2. CURRENT STATISTICS IN INDIA
AIM OF PROJECT :
SOLAR RADIATION VS ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
PROJECTION EFFECT
APPLICATIONS
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
DESIGNING
FUTURE SCOPE
3. We are using single axis solar trackers
Gujarat is leading in solar power
generation(654.8MW)
Rajasthan stands second(510.5MW)
Andhra Pradesh stands third (22MW)
4. Trackers need not point directly at the sun to
be effective. If the aim is off by ten degrees the
output is still 98.5% of the full-tracking
maximum.
Single-axis trackers follow the sun accurately
enough that their output can be very close to
full tracking.
Dual-axis trackers (“full tracking”) are used to
tilt and rotate to point directly at the sun,
taking maximum advantage of the sun’s
energy.
5.
6. Angle of incidence Direct power lost
0 0
1 0.015
3 0.14
8 1
23.4 8.3
30 13.4
45 30
75 >75
7. Concentrated solar power (CSP) applications
using dual axis tracking include solar power
towers and dish systems
In satellite
In ships and boats
For mobile applications like electrical vehicles
8. DEFINITION: A solar cell (also called
photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell) is a
solid state electrical device that converts
the energy of light directly into electricity
by the photovoltaic effect.
PRINCIPLE: Photoelectric effect.
They produce direct-current (DC)
electricity
Can be connected in both series and
parallel electrical arrangements to
produce any required voltage and current
combination.
10. MEANING: A Device which follows the movement of the sun as it rotates from
the east to the west every day.
NEED FOR TRACKING: The energy contributed by the direct beam drops off
with the cosine of the angle between the incoming light and the panel.
11. PASSIVE TRACKING SYSTEM: Realizes the movement of the system by
utilizing a low boiling point liquid.Vapourization of liquid-shift of centre of mass-new
equilibrium position.
12. SINGLE AXIS TRACKING
SYSTEM:
o It can only pivot in one plane–
either horizontally or
vertically-only one degree of
freedom.
o Commanded by a controller
responding to the solar
direction.
o less complicated
o generally cheaper
o less effective at harvesting
the solar energy.
DUAL AXIS TRACKING
SYSTEM:
o Two degrees of freedom
o Can rotate
simultaneously in
horizontal and vertical
directions
o Provide the best
performance
o More complicated
o High accuracy.
ACTIVE TRACKING SYSTEM:
13. PARTS / COMPONENTS USED
LOGIC BEHIND THE PROJECT
INTERFACING
WORKING
14. SOLAR PANEL
STEPPER MOTORS
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
LDR’S FOR SENSING
BATTERY
15. •A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on
a supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly
of photovoltaic cells.
• The efficiency of a module:6-20%
16. A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC
electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number
of equal steps.
17. A microcontroller is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing a processor core,
memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
The ATMEGA-168
Features: -
•Flash : 16KB
• EEPROM : 1024B
• SRAM : 512B
• Clock freq. : upto 20MHz
• Supply voltage : 2.8-5.5v
18. LDR (Light Dependant Resistor):
The principle on which these work is that their resistance
decreases as the light intensity increases
Typically it is about 1M ohm in darkness, 10K ohm in moderate
light and 2K ohm or less in bright sunlight)
19.
20. Lead–acid batteries are the oldest type
of rechargeable battery.
Their ability to supply high surge
currents means that the cells maintain a
relatively large power-to-weight ratio.
These features, along with their low cost,
make them attractive for use
21.
22. LDR 1 LDR 2 LDR 3 LDR 4 LDR 5 ACTION
0 X X X X NO ACTION
1 0 0 X X Rotate right
1 0 1 X X Rotate right
1 1 0 X X Rotate left
1 1 1 0 1 Move down
1 1 1 1 0 Move up
1 1 1 1 1 NO ACTION
+5 V
28. START
LDR 1=1
LDR2=LDR3=
LDR4=LDR5=1
DELAY/
SLEEP
YES YES
ROTATE RIGHT ROTATE LEFT
LDR2=LDR3
=1
LDR2
>LDR3
LDR4
=LDR5
=1
LDR4
>LDR5
YES
ROTATE UP ROTATE DOWN
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
