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SDPM - Lecture 1 - Introduction
1. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Introduction
System‘s Development
and
Project Management
Prof. Dr. Thomas Bäck
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2. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Introduction
! System‘s Development and Project
Management
! Prof. dr. Thomas Bäck, Natural Computing
! Room 169, Tel. 7108, baeck@ liacs.nl
! Also – Company Experience
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3. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science Dates
Feb. 1 14:45 – 17:30 Introduction, Project Description
Feb. 2 13:45 – 16:30 STEP WISE Approach to Project Planning
Feb. 9 13:45 – 16:30 Selecting an Appropriate Software Dev.
Approach
Feb. 15 14:45 – 17:30 Activity Planning and Resource Allocation
Feb. 16 13:45 – 16:30 Software Effort Estimation
Feb. 22 14:45 – 17:30 Risk management, project escalation
Feb. 23 13:45 – 16:30 Project monitoring and control
Mar. 1 14:45 – 17:00 Exam
Mar. 2 13:45 – 16:30 Software Quality Assurance
Mar. 8 14:45 – 17:30 Managing People; Contract Management
Mar. 9 13:45 – 16:30 Various
Mar. 15 14:45 – 17:30 Trade Fair
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5. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Project Management and Success
! Technical Issues
! Hardware / software / telecommunications systems don‘t work
! Frequent failure / errors in operation
! Economic Issues
! Time or budget overrun
! Low / no ROI („productivity paradox“)
! Organizational (implementation) Issues
! Resulting system fails to achieve desired benefit
! Users reject system
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6. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Course Content
! What is project management ?
! Student project: Save Energy
! Planning and revising projects
! Project lifecycles
! Estimating effort: size and productivity models
! Risk management and project escalation
! Controlling projects, including earned value analysis
! Managing project and process quality
! Managing people and organizing teams: motivation and
capability
! Contract management
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7. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Course Structure
! 10 interactive lectures:
! 45 min teaching – 15 min break
! 45 min teaching – 15 min break
! In-class assignments (20 – 40 min) + student presentations
! Case studies
! Written exam (closed book, Mar. 1)
! Hands-on development project
! Save Energy application ideas
! Project plans, reports
! Final trade fair (Mar 15, 14:45 – 17:30)
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8. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Grade Composition
! 15% project proposal (‚bid‘) [group]
! 25% detailed project plan [group]
! 5% Deutsche Bank case [group]
! 5% reflection paper on group project
[individual] management issues
! 5% in-class participation [individual]
! 25% written exam [individual]
! 20% trade-fair – project presentation [group]
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9. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Required Literature
! Bob Hughes, Mike Cotterell: Software
Project Management, 3e or 4e, McGraw-
Hill ISBN 007709834
! Blackboard: readings and assignments
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10. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
What is a Project ? 1. Temporary
2. Unique Products, Services, or Results
3. Progressive Elaboration
! A definition
! „A specific design or plan“
! Key elements
! Non-routine
! Specific objectives
! Planned
! Predetermined time span
! Constrained resources
! Work carried out for a third party
! Work involves several specializations or phases
! Size and complexity
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11. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Typical Project Cost and Staffing
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12. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Stakeholder‘s Influence over Time
Influence of stakeholders
Cost of changes
Time
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13. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
ICT Project Management
! Part art, part science
! Activities have duration, required resources
and sequence (path)
! Critical path: Link of activities where delay
causes delay in entire project !
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14. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
ICT Project Management: Two Exercises
! Design a project plan for
! Organizing a party next weekend
Small birthday party … Vienna opera ball
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15. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Software Engineering is more Difficult !
! Due to …
! Complexity
! Conformity (with human requirements)
! Changeability
! Invisibility
It therefore needs specialized management
techniques to deal with it !
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16. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Common Activities
Is it worth
doing? How do we do
Feasibility Study it ?
Planning Do it !
Execute Project
! Feasibility study – decide if project is worth
doing
! Plan how you are going to do it, then do it.
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17. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Execute Project (Hughes-Cotterrell Stages)
Requirements
Gathering
Specification
Design
Code
Testing
Implement
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18. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Execute Project
! Functional Requirements
! What the system is to do
! Systems analysis aims to provide these
! Quality Requirements
! Other attributes of the system, e.g., response time,
usability, reliability
! Resource / time Requirements
! Cost
! Time
! Trade-offs between the different factors
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19. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Managerial Issues
! Management may involve:
! Planning - deciding what is to be done
! Organizing - making arrangements
! Staffing - selecting the right people
! Directing - giving instructions
! Monitoring - checking on progress
! Controlling - taking action to remedy hold-ups
! Innovating - coming up with new solutions
! Representing - liaising with users
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20. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Managerial Issues
! Internal stakeholders may be:
! In the project team
! Outside the team but in the organization
! External stakeholders may be:
! Customers or users affected by the system
! Contractors
! There will be different types of users with
different interests
! Need for good communication !
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21. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Objectives
! Different stakeholders will have different
objectives
! Need for agreed objectives
! Need for an identifyable project authority
! To set, monitor and modify objectives
! Can contain user, development and management
representatives
! Objectives
! Can be informally expressed as: „In order for the
project to be a success, the project must …“
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22. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Objectives (cont‘d)
! Objectives must be:
! Concrete
! Have measure of success
! Objectives can be:
! Broken down into sub-objectives or goals
! Can be informally expressed as „in order to
achieve A, we must achieve B, C, D, etc.“
! Identifying sub-objectives involves considering the
„how“ as well as the „what“
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23. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Problems - I
! Project Manager‘s point of view:
! Poor estimates and plans
! Lack of quality standards and measures
! Lack of guidance about making organizational
decisions
! Lack of techniques to make progress visible
! Poor role definition – who does what ?
! Incorrect success criteria
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24. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Problems - II
! Staff‘s point of view:
! Inadequate specification of work
! Management ignorance of IT
! Lack of knowledge and application area
! Lack of standards
! Lack of up-to-date documentation
! Preceding activities not completed on time
! Lack of communication between users and technicians
! Lack of communication leading to duplication of work
! Lack of commitment (especially when tied to one person)
! Narrow scope of technical expertise
! Changing statutory requirements
! Changing software environment
! Deadline pressure
! Lack of quality control
! Remote management
! Lack of training
! ...
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25. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Examples
! German toll collect system (2 years late, 2 billion €).
! US IRS was to abandon tax system modernization
programme after having spend $4 billion.
! State of CA spent $1 billion on non-functional welfare
database system.
! 500 million € UK air traffic control system 2 years
behind schedule.
! …
! All government ? Many industry examples as well.
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26. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Other Aspects I
! Setting Objectives
! Project authority
! Project board
! Sub-objectives and goals
! Measures of effectiveness
• Predictive measures (while constructing the system)
• Performance measures (operational system)
! Stakeholders
! Internal to project team
! External, but within same organization
! External to project team and organization
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27. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Other Aspects II
! Business Case
! Justification for project
! E.g., cost-benefit analysis
! Requirement Specification
! Functional: Systems Analysis and Design
! Quality: Response time, reliability, …
! Resources: Time and cost
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28. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Feasibility Study: Contents
! Introduction: What this document is
! Description of current situation
! Problem description
! Boundaries
! Scope
! Proposed development
! Business and financial aspects
! Technical aspects
! Organizational aspects
! Estimated costs
! Development costs
! Operational costs
! Envisaged benefits
! Recommendation
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29. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Project Plan: Contents
! Introduction
! Background, incl. Reference to the business case.
! Project objectives
! Constraints
! Project products (deliverable and intermediate)
! Methods
! Activities to be carried out
! Resources to be used
! Risks
! Management, including
! Organizational responsibilities
! Quality management
! Configuration management
! Success factors
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30. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Project Plan: Structure
! Introduction
! Management Summary
! Goals and objectives
! Business goals
! Benefits
! Objectives
! Scope, Key deliverables, Prioritization
! Organization, responsibilities, resources
! Risks, Risk Containment
! Other Issues
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31. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
The System‘s Development Life Cycle
6a. Final assembly
5. Test and delivery
4. Implemen-
tation
7. Correct,
Maintain
3. System
Design Functional
Release
2. Systems 6b. Final assembly
Analysis and delivery
1. Pre-study
Correction
Release
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32. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Project Management and Success
! Traditionally: trace production of „milestone“ documents (functional
specs = 14%, logical design = 30%, …)
! But: cost will migrate out of any activity that is measured more
carefully than its neighboring activities
! Escalating committment to failure
% Completion
120
Percentage Completion 100
Law of diminishing 80
60 % Completion
returns 40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time
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33. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Law of diminishing (marginal) returns
! When one of the factors of production is held fixed in supply,
successive additions of the other factors will lead to an increase in
returns up to a point.
! Beyond this point, returns will diminish.
! Example: Agricultural production (seed amount – growth
production, no. of workers – total labor and harvesting done).
Diminishing returns
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No. Of Total physical Marginal physical Average Physical
workers product (TPP) product (MPP) Product (APP) 120
1 10 10 10 100 Total physical product
80 (TPP)
2 30 20 15
Marginal physical
Tons
3 90 60 30 60
product (MPP)
40
4 120 30 30 Average Physical
20 Product (APP)
5 130 10 26
0
6 120 -10 20
-20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of Workers
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34. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Prioritizing and Managing Expectations
Processing in
Development Customer
Screening Prioritization Development
Request Entry Feedback
(product planning)
Selection of
most relevant
Reduction of: needs
• unclear
• doubles
100 dev. • curr. release
requests • next release - 60%
logged in • out of scope X selected as planning input
the system
Y denied
- 30% Z input for next year planning
archived Transfer to
next year‘s
cycle
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35. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Your Project: Save Energy
Demonstrator of innovative application that
stimulates to save energy
36. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Save Energy
! EU project on user behaviour transformation
by empowerment of the users with ICT
5 Pilots:
-Lisbon
-Leiden
-Manchester
-Helsinki
-Lulea
37. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Leiden Employee Behaviour
! Electricity, switching on/off:
! PC, monitor
! Lighting
! Miscellaneous equipment
! Heating:
! Setpoint for room temperature
! Turn heater on/off
! Close/open windows
39. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Current Initiatives in Leiden Pilot
! Weekly Energy Emails
• Real time energy displays
40. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Assignment
! Develop a demonstrator that runs on a pc,
smart phone or presentation screen that
displays the current energy consumption of
individuals and stimulates users to save
energy.
! Present in trade-fair setting
41. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Remarks:
! Keep in mind the audience (Municipality
employees)
! Real data is available (SOAP webservice)
SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for
exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services in computer
networks.
! Think of what motivates to save energy!
42. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Save Energy Project
! Meet as Team
! Actually, you will have many meetings …
! Teamwork is of critical importance
! Project proposal (bid) due by
! February 18, midnight
February 18, midnight Assignment 1:
Project proposal ( bid )
February 25, midnight Assignment 2:
Project Plan including functional specification
March 1, midnight Assignment 3:
Deutsche Bank case, 5 ppt slides
March 1 (14:45 – 17:00) Exam
March 15 (14:45 – 17:30) Trade fair
March 16, midnight Assignment 4:
Personal reflection paper on project management
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