Published by Indonesia Water and Sanitation Working Group. First Edition in August 2003

2. Information Media for Water Supply and
From the Editor 1
Environmental Sanitation
Your Voice 2
Published by:
Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation Main Feature
Gender Issue in Water Supply and Sanitation Provision 3
Advisor:
Director General for Urban and Gender Implementation in WSS Development Projects in Indonesia 7
Rural Development, Department of Public Works Interview
Board of Trustee: Deputy of Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of
Director of Human Settlement and Housing,
Women Empowerment 9
National Development Planning Agency Republic
of Indonesia Regulation
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Ministry of Health Special Fund Allocation for Water Supply and Sanitation System 11
Director of Water Supply Development, Insight
Department of Public Works
Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate What Makes CLTS Work? 13
Technology, Director General on Village and Regardless of Funding Source, What Counts is the Plan 18
Community Empowerment,
Department of Home Affairs Waste is a Friend Instead of an Enemy 20
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
Environment Management,
Balanced Scorecard Method 22
Department of Home Affairs Inspiration
Chief Editor: Tatung-Azizah's Willingness to Manage the Community's Water Supply System 25
Oswar Mungkasa Our Guest
Board of Editor: Ananda: Deeply Concerns with Water Scarcity 26
Indar Parawansa, Bambang Purwanto
Innovation
Editor: Bioporous Infiltration Pit 28
Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,
Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono Opinion
Post Project Facilitation, Anyone Interested? 30
Design/Illustrator:
Rudi Kosasih Around Plan Indonesia
Togo-togo Needs New Pioneer 31
Production:
Machrudin Around ISSDP
Sanitation Workshop in Blitar Produces a Declaration 32
Distribution:
Agus Syuhada Around WASPOLA 34
Address: Around WSS 39
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Program 42
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113
http://www.ampl.or.id Water for Environmental Health and Human Being 45
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com Abstracts 47
redaksi@ampl.or.id
oswar@bappenas.go.id IATPI Clinic 48
Unsolicited article or opinion items
Book Info 49
are welcome. Please send to our address Website Info 50
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and
accompanied by identity. CD Info 51
WSS Bibliography 52
This magazine can be accessed at Water
Supply and Environmental Sanitation Website
at www.apml.or.id
Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website: http://www.ampl.or.id
Percik Magazine in April 2007 is published on partnership activity between WSS Working Group and Plan Indonesia

3. D A R I R E DA K S I
SOURCE:KRUHA/DOC
W
ithout our being aware we
are now paving our way in
the fifth month of 2007.
We haven't seen each since the begin-
ning of the year. Now we are back
addressing you, Percik's readers, as
always with a spirit of "water and
environment care and affection".
Many things we have to straighten
out. Column adjustment, data collec-
tion, up to internal coordination. In
this 17th edition, we again convey to
you water supply and environmental
sanitation related information.
Within the last four months, many
events and activities have taken place,
all related to water supply and sanita-
tion. The events and activities are
wrapped up to be presented to you,
our dear readers.
Last March the 22nd was the com-
memoration of the World Water Day.
It's already 10 years since the UN
Banner posted by KRUHA (People's Coalitian for Rights to Water)
General Assembly recommended for the World Water Day commemoration
World Water Day commemoration (the banner reads: Clean water is still a luxury for 100 million Indonesians)
every March the 22nd beginning from
1993. It is not without reason that all villages as well in the cities, access to the projects such as ProAir, Sanimas,
nations of the world remember that water is still the main issue, especially WSLIC-2, and Prokes have proportio-
day. Isn't it that water remains a com- for the poor. And the ones suffering nately provided the opportunity to
plicated problem encumbering many the most are the women. women to play a role. To make the pictu-
nations of the world, especially the It is already time for women to re complete we made an exclusive inter-
poor? And it is undeniable that water take an active role in determining the view with Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH,
is human being's basic need. policy related to water supply and Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming, State
Therefore, in this edition, we dis- sanitiation provision. Not only that, Ministry for Women Empowerment.
cuss topics related to World Water everyone must realize the importance One column that is planned be
Day. On the history and several acti- of women involvement. continue is "Our Guest". This will
vities undertaken by the Indonesian Speaking of women, just as a bring forth celebrity or public figure
communities for its commemoration. reminder, on April the 21st once there who is well connected and competent
Including the government, private was born a woman pioneer and edu- in water supply and sanitation. We
sector, university students, and the cator, Raden Ajeng Kartini. It seems must learn from his/her experience.
common people. The enthusiasm re- that in this time, women pioneers and There are still many more dis-
flects everyone's wish to be liberated educators are in great demand to sal- cussions and information in this
from water scarcity. vage the families from water scarcity. WSS-WG published magazine. Yet
The theme of this year's World Our main feature this time is con- different from the earlier edition,
Water Day is "Coping with Water centrated on gender. Historial back- Percik Junior is now published sepa-
Scarcity". Quite suitable, because ground, definition and gender main- rately for distribution direcly to
from year after year water scarcity is streaming, will hopefully shed a light schools. Your comments are most
becoming more and more significant. to all of us. To place gender issue on welcome. Finally, we wish you enjoy
In many areas of Indonesia, in the the table, we try to unearth how far reading.
Percik April 2007 1

4. Y O U R VO I C E
CREATED BY: RUDI KOZ
Disaster Emergency Opinion
C A R I C AT U R E
In considering the disaster that hit
Jakarta last February 2007 we wish to
propose the following preventive mea-
sures: It's
Background NATURE'S
a. The expansion of settlement areas fault….
is difficult to prevent especially for
an attractive city such as Jakarta
and its urban/suburban areas like
Depok and Bogor.
b. Relocation of citizens living on
riverbanks is equally difficult for
various different reasons and con-
siderations.
c. Regulation on infiltration pit has
been declared effective, but in rea-
lity the citizens do build ones but at
an insufficient quality, lack of pro-
per maintainance, and is oriented
to conservation of shallow ground-
water. Therefore the threat of floo-
ding is continuing because the infi- just like a deep well for groundwa- Thank you for your attention.
ltration pits do not function pro- ter extraction. Should it become
perly. clogged it could be flushed and Bambang Widiyoko
d. The economic burden of the com- reactivated. Staf Dinas Kimpraswilhub
munity, especially of the flood vul- d. In reference to groundwater extrac- Kabupaten Sleman
nerable depression areas, is too tion for drinkling purpose, of which
heavy. an extraction deep well can supply Request for Percik
20-40 l/sec of water, the same infil- My name is Joko Sutrisno, teacher,
2. Proposal tration pit can absorb an equal SMA 1 of Karangmojo, Yogyakarta 55891.
a. Considering that the availability of amount of water, 20-40 l/sec. One day I came across a Pecik maga-
sufficient budget both national and e. To maintain and prevent untimely zine and I get so interested with the va-
Jakarta provincial region, it should clogging, the draining water is let to rious environmental issues discussed in
be recommendable that the infiltra- pass a control structure to catch it. I would be thanful if you could regu-
tion pit issue is taken over by the sand and gravel and prevent it from larly send me one copy of the magazine.
government/regional government. entering the pit. First it will open new horizon regarding
b. The infiltration pits should be built f. This technology may be tried at big the environment, secondly and so on to
at a community level, at a suffi- hotels or large commercial bu- get involved in developing ways and
ciently large capacity, maintainable, ildings. means of environmental protection of
g. To make more applicative it should my immediate neighbourhood and
sustaining, and are oriented to con-
be previously academically tested. more extensively with the regional gov-
servation of the lower level of
ernment of Kabupaten Gunungkidul.
groundwater. h. If the technology is well proven in
Thank you in advance.
c. As a pilot project Jakarta should Jakarta it could be disseminated to
Joko Sutrisno, S.Pd., M.T.
develop a deep infiltration pit, other provinces/kabupatens all
SMA 1 Karangmojo, Gunungkidul,
somewhere around 80-100 m deep over the country.
Yogyakarta 55891
2 Percik April 2007

5. M A I N F E AT U R E
Gender Issue
in Water Supply and Sanitation
Provision
E
veryone, regardless of sex, eve- What is Gender? of Sussex. The experts in the workshop
ryday needs water for various If we trace back, the term gender pointed out that women, just like men,
different activities. To met the came into use in the academic circle are biological difference, while women
demand for domestic water, especially only towards the end of the 20th centu- subordination was created socially and
of the villages, women play a dominant ry. For the first time the word gender not biologically determined. They fur-
role, from taking water, cooking, chil- was traceable in 1976 in a workshop on ther ascertained that for the purpose of
dren cleansing, washing, and watering Women Subordination at the University conceptual distinction of these facts it is
garden. But men hold the rein in decisi-
on making related to water supply and
sanitation provision.
This condition later created ineffi-
The Evolution of Gender Issue
U
ciency and ineffectiveness in water sup- p to the beginning of 1970s the equally, many of the activities are not
ply and sanitation. Most of the con- development policy was focused sustained. The main weakness of WID
on the demand of poor women in projects is its failures to consider the
structed facilities turned out to be
the context of their role as housewife diversity of women's roles or miscalcula-
unsuitable to the demand especially of and mother. Now it is known as welfare tion of the elasticity of women's time
women who nota bene are the dominant approach, the main concern being placed availability.
users, both in terms of number of popu- in mother and child welfare and health, Since the end of 1980s the Gender
lation and also in the role in water use. and nutrition. It was assumed that the and Development (GAD) approach was
In the latest few decades there arised benefit from the macro economic ori- introduced for the intention of abolishing
an awareness of the need to consider the ented strategy will sprinkle to the poor social, economic disparity and political
population and thus the poor women will balance between men and women as
women's demand in relation to water
receive some benefit from their hus- requirement for community oriented
supply and sanitation provision. This band's welfare improvement. Women are development. Most of water and sanita-
issue is later known as gender issue. passive welfare beneficiary. Water sup- tion sector development at this time uses
ply and sanitation service is defined in this approach. However, there are many
Gender Misunderstood the context of health and hygiene, which ways from which this approach is viewed
Understanding gender as female sex is is viewed as women's responsibility. and there is no single blue print to make
quite common around us. It is not too sur- In the decade of 1970-80 Women in equality in water supply provision possi-
Development (WID) approach was direct- ble.
prising if in a meeting someone would ask:
ed to integrate women in development Both WID and GAD approaches are
"Why all of them are men. Where is the
process through placing them in the tar- still being applied presently.
gender?" It is even infrequent we would get position, even in a women specific During the last few years the gender
find in a gender related study that all the formatted activity. In this approach and empowerment approach is being
experts are women. The reason is simple: women remain the passive beneficiary. tried to change the present gender link-
"In order to prevent the study from gender Although many WID projects did improve age through emphasis on women empo-
biassed." Thus here gender is understood health, short term income and human werment.
as simply the female sex. resources, but women are not treated
Percik April 2007 3

6. M A I N F E AT U R E
FOTO:DOK/CWSH other time men's role is the central
issue.
What is Gender Analysis?
Gender analysis refers to the sys-
tematic way of looking at the different
development impacts between men and
women. Gender analysis requires data
separation based on sex. Gender analy-
sis must be conducted at every level of
development, in order to obtain a pic-
ture how certain activity, decision, and
plan influences men and women in any
different way.
Why Gender is Important in Water
Supply and Sanitation Provision
There are several important facts
that may serve as the reasons for the
importance of bringing up gender
issues, such as (i) women are the main
collector, carrier, user and manager of
water for domestic need and as promo-
necessary to identify "sex" as biological ship. tor in water supply and sanitation relat-
difference between men and women, To make it simple, gender should ed activities, (ii) bigger benefit than just
and "gender" is difference between mas- not be about women but it is rather the a project capacity for provision of water
culinity and femininity which is con- equity of roles between men and women and improved sanitation through
ceived for the most part through educa- in all aspects of life. In one opportunity, o Economic benefit: better access to
tion and socialization. Biological factor the main is the role of women but this water will provide the women with
is permanent and unchangeable, but does not deny the possibility that some more time to income generating
social factor is changeable.
Thus gender later refers to differ-
ence between men's and women's in Gender Linkage
role, right, and responsibility and the re-
Gender and Education --- More gilrs go to school when water supply is
lationship between them. Gender does increased and when there is a separate toilet facility for boys and girls.
not only refer to men and women, but
also how the quality, habit, and identity Gender dan kesehatan --- health improvement directly in favour of women
are determined through socialization (including in childbirth), and eventually improves family hygiene condition
process. Gender is generally linked to
Gender and household chorus --- increased water supply decreases burdens
inequity of power and access to choices in household activity and provides women more time for their children and for
and resources. The difference in the ro- economic generating activities
le of women and men is influenced by
historical, religious, economic and cul- Gender and income --- increased water supply and less illness will give more
tural facts. The totality of the roles and time for women to find a job
responsibilities may change over time. Gender and culture --- increased water supply and sanitation facility improves
The most recent use of gender it has women's dignity, status and opportunity
been used extensively just like class,
ethnic, race to describe analysis of social
category in social interfactor relation-
4 Percik April 2007

7. M A I N F E AT U R E
activities, responding to the needs SOURCE:PRO AIR
of the members of the family, or to
provide welfare and leisure time
for their own pleasure. Economy,
on the whole will provide several
benefits.
o Benefit to children: Free from the
responsibility to take and manage
water which would otherwise pro-
vide the children especially the
girls to go to school. Therefore, the
impact may extend through gener-
ations.
o Empowerment of womanfolks:
Involvement in water and sanita-
tion provision projects will
empower women, especially if the
said project activities are connect-
ed to income generating and pro-
ductive resources such as credit.
One of the empirical evidences Do you know?
about the importance of women partici-
pation in water supply provision which African and Asian women walk 6 km on average to get water.
is often used as reference is the result of While on average Indian women spend 2,2 hours every day.
analysis of World Bank sponsored rural
When sanitation facility is sufficently acceptable for school-
water supply projects. Based on the
girls, their attendance increases. In Pakistan, more than 50
analysis it was revealed that women par-
ticipation improved project effective- persent of schoolgirls drop out because there is not toilet facil-
ness in the design, implementation, ity in schools. In Bangladesh, water supply and sanitation
O&M and efficacy of the system. increases girls' attendance by 15 percent.
In Tajikistan, schoolgirls choose not to go to school during
Gender Track in Water Supply and menstruation days, for reason of toilet facility not available.
Sanitation Provision
In the World Summit on Sustainable
Development in September 2002 the
world leaders agreed to integrate gender
approach into the international water the statement made at the Ministerial objectives are promoted through gender
management policy and practice. This Level Conference 2001 held in Bonn, approach.
agreement was translated into Political Germany that "water management Gender Mainstreaming
Declaration (Principle 18) that reads should be based on participatory Gender mainstreaming is a process
"We hereby agree to assure that women approach. Both men and women are of measuring women and men implica-
empowerment and emancipation and involved and at equal in sustainable tion in every planned activity including
gender equality shall be integrated into water use management and in taking legislation, policy and programming at
all the activities agreed in Agenda 21, benefit. The role of women shall be all levels. This is the strategy to create
and Millennium Development Goals improved and participation extended. the same concern between men and
(MDGs)." In the 2nd World Water Forum in The women in formulation, implementation,
This agreement is the follow up of Hague 2000 both efficiency and equity monitoring and evaluation of policy and
Percik April 2007 5

8. M A I N F E AT U R E
program in all aspects. In short, gender development; (iv) improvement the ple is in Lesotho and South Africa in
mainstreaming is intended as a means capacity of professionals in gender which there is a specific mention of
to guarantee that equity of men and mainstreaming; (v) involvement of pri- women proportion in staffing structure.
women is properly manifested in plan- vate sector in WSS provision must con- In Rep. Dominika, the Water Supply
ning, operation and maintenance, in sider gender aspect. Authority requires that at least 40 per-
project and program management. cent of water supply committee mem-
In water supply and sanitation pro- How Gender Issue Translated into bers are women.
vision the community based approach Policy In Indonesia, gender isssue has been
the program frequently fails to achieve In many countries the national poli- adopted as one of principles of the
efficiency and sustainability because the cy for water supply and sanitation provi- National Policy for Community Based
community is viewed as a group of citi- sion has for the most part made specific Water Supply and Environmental
zens with the same demand without dis- mention about the importance of the Sanitation (CB-WSS) Development. In
tinction of women and men. role of women and more detailed in the terms of language it is called the role of
In reality, a community is not only a division of responsibilities between men women in decision making. The basic
group of citizens with uniform principles are then translated into
SOURCE:PRO AIR
needs and characteristics. A practical implementation by each
community consists of various of the WSS Developemnt projects
different groups who compete in Indonesia (WSLIC-2, CWSH,
one another. When resources Sanimas, ProAir and so on). The
are in limited amount there the implementation format of this
competition occurs and as usual principle differs from one project
the poor will be neglected, espe- to another (see further Gender
cially women. The application Implementation in WSS Projects
of gender analysis will help deci- in Indonesia in this issue). Some
sion makers allocate resources clearly state the proportion of wo-
better without causing any harm men involvement in a number of
to the marginal group. activities, while others make it a
When it is agreed that requirement the provision of equ-
women involvement is a critical al opportunity for women. There
factor in achieving efficiency is yet no clear definition of how
and sustainability of water sup- gender concept shall be applied in
ply and sanitation, gender WSS provision in Indonesia.
mainstreaming is the way out.
Gender mainstreaming in water The remaining homework
supply and sanitation does, of When gender concept is cor-
course, need strategic steps, rectly understood and when gen-
among others (i) preparation of der concept has been translated
data for gender analysis through into government policy, when
separation of data between men gender concept has been brought
and women; (ii) promoting the to implementation in WSS deve-
involvement of women in deci- lopment activity, and as many
sion making, for instance in program and women, inspite of the fact that a other whens, the question that wafts out
scheduling in order to make women complete gender focus is quite rare. In is whether the gender concept related to
involved; (iii) promoting strategic Uganda, Gender Strategy in Water WSS development in Indonesia is in the
cooperation between community based Supply Sector was introduced in 2003 right track? The homework reads: how
organisation and NGO with the commu- with emphasis on women involvement are we going to measure it? This will be
nity and the regional government in at all levels of water supply manage- our common task, for men as well as for
WSS provision and small business ment. A relatively more detailed exam- women. (OM)
6 Percik April 2007

9. M A I N F E AT U R E
Gender Implementation
in WSS Project in Indonesia
SOURCE:PRO AIR
making.
One of WSLIC-2 (Water and
Sanitation for Low Income Com-
munities-2) focuses itself in gender and
poverty. This project is essentially an
effort to awaken and unearth the role of
women and poor community of their
equal rights and responsibilities in
expressing their opinion and in deci-
sion making.
Similarly with CWSH (Community
Water Services and Health Project) this
project is characterized by gender
development approach. CWSH places
women in key position as facilitator
that is expected to get involved in each
level of the development process.
While Sanimas Project does not
specifically implement gender sensitivi-
ty approach. But in actual implementa-
tion women are frequently involved in
giving soul to Sanimas through facilita-
Speaking of gender is like a road tion and decision making.
without an end. In one place a progress has been Dra. Pimanih, M.Kes, a Planning
and Financial Management officer of
made but on the other there is still limitation CWSH describes the important role of
women with the fact that they are
of the role of women always connected with water right from
waking up in the morning until night
time they prepare everything for the
B
asically, implied or in reality, Secretary, Ir. Deni Mulyana, M. Kes family from cooking, bathing and wash-
WSS projects in Indonesia have stresses that women play a central role ing. "In their daily household activity
implemented the gender sensi- in water provision, management and women are never far from water, it is
tive principle. protection. "Therefore, women must be their natural character," she says.
ProAir, or Water Program, the involved in decision making related to While according to CPMU WSLIC-2
German grant funded water supply the use of water," he said firmly. project Imam Syahbandi, women play a
development program strongly empha- ProAir Project refers to the natio- major role in sustaining the activity
sizes gender oriented principles for its nal Policy for CB-WSS Development that's why they are important in deter-
implementation. ProAir Executive that women are involved in decision mining the technology choice in order
Percik April 2007 7

10. M A I N F E AT U R E
to be suitable for both men and women. quota for women representation in each
"Women are also important in deter- step and community institution person-
mining the rules and sanction related to
In CWSH women nel (at least 30 persent are women),
use, maintenance and the size of contri- involvement could be seen staff recruitment, and through con-
bution to cover O&M costs," he says. from their paricipation in ducting special gender training and gen-
meetings, workshops, and der advocacy for the socialization of
Equity of Role group discussions. Women gender approach implementation.
In reality, is it fair the division of are requested to express their In CWSH women involvement could
responsibilities between men and opinion in each step of the be seen from their paricipation in meet-
women in water supply and sanitation? ings, workshops, and group discussions.
process, from planning,
It is not only in villages that women are Women are requested to express their
implementation, use,
considered lady of the house. Even in opinion in each step of the process, from
the urban the difference in social status and O&M planning, implementation, use, and
is still prevailing. O&M.
From ProAir study in 2004 on From the beginning there has been a
these worries that make inequality pre-
knowledge, attitude and practice in support and involvement of women in
vail.
water treatment/use especially for the ProAir project implementation so
Accoring to Emah, women must
women, it was concluded that women that it is easier to follow the existing rule
actively involve in each stage of the
are more involved in taking water par- in each step of its activity. "It all goes
development as far as they are capable
ticularly from the lower income bracket. back to the women. Whether they are
and opportunity permits them.
As for the women from the higher willing to get involved or not, or capable
"Without choosing the role because in
income level the water taking duty is of taking benefit from this opportunity,"
reality women can and capable of con-
given to their daughter. says Deni.
ducting and playing the role in any posi-
Of those who take water 27 percent At present, women empowerment
tion," says the woman who is an
are girls, 41 percent adult women, the and increasing their role is still limited
employee of Subdirectorate of Was-
remainder are men. While in terms of to the loosely defined involvement or
tewater Directorate of Environmental
status, regardles of rich, medium or low participation in each step. It is still ne-
Sanitation, DG Cipta Karya.
the duty for water taking is with the cessary to have a more intensive role.
For water supply provision, said
women. Imam described that the current
Emah further, women should be given
According to Pimanih or more inti- WSLIC-2 efforts in empowerment of
the first priority in providing their opi-
mately called Upi there is still gender women and improvement of their role
nion and demand, because women are
inequity such as in meeting for decision are conceived as "participation of
basically the housewives who are the
making. It is men who are frequently women" following the principle of
determinant factor for the future of a
invited because they are considered "equity" because there is yet no specific
family. "If our future generation is to be
more knowlegible and more capable of effort directed to empowering women.
a generation with quality, the first thing
doing the job. Still an involvement in each step that is
to do is to each of the women to become
Emah, an employee of Dept Public moving towards decision making.
wise and skillful mother," she said.
Works who deals with the day to day "In the future, the design of gender
activity related to Sanimas considers sensitive projects must be based on a
Women Involvement Effort and
that it is not necessary to argue whose policy that definitely mention not only
Concept
responsibility it is to get water because the quota and staffing but also a specific
The method of women involvement
water is everyone's basic need. project for women empowerment in
in Sanimas is through involving them in
However, according to Deni, the role development role," he says.
each step of community empowerment.
provided for the women is not fully Whatever it seems if the community
This can be seen from the number of
exploited because some women may empowerment is to be truly implement-
women involved in each Sanimas deve-
hesitate if it might have exceeded ed, women will become actively
lopment.
women's role or fear that they might involved and their voice will be heard.
In WSLIC-2 women involvement
make mistake because all this time the All that needs a common awareness and
process is done through determining the
role is always played by men. And all adulthood. Bowo Leksono
8 Percik April 2007

11. I N T E RV I E W
Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH
(Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of Women Empowerment)
WOMEN CARE THE MOST
one out of five people suffers from lack
SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO
Women are frequently considered as of access to water. While for sanitation
the lady of the house destined to take one out of two is experiencing difficulty
care of the household. While men are in access to hygienic sanitation. Water
free to express themselves and deter- scarcity and poor sanitation is a prob-
mine their steps. Frequently women's lem that requires national as well as
demand which is actually the demand of regional level policies if HDI standard is
the family fails to be realized. Such as in to be achieved.
the case of water and sanitation.
The State Ministry of Women How significant is the role of
Empowerment attempts to improve women in this case?
women's backwardness in various If we take a look at the role of both
aspects, such as education, health, eco- men and women in terms of access to
nomics, politics, and decision making water and sanitation women are the
process, including the demand for water and sanitation. What does the steps ones who care the most. The men would
taken by the Ministry look like? The following is an interview made by Percik with care about the details, they will accept it
Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming Ministry of Women Empowerment Dr. Surjadi
as ready for use. Water must be ready
Soeparman, MPH.
for any form of use. Drinking water,
water for bath, washing and so on.
Those who care the most are women
because they are aware that is will
improve familiy health especially to pro-
tect the children and the whole family
H ow do you see water and sani-
tation development from gen-
der perspective?
tion. Water scarcity and sanitation sig-
nificantly impedes human resources
development.
from contamination.
Whereas it is too expensive for the
We see from the viewpouint that poor families to access water, it takes a
water and sanitation influences the Who suffers the most if water lot of time and efforts through climbing
internationally accepted human deve- demand is not sufficiently met? up and down hill. And the source is too
lopment standard and index, namely Of the families or population suffer- little. They spend a lot of their energy
Human Development Index (HDI) and ing the most because lack of access for water.
if it is further classified it will come to water supply and sanitation are the poor One could imagine that women lose
Gender Development Index (GDI) to ones. Who are actually the poorest their productive hours only to get water.
later into gender development index in among the population? They are the The poorer they are the mode difficult it
various specific aspects such as econo- women. Poverty in Indonesia bears the is to get water. Therefore, we have to
mic and decision making. Looking at face of a woman. Somewhere around 84 pay more attention to the demand for
Human Development Index (HDI) of percent of the poor population is water and sanitation as the manifesta-
2006 the main topic is water and sanita- woman. In a report it is recorded that tion of respect to women.
Percik April 2007 9

12. I N T E RV I E W
This is unfair, then How far is the Women Empo- operational level.
Yes, it is. As an example, once I werment Ministry play its role?
had the opportunity to attend a village One of our programs is women What are the influencing fac-
level Development Planning Meeting empowerment in decision making at tors for the inequality?
(acronym Musrenbang), the lowest the grassroot level. Oftentimes women Gender inequality is influenced,
development planning system avail- aspiration and expectation is far more first by socio cultural factor. Up to
able. There are the so-called men rep- oriented to family wellbeing, such as now women are believed as the lady of
resentatives and women representa- the availability of water supply, latrine the house or the second person who
tives but there were too few females and good hygiene system compared to are often marginalized from taking any
attending the meeting. How could that of men. This is where the impor- role. Secondly, education. This is one
women express their of the reasons why
aspiration and expec- women are always left
SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO
tion? behind. The the third
At that time the factor is poverty that
chairman wished to ha- makes women more
ve a decision made. and more marginalized.
Men opted to have In reality, if women
improvement to village were involved in deci-
road, while the women sion making through
wanted a water supply opportunity to express
near the village in order their opinion and nego-
to cut the time for ta- tiate at the village level
king water. meeting, women would
As it went, women be capable of winning
were outvoted. Finally an important develop-
we considered that if ment project such as
women aspiration, ex- water supply and sani-
pectation, and demand tation. Women's opin-
is to play its role in a development tant women role lie to enable them ion must be heard because they care
process, there must be an empower- express their aspiration in village level the most. That's why we have to
ment to make them capable of exper- community meeting. involve women in water supply and
essing their views in a forum. sanitation development through a
In what way? decision made at the village level
Decision makers' care? Our weakness is that we are not in development planning.
We have seen decision makers at the capacity to implement activity
every level, from local, national and down to the grassroot level. Our work- What then is to be done?
global levels and we can conclude that ing unit is located at the bureau level at We have to look how far is equality
they don't care enough. Water is still the province and and women empow- between of men and women in reality.
regarded as a commodity without eco- erment section at kabupaten level. The Whether program sensitivity has pro-
nomic value. Whereas water scarcity is method is through working out coope- vided equal access? Has it provided
a serious threat to human resources ration with women organization, NGO, equal opportunity for participation?
that may lead to mortality. We aren't and several donors that have activities Equitable decision making? And equi-
aware that the number of infant mor- as far down as the grassroot level. table benefit?
tality is by far exceeds the number of While at the policy level we are work- If the equality has been there, then we
death from war. ing in coordination with technical can say that the program and its budget is
departments or working units at the gender responsive. Bowo Leksono
10 Percik April 2007

13. R E G U L AT I O N
Special Allocation Fund for Water Supply
and Sanitation Development Pursuant
to Finance Ministerial Regulation
No. 128/PMK.07/2006
I
n line with the implementation of long lasting economic value, including 128/PKM.07/2006 on Allocation and
decentralization and regional procurement of support physical faci- General Guidelines for the
autonomy, the government sets lity. The basic services include educa- Management of Spacial Allocation
aside in the national budget an alloca- tion, health, infrastructure (road, irri- Funds FY 2007. Pursuant to the regu-
tion for the regions to finance the gation, and water supply), marine and lation in FY 2007 water supply and
needs of the regions, one that is called fishery, agriculture, regional govern- sanitation is alloted Rp 1,206 trillion
Balance Fund. This is intended to ment infrastructures, and environ- or 6,21 percent Rp 17,094 trillion being
establish an equitable relationship in ment. the total of DAK Non RB (Re-
terms of financing, public service and forestation Budget). Reforestation
benefit from natural and other Buddget is the fund collected from for-
resources between the central and est concessioners for reforestation and
regional governments and among the forest rehabilitation.
regional governments. DAK is fund allocation to The portion for water and sanita-
The balance fund consists of specific region to help in tion may look relatively small in com-
Sharing Fund, General Allocation the financing of specific parison to the overall DAK Non RB
Fund and Specific Allocation Fund regional development allotted by the government. This is
(DAK). In principle the three funds activities which are because water supply and sanitation is
are intended to finance the activities not yet considered as specific item in
nationally prioritized
that take place in or in conformance the budgeting system therefore it must
with the regional demands, the differ- share with road and irrigation as part
ence lies in the scope of activities sup- of infrastructure development.
ported but each of the funds. However, this proportion has
DAK is fund allocation to specific increased compared to it was two years
region to help in the financing of DAK Allocation for Water Supply earlier when in 2005 water supply and
regional development activities which and Sanitation sanitation portion of the DAK Non RB
are nationally prioritized. As one of the basic needs the devel- was 5,07 percent and in 2006 it slight-
While specific activities include the opment of water supply and sanitation ly increased to 5,25 percent. Before
development and/or procurement facility deserves funding subsidy from 2005 water and sanitation sector did
and/or rehabilitation of basic facility DAK. This is stipulated in Finace not get anything from DAK.
and community infrastructure with Ministerial Regulation No. In two years since 2005 one could
Percik April 2007 11

14. R E G U L AT I O N
notice the growing tendency of budget beneficiary it has to make available a
increment. FY 2006 the allocation counterpart budget at least 10 percent of
increases by 0,18 percent from the pre- the total it is going to receive from the
vious year while FY 2007 it increases by The technical central government and is also set aside
0,96 percent from FY 2006. This hope- criteria differ from for physical construction. Physical
fully may in part erase the pessimism of one sector with construction consist of activities other
government half-heartedness in budget another. For water than project administration, preparato-
provision for water and sanitation supply and sanitation ry activities, research, training, travel
development. the criteria are expenses, and other project related ge-
DAK allocation for water supply and neral activities. The obligation to set
determined by the
sanitation is intended to increase ser- aside a counterpart budget is intended
Minister of Public
vice coverage and installation efficacy. to measure the region's seriousness
Works
In more detail the fund is to be used for about the DAK funded activity. Some
repair works, construction of new facili- region, however, is exempted from the
ty for urban as well as rural communi- obligation if its revenue equals or less
ties with scarce water source and dry than the total expenses for personnel.
areas. close to the border, areas with a general In the implementation of the DAK
allocation in 2007 does not increase, the Ministry of National Planning
Beneficiary Region food shortage and or drought vulnerable (Bappenas) and the involved Technical
To request for DAK fund allocation areas, post conflict areas, and refugee Ministry, in the name of central go-
the region must meet several criteria. accomodating areas. vernment reserve the right to monitor
The criteria are classified as general, The technical criteria differ from one and conduct evaluation of the DAK
specific and technical. As for general sector with another. For water supply funded activity implementation and
criteria it is mentioned that DAK fund is and sanitation the criteria are deter- operational procedures. As for the
alloted to priority regions consisting of mined by the Minister of Public Works. DAK fund management the govern-
ones with low fiscal capacity or below The criteria include consideration of the ment assigns the Ministry of Finance
national average. The capacity is based following aspects (a) number of desa or to undertake the necessary monitoring
on the balance between regional re- kelurahan (desa/kelurahan as counting and evaluation. In addition to the said
venue (regional income, general aloca- unit); (b) number of desa/kelurahan assignments the region is also obliged
tion fund, and sharing fund) with the vulnerable to water shortage (desa/ke- to submit quarterly report containing
total expenses for regional civil srvants lurahan); (c) total population; (d) waste the detail implementation and DAK
of Regional Budget 2005. water service coverage (percentage of fund disbursement to Ministries of
As for the specific criteria, the bene- population); (e) solid waste service co- Finance, Technical and Home Affairs.
ficiary region of the following charac- verage (percentage of population); (f) Any delay of failure to submit report
tristics (a) Papua province as a Special total inundation areas in Kabu- by a region may adversely affect the
Autonomy Region; (b) coastal and insu- paten/kota (ha); (g) total slum areas in said region and may cause delayed
lar regions, regions located at a border kabupaten/kota (ha); and (h) construc- DAK fund appropriation schedule.
with other countries, remote/secluded tion price index. Through the said regulations it is
areas, and food resilience and tourist hoped that DAK allocation may pro-
destination areas; (c) flood/landslide The Obligation of the Beneficiary vide an optimum support to the
vulnerable areas, transmigration acco- Region nationally priorized regional develop-
modating areas, areas with small islets Once a region is selected as DAK ment. Afif Nu'man
12 Percik April 2007

15. INSIGHT
WHAT MAKES CLTS WORK?
(A Review from the Social Science Perspectives)
I
am of the conviction that Kamal feeling of the target community
By: Alma Arief *)
Karr, a Bangladeshi, is the creator of that they have been doing is a
latrine development model that is wrong practice and faulty notion.
Muaro Jambi (Jambi), Bogor, W.
fully implemented by the community 3. Growth of individual commitment
Lombok, and so on. Almost all the
(Community Total Led Sanitation). He to immediately change the habit.
regions applied the principles at an out-
is a pragmatist. He does not like to be 4. Facilitation is conducted in direct
standing result, not only in terms of
tied in any one pole of social science language, tends to be harsh, with-
immediate absortion and growth in cov-
paradigm but he prefers mixing them out pity.
erage area but also the community self
into a tool for social engineering to the 5. The basic assumption is that the
reliance and willingness to together
utmost possibility for improvement the community is willing and capable
change their habit and upholding social
community wellbeing. He pays no heed of liberating themselves from the
control in various different ways.
that among the scientists there are problem of defecation in the open.
The application of CLTS principles is
sharp differences, each pole waving its
quite consistent. Several of the main
own banner and exclusively group In consistence to the above princi-
principles are summarized as the fol-
themselves and seldom exchange ideas ples it seems that the mainstay of basic
lowing:
in a single forum. sanitation development is the CLTS.
1. Without any form of subsidy and
Whether one admits it or not the Several selected villages in Indonesia
external inputs, such as stimulant
effort to manipulate the principles of are disqualified from the trial because of
fund, material or toilet model.
social science to engineer an influence the pity from the village administration
2. The application of triggering and
and ways of changing habit, has been that tried to provide cash inputs to the
shocking the awareness level and
quite successful. Its applicability in community out of a pure intention to
some areas in Indonesia has indicated SOURCE: DOK/POKJA AMPL
an excellent performance. How not? In
a relatively short time the habit of the
community who used to defecate in the
open has completely changed.
Household latrine with a model devel-
oped by the community itself is devel-
oped within a few months, and coverage
of users grows very fast up to 100 per-
cent. Something that never happened
before. Something phenomenal is quite
interesting, of course. How are we going
to explain it?
Performance in several areas
In Indonesia CLTS has been applied
in many areas, such as several villages of
Kabupaten Sambas (W. Kalimantan),
Percik April 2007 13

16. INSIGHT
make the objective be achieved faster fish as it drops into water, and so on. paten Semarang, the achievement of
i.e the community build toilet at 100 Some name pig or dog neck toilet toilet construction was 100 percent
percent coverage. Such an external instead of goose neck because it is pig within only several years. There are
input is something to be avoided or dog that takes the role of a latrine. several methods developed by the
because it does not comply with self There is also "helicopter or hanging Puskesmas facilitator, among others:
reliant CLTS model community and toilet" for a wooden box for latrine Manipulating the parents' love to
conversely it will create dependency. hanging above the river water. children, distributing simulant
There are millions who behave assistance through schoolchild-
Pioneer in Indonesia thay way. Sanitation development ren. Inserted here the hygiene
Immediately, after the trial has through stimulant promoted by the behaviour message and the dis-
indicated its success, various commu- government is growing too slowly if tribution of the stimulant is
nities who have been concerned about not stationary. This is because low effected through the kindness of
improvement of the habit of defeca- community willingnes to adapt, to schoolteacher who knows exact-
tion in the open and improvement of change the age long habit. Research ly who among the children have
health and environment, were data indicate that the time lapse not household toilet.
shocked and astonished, just like see- between one knowing about latrine At school each class has its own
ing an achievement that have never until he really builds one in his home toilet, a wash basin in every
been achieved before. Is that really varies between 5 - 33 years, a very classroom, and a small garden in
so? long time span. From numerical the school yard. Every year
When speaking in statistical num- aspect that is a distressing develop- there is a clean and beauty com-
bers, sanitation development achieve- ment performance. Unfortunately, petition of the hygiene facilities.
ment in Indonesia up to this time is the development implementors seem In this Piyangang village the
more of a sad story. The percentage reluctant to learn from experience, hygiene behariour message is
of the population without latrine is and always insist on the model they also disseminated through reli-
high and in other words the percent- design. Whereas in fact, there are gious teacher who then explains
age of those defecating in the open is sanitation development with spectac- it to the jema'ah, and through
high. ular results, that should inspire for the PKK gatherings among
Where do they defecate all this repetition in other places. Who women of the village.
time? In rivers, gardens, backyard, knows, that kamal Kharr was also In the village of Syawal, Banjar-
bushes, etc. In short, anywhere in the inspired from Indonesian cases, took negara, C. Java the method is much
open. Because of this sad condition, its substance, and synthesized it into simpler. In a village whose communi-
the term water closet (WC) for them CLTS model. ty used to defecate in a drainage
turns into sad satire. Some name it Is that true that in Indonesia there canal, in the dry season when the
with "flying WC" to mention a habit of has never been a model capable of water is low the stench is spreading
defecating in a sack and hurl it to a making such an achievement, and is it all over the place, but within a few
garbage heap, some call "rotating true that beneficiary community is years the village is free from defecat-
WC" refering to defecating behind a slow in responding the idea for ing in the open. Here the method is
thicket or a tree, and will move improvement of their own wellbeing? placed more on the role of religious
around to avoid the sight of passer- In the village of Piyangang, Village teacher, school teacher (organized by
by, other term is "moving WC" said to of Syawal (C.Java), village of Muhammadiyah) and community
defecating while carrying a stick to Neglasari, Gunung Sari, Sumur facilitator. The embarassing village
drive away dogs or pigs that come Gintung, Kabupaten Subang indentity due to the enormous stench
nearby to grab the faeces, again there (W.Java) and Kab. E. Flores the basic was used as the identity to be elimi-
is the "plung lap WC" refers to defe- sanitation development has even nated through religious gathering,
cating in the river, said of the fact the made a marvellous result. classroom teaching, and explanation
faeces dissapear into the mouths of In the village of Piyangang, Kabu- by community facilitator. Because of
14 Percik April 2007

17. INSIGHT
his achievement, the community The lessons learned from the contemporary action research mod-
facilitator was frequently asked to cases are: els that are widely known in organi-
join a parade in a national event and It is necessary to generate zation development theory. In the
to explain his successes so that oth- awareness through formal as unfreezing phase, a pshychological
ers could take lesson from him. well as non-formal education. transformation process is taking
In the village of Lewoloba, E. Transformation of knowledge place, in which a dismantling of
Flores the spectacular toilet develop- through religious teacher, com- wanted and unwanted behaviours
ment achievement was made munity facilitator, Puskesmas occurs. In terms of time, this process
through compulsion method and facilitator, school teacher, etc. may sometimes produce tension
imposing of economically heavy Imposing extrinsic sanction in between the group who wishes a
sanction, and social embarrassment. cash and in kind. change with one who doesn't.
When this village was led by a retired Imposing inrinsic sanction In CLTS model the awareness
army serviceman, one of the priority through embarrassment, back- development process is dramatised
is toilet construction. During his wardness, etc. in such a way that shocks the com-
office the community was compelled Provision of reward (extrinsic) munity and opens their vision.
to build toilet so that within a short for prestigious Through role playing on social map-
time all the households built a toilet. individual/group (group or ping for identification of the distri-
The compulsion was followed by class competition). bution of settlement and who is defe-
imposing of economic and social Internal reward through social cating in the open, role playing for
santion for those who failed to obey. acceptance, self respect, etc. offering who is willing to drink faecal
In the 17th of August commemora- Provision of pressure through contaminated water through offering
tion the families who had no toilet influential group power (their a glass of water mixed with a drop of
were announced to the public, and own children who are primary human faeces, and by calculating the
were fined with one hen or dog. school pupils). quantity of excrement contaminat-
There was no community facilitator Provision of pressure through ing the environment every day, and
involved, what was there was a firm powerful institution (village taking a transect walk to places
upholding of rule with sanction headman, retired member of where they usually do their defeca-
behind it. armed forces). tion, have been able to really shock
In the village of Neglasari, the community's awareness and feel-
Gunung Sari, Margahayu, Sumur Triggering Factor ing (affective as well as cognitive
Gintung, Subang the the method is One thing peculiar in CLTS aspects). This is where the aware-
highly normative following the model is the dramatising of the com- ness process that is called the trig-
intensive participatory faciliattion munity awareness development gering. The community becomes
model. Several facilitators from process, that in a short time capable aware that all this time they have
Yayasan Pradipta Paramitha they of making the community under- lived a non hygienic life, after they
invited the community to a FGD near stand the disadvantage of the habit are given explanation how pollutant
a toilet. The facilitation was con- of defecating in the open and the that quantitavely is enormous is
ducted intensively so that the com- advantage of doing it in a hygienic scattered around and through vari-
munity really understand the disad- toilet. In organization development ous processes the pollutant contami-
vantages/risks of defecating in the theory in the section discussing nates food and drink and finally
open, and what benefit they will gain planned change, the term triggering finds it way into the stomach.
by building and using toilet. In rela- is more closely comparable with the At the time when the community
tively short time, due to the intensive term unfreezing from Lewin's is in great shock from the short
facilitation, all families in the com- planned change model than the two awareness development process and
munity built a toilet. other models, i.e action research and is in a highly guilty feeling, together
Percik April 2007 15

18. INSIGHT
they are asked to give their commit- naturalist school who analyse social value that serve as glue and collective
ment to change behaviour through phenomenon scientifically assuming agreement.
building a toilet. The participants of that the community is similar with 3. Upholding of rules through a
the discussion are asked to clap their nature or other object of science strong/firm sanction. This process is
hands each time an individual men- whose behavioural order and princi- the continuation of social control with
tion his name and give his commit- ples can be determined, and therefore a more concrete and mutually agreed
ment, and they are named the pioneer can be measured by way of statistical sanction.
hero of behavioural change. method. To this school of thought 4. Basically the inroduction of
At the final session of the trigger- belong several sub-groups such as hygiene behaviour inherently contains
ing the community has had a plan to functional structure, conflict struc- conflicting aspect, i.e fighting for
build a toilet. Guided by the facilita- turalist that is further divided into hygienic space to live in. On one hand
tor, each of the paricipants will inform Marxist and Non-Marxist structural- stand a group who use to defecate in
the name and when he will finish the ist, and behaviorist sub-groups. the open, while on the other a renova-
toilet construction. The group of com- While on the other side standing tion group who wish to live hygienical-
munity members who has given its equally firmly the humanist group, ly, create a clean and healthy environ-
commitment will serve as pioneer in who sees man as a unique phenome- ment.
behavioural change, and will continu- non that cannot be generalised or be 5. Social integrity is established
ously become the change control deduced its rules. The humanist by coercive power: Upholding of the
group, just like a snowball that is group strongly denies the naturalists' established and agreed norms and val-
growing larger and larger, finally the views who reduce human values into ues is guarded together through
participants will reach 100 percent of identical with natural objects, includ- imposing a sanction which is essen-
the community. ing animal. tially a compulsion. Everyone must
One of the determining phases of CLTS model uses various princi- obey, or suffer a consequence for
CLTS model is the upholding of social ples in each social science paradigm to being considered uncivilized, being
control. This varies widely. Some create behavioural change (manipu- ostracized, alluded to in any meeting,
activate children as spy force who late social science principles) regard- announced during 17th of August
would directly inform other members less to polarization of school of commemoration, and so on.
of the community of someone defecat- thoughts, which, in realty is quite Essentially this is violence, insistence,
ing in the open. Some compose songs intense. Several of the principles that though not in terms of physical
to embarrass those who defecate in are manipulated to engineer CLTS: encounter.
the open, and so on. This is the most Where are the theoretical compo- 6. If there is benefit (reward) for
effective form of punishment and will nents of each of the school of thoughts a certain activity, then the activity will
make the violator wary, more effective being manipulated for the engineer- be sustained. The triggering partici-
than imposing a fine. ing? Here is the explanation: pants will give their commitment to
1. Social control: It comes in var- change behaviour, because the facili-
Social Science Perspective ious different models, some uses chil- tator is capable of explaining in every
As mentioned above, Kamal Karr dren to spy on who is defecating in the way that they will be benefited if they
does not care about the polarization of open, some use songs to generate live hygienically. On the other hand, if
social science paradigms, he tends to embarrassment for the unwanted he fails, the community will never
dissolve them into social engineering practice, etc. obey him.
for the good of the community. As a 2. Socialization: intensive discus- 7. Man tends to avoid a behaviour
matter fact there is in social science a sion, dramatizing and role playing to that does not give him any benefit or
polarization wherein each school car- transfer experience and knowledge on reward, in other word man tends to
ries its own banner. On one side hygienic life. If successful this process avoid punishment. In management
standing firmly scientists conceived as will give birth to a new norm and the principles as mentioned in 6. and
16 Percik April 2007

19. INSIGHT
7. are called the carrot and stick princi- with other things or symptoms. In ened if it is followed by common agree-
ples. Here man is assumed as an animal CLTS it is obvious that the triggering ment and application of santion (point
looking for reward (carrot) and avoiding participants learn a new knowledge 4).
punishment (stick). As with CLTS the about the meaning or river, garden, Those are several principles in social
community will obey a common agree- bushes, etc. That those places are no science that are manipulated in de-
ment governed under new norms and place for defecation. That defecation veloping CLTS engineering. If it is so,
values, otherwise he will undergo a pun- must be properly managed so that the then the CLTS principles have since a
ishment, becomes a laughingstock, environment becomes clean and long time before been in application in
object of public taunt, public announce- healthy. That defecation must be done Indonesia, as discussed above. Then
ment, etc. Although the punishment is in a toilet, et cetera. The success in what makes it different that CLTS per-
never corporal such as lashing. While if introducing new meaning to a thing or formance has been so marvellous, pro-
one is obedient the reward is social sysmptom highly depends on the skill of ducing sky rocketing result at 100 per-
acceptance, improvement in health, etc. the triggering facilitator. cent coverage within less than one year?
8. The value of one thing or symp- 10. The reaction to a certain symp- The answer is the triggering that
tom is obtained from social interaction tom or thing depends on the mind set therein contains dramatization of com-
process. Up to now the community how the meaning of symptom or thing is munity awareness through implanting
defecates in the open because up to now defined. If someone defines that river is of new knowledge, and visual demon-
(since childhood) the knowledge taught place for disposing of any waste inclu- stration, and directly asking for commit-
by the elders and other people around ding for defecation then he won't feel ment for behavioural change and an
them that river, garden, bushes, etc. guilty using river as place for defecation. agenda when it will be put into action.
means a place for defecation, garbage But if the definition has changed as No less important is social control
disposal, etc. mentioned in 9. he will certainly feel which may come in various different
9. The value of one thing or symp- guilty and will no longer use it as place forms.
tom will change through interaction for defecation. This change is strength- *) WASPOLA Consultant
STRUCTURE FUNC- STRUCTURALIST BEHAVIORIST HUMANIST/INTERAC-
TIONALIST SCHOOL (MARXIST AND NON- SCHOOL TIONIST SCHOOL
MARXIST) SCHOOL
Social control as a mech- - Establishment of social Through experiment with certain Each thing or symptom has a
anism to control beha- order by force/ compulsion animal it is concluded that: specific meaning:
vioural deviation 1. If beneficial (rewarding) in The meaning of a thing or
- Harsh sanction for violator doing a certain activity, the symptom is obtained
Socialization of values activity will be maintained through social interaction
and norms to stabilize so- - Conflict for control of scarce (the knwledge about name
cial system resources as social reality 2. Will avoid any unbeneficial/ of a thing or symptom is
rewardless activity or in other obtained from intraction
- Social integrity is esta- words avoid punitive activity. with others)
blished through coercive In management this is called
power carrot and stick principle The meaning of a thing or
symptom changes through
interaction with others
Response to a certain
symptom or thing depends
on the definition of the
meaning of the thing
Percik April 2007 17