which usually are confined to the genital region,
but the lips and eyelids may also be involved.
– Pasteurellosis
• Pasteurella multocida is a frequent bacterial
pathogen of rabbits and cause genital infections.
• The only sign of an infection in the uterus may be a
thick, yellowish-gray vaginal discharge.

11. 5.0 CONCLUSION
• Generally, fertility of animals is very important
to produce a continuous offspring and
increase the production of the animals.
• Thus, good managements and practices some
how can reduce the infertility of sow and
rabbit.
• However, early detection of infertile animals
could also reduce any possibility to breed
them and reduce any costs of services.

12. 6.0 REFERENCES
• Meredith, M. J., (1984), Pig News Info., 5, 213.
• Muirhead, M. R., (1976), Proc. Pig Vet. Soc., 1, 49.
• Sandford, J. C. (1996), The Domestic Rabbit, 5th ed. Oxford:
Blackwell Scientific.
• Schilling, E. and Cerne, F. (1972), Vet. Rec., 91, 471.
• van der Meulen, J., Helmond, F. A. and Oudenaarden, C.P.J.,
(1987), Proc. Dutch Federation Meeting, Nijmegen, Holland,
p. 320.
• Weisbroth, S. H., Flatt, R. E., and Kraus, A. L., (1974), The
Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit. Orlando, Florida: Academic.
• Wilson, M.R. and Love, R.J., (1986), Proc. 9th IPVS Congr.,
p. 21.
• Wrathall, A.E., (1975), Reproductive Disorders in the Pig,
Review Series No. 11. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal
Health.

13. Thank You
for Your Attention…