1971 indo pak war

2. Presentation of Politics &Foreign Policy Of
India
 Presented To:
Respected Sir Ishfaq Ahmad
 Presented By:
Syeda Maha Tariq, Ro SuRyong
Sumaira Nazir, Sidra Ali, Sayyam Manzoor

3. Indo pak war 1971

4. Background
 Partition of sub continent in 1947
 East west Pakistan
 1948 war
 1965 war
 Tashkant agreement

5. The root of discord
 Operation searchlight
 Liberation war
 Elections of 1970

6. Origin of crisis
 Role of personalities:
 Sheikh mujeeb ur rehman
 Zulfiqar ali bhutto
 General yahya khan
 General tikka khan
 Mrs. Indira gandhi

7. Sheikh mujeeb ur rehman
 Charismatic
personality.
 Formation of Awami
league.
 Won election in east
Pakistan.
 6 point formula.
 Mujeeb was arrested.

8. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
 Got majority seats in
west Pakistan
 He says:
 “whosoever goes to
east pakistan I will
break his legs”

9. General Yahya Khan
 Become president of
Pakistan in 1969
 General Tikka khan
 Order to pacifying
east Pakistan
 Crackdown of 25
march 1971

10.  Several crackdown by Pak army
 Massive loss of civilian life
 8 million refugees to neighbouring India
 West Bengal worestly effected by refugees
problems

11. Mrs Indra Gandhi
 Indian prime minister
 Support bengali freedom
fighters specially mukti
bahini
 She says:
 “We take revenge of 65”
 “Today we throw two
nation theory in Bay of
Bengal”

12.  “Today we ended the mughlia sultanat forever”
 PAF attack on suspected mukti bahini camps
 3 dec 1971
 Mrs Indra Gandhi broadcast to the nation

13. War is declared..

14. War is declared
 Strikes
 5:40 pm on 3 dec 1971
 PAF aircrafts struck 9
Indain airfields along the
western border
 2 front war

15. Entering of Indian
troops Into East Pakistan

16. Modest aims, Ambitious Action
• Key men in Lightening operations in 1971
• Indian Army Chief General Sam Maneckshaw
• Lt . General K . P . Candeth
• Lt . General J . S. Aurora
• Major General J.F.R. Jacob

17.  Objective of India: occupy territories of
Bangladesh in limited time
 Objective of Pakistan: Delay the Indian army
advance

18.  Limited aim of General Maneckshaw : occupy
only two areas of East Pakistan, Chittagong and
Khulna
 Capturing the whole of East Pakistan seemed
impossible due to geography and terrain of
Pakistan
 Three major rivers - the Brahmaputra, the
Ganga and the Meghna - divided East Pakistan
into four natural regions

19.  Lt. General Aurora's Chief of Staff, Major General
Jacob
“ I think the aim of the government was
to take as much territory as possible in East
Pakistan as to establish an Bangladeshi government
in their own territory.”
.
Dhaka was the geo-
political centre of East
Pakistan and seizing it was
most crucial.

20.  East Command went ahead with their own plans
although Army Headquarters felt it was
impossible to achieve.
 Jacob`s commander, Lt. General Aurora
provided full support for his
Army`s own plans and
allowed Jacob to pull
down troops kept in
reserve.

21.  "We realised that any campaign to be successful
had to be swift. The United Nations was putting
great pressure on us and also the Russians had
indicated that they did not want to exercise their
veto any more, therefore any campaign had to
be quick. We realised that Niazi was going to
fortify the towns and defend them in strength.
We therefore decided not attack any towns but
bypass them using subsidiary tracks to get to our
objective: Dhaka." Jacob

22. Thousands of troops and tones of equipments
successfully crossed the rivers.
Due to efforts and help from
- Army Corps of engineers
- Mukti Bahini
- IAF
- Local Help
 Within 6 days of the war, Indian
troops penetrated deep into Pakistan.

23. Using Blockade From Seas
 1971 war was the first
and only occasion when
the Indian political
leadership properly used
military power for
achieving a clear national
aim.

24. East and West Pakistan were two separate
geographical entities more than 1,600 miles
apart, the only way Pakistani forces in East
Pakistan could be sustained was through the sea.
Navy was given the strategic task of denying
both East and West Pakistan access to war
supplies.

25.  in short : complete naval blockade of both
parts of Pakistan.
 The bigger aim : ensuring that conflict will not
be perpetuated beyond the time required to
capture a chunk of East Pakistani territory.
Aims of Indian Navy

26.  India`s sole aircraft carrier at the time.
 a carefully preserved World War II vintage
carrier built in Britain.
 Vikrant would be used to
blockade the ports in East
Pakistan, and destroy the
riverine crafts used by the
Pakistanis there.
INS Vikrant

27.  The day war was declared, the Vikrant, which
had been anchored off the northern-most tip of
the Andaman & Nicobar chain of islands,
moved towards the principal East Pakistani port,
Chittagong.
 Pakistani submarine PNS Ghazi was dispatched
to the east. It failed to cause any damage to
Vikrant and was detected and sunk.
Vikrant in Action

28.  The most dramatic naval plan was drawn up by
the Western Naval Command.
 the main attack on Karachi harbor would be
launched by tiny PT-15 missile boats instead of
regular warships.
 three missile boats were chosen for the mission
and dispatched in the dead of night from
Bombay harbor.
 Leading the missile boat squadron was
Commodore Babru Bahan Yadav
The attack on Karachi

29.  Our ships were little more than boats and did
not have the range to go all the way to Karachi
on their own steam. So an oiler was placed
about half-way to the target and we were able to
refuel and carry on.
 Only Nipat, the boat I was on, could proceed
towards Karachi harbour. We pressed on and
fired missiles on Karachi which hit the oil
installations there. The attack took place just 1
minute before midnight and we could see the
flames from the oil installations lighting up the
sea. It looked like Diwali (Indian festival of lights
and firecrackers)."

30. The Indian Navy accomplished the task assigned
to it within the first few days of the war.
 No enemy shipping could move in or out of its
harbors.
 Merchant ships did not dare approach Karachi.
 Control of the seas around both wings of
Pakistan was with the Indian Navy.

31. Defending the west

32. Limited plans
 Aim was not the destruction of Pakistan
 Took as much as territory from the Pakistan
 Pakistani commanders, aware of this basic
dynamic
 Concentrated all forces in the West
(starfighters, Chinese F-6, T-59 tanks, US built
Patton tanks)

33. The first blow
 Attacking nine Indian
air bases on 3 December
1971
 Major General
Z.C.Bakshi commanding
the 26 Indian infantry
division
 “CHICKEN’S NECK”

34. Cont…
 Two Indians army
commands: western
command & southern
command;
 Engaged in offensive
action
 Defense rather than
offense.

35. Cont..
 Three offensive missions:
 To move toward Sialkot
 To capture shakargarh
 To move across the deserts

36. Attacks by 1 corps:
 Lt.General K.K.Singh
(HQ’s pathankot)
 Attack the bulge from
three sides
 attack from samba
 Western tip of the bulge
 Southern part of the
bulge

37. Cont…
 Not secure there objectives
 54 division
 Pakistanis had got the wind of the plan
 “17 HORSE’’

38. Battle of the Longewal
 Fought in the deserts of Rajistan
 India lost a vast expanse of desert
 On Pakistan side principal town is Rahimiyar
khan
 ON Indian side principal town are Jaislmir,
Barmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur

39. 14 DAYS WAR

41. Dec 3..
 5:30 pm..PAF attack on Amritsar, pathankot,
Sirinagar, Ambala & Agra.
 National emergency declared.
 Indira Gandhi
 “Aggression must be met and people of India
will met with fortitude, determination and
almost unity”

42. Dec 4
 Indian retaliates by
bombing Pak Air
Bases(Massroor,
Dacca, Jessore)
 Indian attacks on
Chitagong.
 Pakistan attacks on
Lonngawala.

43. Dec 5
 Indian navy target the port of Karachi.
 Pak-Champ & J&K.
 US resolution for ceasefire.

44. Dec 6..
 Indian troops
advance in Sailkot.
 Indian recognizing
Bangladesh.
 IAF hits Attock Oil
Refinery.

45. Dec 7..
 Indian liberate Jessore and Jhenida in East
Pakistan from Pakistan control.

46. Dec 8..
 INS vinash fires for
missiles into Karachi
 Port city burn for
several days

47. Dec 9
 Major setback to
India.
 INS khukri is sunk
by a submarine
killing more then
190 crew

48. Dec 10..
 Fighting again
intensifies in
Chhamb
 Pakistan try to
push through
Indian defences

49. Dec 11..
 Indian airforce
drop 100 of
paratroops at
Tangail
 Fierce battle in
Shakargarh

50. Dec 12
 Lt.Genral AAk Niaza.
 12 dec first press
confrence in Dacca
“Dacca will fall only
over my dead body”

51. Dec 13
 Indian troops of 11infantary division occupy the
major town of Parbat Ali
 Pakistan stems indian attack to occupy
Shakargarh

52. Dec 14
 IAF targets on sui base plant in sind
 IAF attack with MiG-21s
 Gorvernor of East pakitan A H Malik resign

53. Dec 15
 Siege of Dacca continue
 Heavy fighting in J&K.
 Mukti bahni force accompany advancing Indian
paratroops
 Ceasefire/surrender.

54. Dec 16
 Lt.Genral Naizi
 Lt.Genral Jagit Singh
Aurora
 Sign instruments of
surrender
 5:00 pm

55. Result
 Decisive Indian and Bangladeshi victory
 Eastern front:
Pakistani forces surrender.
 Western front:
Ceasefire after Pakistani surrender in the east

56. Strength
 Indian Armed
Forces:500,000
Mukti Bahini: 175,000
 Pakistan Armed Forces:
365,000

57. Territorial
changes
 Separation and liberation of East Pakistan as the
independent state of Bangladesh

58. Casualties and losses
 India
 3,843 killed
 9,851 wounded
 Indian Okha harbour
damaged/fueling
facilities destroyed
 Pakistan
 9,000 killed
 4,350 wounded
 97,368 captured
 Pakistani main port
Karachi facilities
damaged/fuel tanks
destroyed

59.  Pakistani airfields
damaged and
cratered
 Pakistani Claims
 42 PAF Aircraft
 Indian Claims
 94 PAF Aircraft
 Damage to western
Indian airfields
 Pakistani Claims
 130 IAF Aircraft
 Indian Claims
 45 IAF Aircraft

60. International Community

61. Role of US and China
• Indira Gandhi wrote to Nixon about the
‘carnage in East Bengal’
• And the flood of refugees, burdening India.
• After LK jha (then the Indian ambassador to US
) had warned Kissinger that India might have to
send back some of the refugees as guerrillas
• Nicson commented, ‘By God we will cut off
economical aid (India)

62. Cont..
 introduce a resolution in the security council.
 US sympathise with Pakistan.
 US needed help from china
 Kissinger arrived in Beijing.
 China support Pakistan.
 China feared any action on India might attract
Soviet aggression.

63. Cont..
 US assured china that any action taken by USSR
will be counter by US to protect China.

64. Role of USSR
 Gave full support to Indian Army and Mukti
Bahni
 Indira Gandhi has failed to gain American
support any sympathy.
 She singed a treaty with USSR. Indo-Soviet
Friendship Treaty of August 1971.
 It was a shock to US.
 Vetoed resolution.