2. Information Media for Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation
From the Editor 1
Your Voice 2
Advisor: Main Feature
Director General for Urban and Solid waste is still a "waste" 3
Rural Development, Ministry of Settlement Facts about solid waste 3
and Regional Infrastructure Reducing methane gas emission from a final disposal site 6
Learn about solid waste from the Chinese 9
Board of Head: Good environmental governance to increase the regional governments'
Director of Human Settlement and Housing, concern to environment 11
National Development Planning Agency
Republic of Indonesia Interview
Bad solid waste management, poor health condition 13
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Ministry of Health Article
Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region, Solid waste as a source of energy. A challenge to the world of
Ministry of Settlement and Regional solid waste management in Indonesia 16
Infrastructure Pre-study on waste material. Case study: The city of Surabaya 18
Director of Natural Resources and Solid waste management in Makassar 20
Appropriate Technology, Director General on Water supply and environmental sanitation program
Village and Community Empowerment, management and future challenges 22
Ministry of Home Affairs The problem with water supply and environmental sanitation
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning in Kab. Kebumen 23
Domestic waste water processing system in the city of Tangerang 25
Environment Management,
Solid waste brings a blessing to the village of Temesi,
Ministry of Home Affairs Kab. Gianyar, Bali 27
Chief Editor: Reportase
Oswar Mungkasa Mrs. Bambang Wahono's role play:
Manager solid waste, makes Banjarsari green
Board of Editor: Solid waste capsule, a model for long term
Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa, solid waste storage 29
Poedjastanto
Telescope
Bandung Municipal Cleaners, Inc. 35
Editor:
Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Book Info 37
Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy CD Info 38
Asiah, Mujiyanto Website Info 39
Visit
Design: WASPOLA program dissemination in the province of Gorontalo 40
Rudi Kosasih Windfall over Pringga Jurang 41
Production: About WASPOLA
Machrudin The implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS
Development at the regional level 42
WASPOLA working group workshop 44
Distribution: WASPOLA Central Project Committee meeting 45
Anggie Rifki
About WSS
Address: MPA/PHAST Orientation Training 46
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat WWS Working Group Took Part in Nusantara Water 2004 47
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113 ProAir Project Planning and Evaluation Meeting 47
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com Appropriate Technology Seminar: Waste water processing 48
Preparation of ProAir Project in Kabupaten Alor 49
WSS Bibliography 50
Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome.
Agenda 51
Please send to our address or e-mail.
Glossary 52
Don't forget to be brief and accompanied
by identity.

3. F ROM EDITOR
Dear Reader, SOURCE: OM
Percik is now pacing into a new
stage in its effort to reach a wide rage
of drinking water and environmental
sanitation stakeholders all over the
country. Percik is now spreading itself
all over the areas between Sabang and
Merauke, though, yet in a limited
number.
Praise to God, Percik has gained a
wider acceptance. This is evidenced
from the many responses addressed to
us. Some even wish to subscribe with
payment -whereas Percik is distri-
buted free of charge. This of course is
quite pleasing.
Last week, together with WASPOLA
Program and the WSS Working Group
as our parent organization we attended
Nusantara Water 2004 at the Jakarta
Convention Center. This we did as an
effort to bring Percik closer into the
inner circle of WSS related stakehol-
ders. We will keep on trying to make
this magazine better and better
acknowledged as a reference and is WSS Working Group always sit down on floor if they met in workshops.
used as a means for communication by
those involved in this field.
Dear reader, in this edition, Percik
presents to you the main feature about
solid waste. Why? Solid waste is still a a systemic manner. More than that, material since a long time ago. Thanks
nagging problem in this country. M. Gempur Adnan, Deputy State to her perseverance her neighbour-
Environmental sanitation issue cannot Minister of Environmental Affairs for hood, located in the heart of Jakarta, is
be separated from solid waste. Regional Environmental Management now green and nice looking. This place
Everyone knows that, but not many Improvement indicates that it all has turned into a tourist attraction.
have real concern about this problem. depends on the mutual commitment of Many visitors both domestic and for-
This is like a saying, "Let the dogs bark, the stakeholders. Without such com- eigners come to learn what the woman
the caravan will keep moving," solid mitment do not expect any complete has done. And, because of her efforts
waste problem never finds its solution solution could be reached. Funding is she has won several distinction and
despite many words have been said only a priority number so-and-so. acknowledgements.
about cleanliness and health. This time Percik also presents you As always, Percik comes with the
Solid waste is not simply a techni- articles from solid waste material usual columns. We hope there will be
cal problem. One that relates to what related activists and practitioners. We comments and inputs from the readers
technology is to apply and how much hope that the various articles in refer- so that the magazine could steadily
money is to avail. The Secretary ence to the main feature will con- improving itself. Lastly, we hope this
General of Ministry of Settlement and tribute to our common knowledge magazine is useful to you, our dear
Regional Infrastructures, Budiman about waste material. readers.
Arief, explains that. The key, he says Not less interesting, there is a Best regards.
that waste material must be treated in report of a woman managing waste
1 Percik
August 2004

4. Y OUR VOICE
MDGs lack eagerness making their best effort towards the solid waste safety section of Kabupaten
socialization. We are also having our Musia Rawas, South Sumatra, towards
Congratulations for the publication of share in this effort by publishing it in Healthy Indonesia 2010.
Percik. Permit me to suggest that Percik of the last edition. What we did is H. Syamsul Anwar
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) nothing without a systematized social- Head of Dinas Kesehatan
should be more strongly socialized to the ization movement by the stakeholders Kabupaten Musi Rawas
regional community in order to generate themselves. (The Editor)
eagerness and its echo more audible in We are very pleased if the readers
the ears of all in the community. In this could obtain benefit from Percik. The
way the community would be inspired magazine is published to disseminate
and eventually develop a moral obligation Helping Regional various policies and programs related to
to make the MDGs goals and targets into drinking water and environmental sani-
reality. Stakeholders tation and at the same time also as a
means for stakeholders to mutually
Natalia Silitonga With the publication of a media spe- share information and experience.
Office of the Bupati Toba samosir cialized in water supply and environmen- (Editor)
Economic Section-Head of Kimpraswil tal sanitation (Percik) it has helped us in
Sub Section, Jl. Pagar Batu No. 1 Balige our job to build interaction with the We have received many letters
North Sumatra stakeholders in order to create a common expressing congratulations and acknow-
understanding and cooperation between ledgements from the readers who have
Your suggestion does indeed conform the stakeholders and the Dinas Kese- received Percik that it is impossible for us
to our expectation. The stakeholders are hatan particularly hygienic water and to mention them one by one. (Editor)
PAPER WRITING COMPETITION
The Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Working REQUIREMENTS
Group in collaboration with the Ministry of Settlement and 1. Competition is open to the public
Regional Infrastructure invite authors to a competition in 2. Length of paper is 10-15 pages folio, at
writing essay: 1.5 spacing and is written in Indonesian language
3. The paper has never been published
TITLE: anywhere else
MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNITY BASED WATER 4. The participant must enclosed a photocopy of his
SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION personal identity
5. The paper must be submitted to the Committee the
SUB TITLE: latest on October 28, 2004
1) Community Empowerment in the management of 6. The winner of the competition will be made known
water supply and environmental sanitation to the public on November 28, 2004
7. Winner Prizes:
2) Community based funding in the management of First Prize : Rp5.000.000
water supply and environmental sanitation Second Prize : Rp3.000.000
3) The institution for the community based water Third Prize : Rp1.500.000
supply and environmental sanitation management
For further details please contact:
4) The role of women in the community based The Committee of Writing Competition
water supply and environmental sanitation Jl. Cianjur No.4 MentengJakarta Pusat
management Telp. 62-21-31904113
2 Percik
August 2004

5. MA I N F E A T U R E
SOLID WASTE
Is Still A Waste
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO
thousand tons, Surabaya 1,7 thousand
We cannot escape from solid waste. Every day there must
tons, and Makassar 0,8 thousand tons of
be something we have to throw away. In the office, at solid waste every day (Damanhuri,
home, and elsewhere. It is not surprising, therefore, that 2002). Such an amount calls for a con-
if we fail to properly manage solid waste it will become siderable amount of effort to handle it.
Based on the above data the total area
scattered all around us.
for final disposal site is estimated at 675
ha in 1995 and will increase up to 1.610 ha
F
or some people a piece of paper or generation in Indonesia. But based on in 2020. This condition will cause a big
a bagful of waste doesn't mean Bappenas estimate as quoted from Buku problem considering that the scarcity of
anything. But as the paper and Infrastruktur Indonesia (Indonesian empty space especially in big cities. One
domestic waste accumulate with similar Infrastructure Book) in 1995 the waste of the examples is the difficulty faced by
material from many people, problem will material production in Indonesia is esti- the government of Jakarta after Bantar
arise, especially in urban areas where mated at 22,5 million tons, and in 2020 it Gebang facility is no more available.
land space is a scarce resource. The fact will increase to more than twofold into
indicates that the potential area for the 53,7 million tons. In big cities of Solid Waste Handling
formation of waste material generation Indonesia each person is estimated to Based on BPS data in 2001 only 18,03
keeps on increasing from time to time. cast away 600-830 grams of solid waste percent of the waste was transported,
every day. 10,46 percent buried, 3,51 percent turned
Waste material generation As an illustration, we could quote the into compost, 43,76 percent burned, and
There is no accurate data that tell us data from several big cities. Jakarta pro- the remaining 24,24 percent was dumped
accurately the amount of waste material duces 6,2 thousand tons, Bandung 2,1 into rivers, empty lots, etc. It can be seen
Percik 3
August 2004

6. M AIN FEATURE
that the amount of waste transport- The community awareness
ed was very little, the same is the Waste Handling
Penanganan Sampah (%) of cleanliness is relatively suffi-
portion for compost production, cient though it is limited within
while the portion which was burned one's own property. Their
60
and dumped into an unlikely place homes are free from litters but
reached 68 percent. This condition
50 unfortunately the waste materi-
40
persen
Percentage
indicates the potential source for al is dumped into places like
water and air pollution including a 30 drainage, river, and even an
medium for disease contamination. 20 empty lot belonging to a neigh-
Even in the city proper, the portion 10 bour. NIMBY (not in my back-
of waste material burned and un- 0 yard) phenomenon is quite
Carried
scrupulously dumped in unlikely Diangkut Piled composting Burned Lainnya
Ditimbun Made Dibuat Dibakar Other dominant here. This condition
place amounts to 50,76 percent. Kompos has developed from the absence
The portion of the total waste being of a satisfactory waste material
buried is still relatively high at management service.
10,46 percent. Plastic and similar Perkotaan Perdesaan Total
Urban Rural Total
If we try to compare between
material is a resistant compound Source: National Bureau of Statistics, 2002
the community's willingness to
and is relatively difficult to decom- contribute for water supply and
pose, therefore, burying such kind of The Main Issue garbage handling service, the latter is re-
waste is not a good idea. Compost ma- The low coverage of waste material latively lower. This is because the com-
king is not widely known among the pop- management service, especially in the munity does not have any idea what waste
ulation. cities can adversely affect health condi- material handling looks like.
Most of the final disposal sites are tion, may cause various abdominal as well The requirement for land space for
designed to apply sanitary landfill tech- as rat infested diseases. Part of the waste final disposal site is increasing. It is nec-
nique. But as time progresses most of is disposed of into a river which is potent essary to find an alternative waste materi-
them turn back into open dumping (70 cause to flooding during wet season. The al handling method that requires the least
percent) and only 30 percent still practic- method and practice for reducing the land area.
ing controlled landfill and sanitary land- amount of waste is generally known to us On the other hand, there is presently no
fill. Several cities are practicing con- and though in a small scale it is practiced national policy for waste material manage-
trolled landfill technique. They are: Ja- particularly by the scavengers. Com- ment that may serve as a legal umbrella for
karta, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, posting is also done but in a very limited an initiative taken by an interested group or
Padang, Malang, Yogyakarta, Pontianak, scale. stakeholders. The existing regulations are
Balikpapan, Banjarmasin and Denpasar. In the meantime, the existing final partial and scattered in various regional ad-
The reason for less sanitary landfill in disposal facilities are not properly ma- ministrations or government sector agen-
Indonesia is because of lack of manage- naged. In order to bring down the size of cies. It is natural therefore, that up to now
ment discipline in following the technical pile and the failure to benefit from the there is neither institutionalized system, co-
procedure, insufficient O&M budget, dif- methane gas produced from the decom- ordination nor integration in waste material
ficulty in obtaining dirt soil for cover, position process part of the waste materi- management.
shortage of heavy machinery, low techni- al is burnt down. While in the Kyoto With the beginning of regional auto-
cal capacity, and an absence of scavengers Protocol duly ratified by the government, nomy the responsibility for waste materi-
organization in the final disposal as an a reducing methane gas emission is pre- al management is relinquished to the
integrated part of the operation. requisite. Other issues related to final regional government. But unfortunately,
disposal management include unplea- there are many regions do not consider
Characteristic of Waste Material sant smell, degradation of water quality waste material issue a priority. This is
Solid waste in cities is different from from waste material disposed of directly evidenced from the lean budget set aside
the villages. In general, 80 percent of into the river, penetration of leachate into for dealing with waste material problem.
city wastes consist of organic material, surface and ground water sources, air
the remainder is inorganic. Half of the pollution and spreading of carcinogenic Policy for the future
inorganic waste is plastic material. dioxin compound. It is compulsory that in order to find a
4 Percik
August 2004

7. M AIN FEATURE
solution to solid waste problem, a sys- 3. Increasing inter-regional coordi-
temic and integrated approach must be Waste material issue is not nation in waste material management
applied involving all the stakeholders. limited within a single city, Solid waste issue is not limited within
The more so with the proclamation that rather it also involves the a single city, rather it also involves the
world zero waste must be reached in neighbouring regions. Air, neighbouring regions. Air, water and soil
2025. Several steps that can be taken pollution involves an extensive area
water and soil pollution
towards that direction are among others: beyond an administrative boundary.
involves an extensive area Therefore, selection of a final disposal site
1. Minimizing the production of waste beyond an administrative which up to now is based on administra-
through the application of 3R (reduce, boundary. tive region is irrelevant. In the future it
reuse and recycle) principle. will become compulsory to develop a
It is necessary to introduce this princi- regional solid waste management system
ple extensively into the community at this matter is improvement of awareness as a common effort to solve difficulty in
large in order to make them willing to and responsibility in solid waste manage- obtaining a land space for solid waste dis-
reuse and to recycle their waste. This step ment. The community can assume the posal site.
is of course preceded with a community role in, (i) management (reducing its pro-
education program about the importance duction); (b) supervision (keeping an eye 4. Development of new technologies
of separating domestic waste to make the throughout the management process); (c) The capacity in solid waste related ser-
following process easier. The 3R concept user (as individual, group or together vices depend on the available technology.
will be more effective if it is supported by with the business sector take benefit from An optimum management can be achieved
a legislation, provision of reward and the waste material); (d) operator (operate if it involves a suitable technology. That is
punishment as appropriate, to all related and maintain a waste material treatment why, an application of new technology can
stakeholders, whether the scavengers, the facility); (e) funding agency (see the dia- be one alternative for improvement of solid
ordinary community members, and oth- gram). waste management capacity especially in
ers. Further, the conversion of waste to cities.
energy is worth a serious
attention because there is no 5. Extensive campaign in hy-
one is presently taking a seri- SYSTEM AND MECHANISM OF ROLE OF COMMUNITY giene behaviour
ous attention in this. If the Solid waste management will
MONITORING SYSTEM
waste has found its utilization not be effective unless there is a
since the very beginning of its Funding agency common awareness that a hygien-
Supervision
production than the sanitary ic environment is also their basic
landfill facility will not need a demand. The improvement of
large area any more. Sanitary awareness must be done con-
landfill is only used for the Management Community tinuously to all segments of the
treatment of residue from an community. Hygiene education
Reduce
incinerator. Operator Compost
program must be inserted in
Reuse school curriculum since early on.
2. Increasing the role of Human Resource Finally, increasing the interest
the community and the busi- Recycle as operator and Economic Activity off all solid waste related stakehol-
maintenance Industry
ness sector ders can no longer wait. How so-
Sorting Recycle
The step in minimizing - Transportation phisticated in the technology, plenty
feet Source of
solid waste production will Organic Waste of money to send, good human
- Biogas plant production
not be effective unless there is Inorganic Waste - Incenerator resources capacity, but without
- Final Disposal
an active participation of the Dangerous Waste Site interest from the stakeholders,
community. They are the pro- Together with solid waste will remain 'waste'.
ducers and they will suffer the business sector OM/MJ
most if waste material is not
properly managed. The key to Source: Ministry of Environment
Percik 5
August 2004

8. M AIN FEATURE
Facts About Solid Waste FOTO: OSWAR MUNGKASA
What is solid waste?
Waste is a material rid of or thrown
away from man's or nature's activity and
has no immediate economic value
What is the classification of solid
waste?
Based on its origin solid waste can
be classified as, (i) domestic waste con-
sisting of household refuse, rubble from a
building demolition, sanitation and road
litters. In general this kind of waste
comes from settlement and commercial
areas, (ii) dangerous materials such as
refuse from industrial plant and from a
hospital, which may contain poisonous
substance, such as used battery, shoe po-
lish, drug containers, (iii) medical waste.
Based on its shape it can be classi-
fied as, (i) dry inorganic waste such as
metal, can, bottle which will not decay
naturally, (ii) wet inorganic waste such as Type of waste material Time to decompose durable material instead of one time only.
from kitchen, restaurant wastes, food Organic waste (plant, fruit 1-2 weeks The advantage of 4R principle is
crumbs which will decay naturally. (iii) etc.) reducing greenhouse effect, less air and
Paper 10-30 days
dangerous waste material, such as used Cotton dress 2-5 months water pollution, energy saving, conserva-
battery, used syringe. Wood 10-15 years tion of resources, less land space for final
Based on degradability solid waste Woolen dress 1 year disposal, generating employment, and
Aluminium, can, and similar 100-500 years
can be classified as, (i) biodegradable, material promoting green technology.
solid waste that will decompose naturally Plastic bag 1 million years? Solid waste type depends on com-
such as organic wastes including kitchen Glassware Not known munity's cultural habit. In modern so-
waste, fruit, flower, leaf and paper, (ii) must be made as near as possible to its ciety especially in big cities plastic
non-biodegradable consisting of recy- origin. In connection with solid waste material is widely used. As an illustra-
cleable wastes such as plastic, paper, reduction we are acquainted with 3R prin- tion, the majority of domestic waste is
glassware; poisonous waste like medicine, ciple (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) which later plastic bag brought home from the
paint, battery, shoe polish, medical waste became 4R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, store, or styrofoam ex food container.
such as syringe. Refuse). The basic difference between 3R Plastic waste is a great threat to our
and 4R principle is the additional of environment because it takes about one
What is the time needed for solid Refuse principle (sometimes also called million years before it fully decompos-
waste to decompose? Replace) which focuses on using a more es (at that time world may have ended
The time needed for solid waste to in a doomsday). This condition makes
decompose depends on the type of the us aware of the importance of applica-
4R (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle, Reduce)
material. In general, organic waste tion of 4R principle in order to mini-
decomposes immediately, while other 1. Refuse. Use a more durable material mize solid waste production. Therefore
material such as plastic is estimated to instead of one time only the movement for reducing solid waste
decompose in one million years. 2. Reduce. Produce less waste production must start from its place of
3. Reuse. Use material that can be used origin, i.e. the household. Therefore
What step can be taken to minimize more than once. the application of this principle
domestic solid waste production? 4. Recycle. Use a material than can be depends to a large extent on the com-
Solid waste production can be mini- recycled later on. munity awareness.
mized. The principle is the reduction
6 Percik
August 2004

9. M AIN FEATURE
FOTO: MUJIYANTO
The time needed for
waste material to
decompose depends on
the type of the material.
In general, organic waste
decomposes immediate-
ly, while other material
such as plastic is esti-
mated to decompose in
one million years
thick dirt layer. Later the site will be
made into a parking lot.
How can solid waste be treated? taken. (iii) Sanitary Landfills. Unlike an ordi-
There are at least 5 widely known (ii) Landfills. This is a relative better nary Landfill a sanitary landfill uses water-
methods in solid waste treatment: disposal site as compared to open dump. proff material to prevent leachate pollute
(i) Open dumps. Solid waste is dis- After dumping the solid waste is covered the surrounding. The operational cost for a
posed of in an open space and let it to rot with dirt soil and compacted. After all the sanitary landfill is considerably higher.
naturally without any further action space is used the site is covered with a (iv) Incinerator. Solid waste is put
into a separator to pick out all the recycla-
ble material. What is not recyclable is
incinerated. Incineration is usually the
FACTS ABOUT SOLID WASTE IN THE U.S. last alternative to pick. Solid waste han-
In 2001 waste production amounted to 209 million tones or approx. 4,4 dling is more inclined to medically
pounds per capita per day. Increased twofold from the amount of 1960. favourable handling technique.
About 30% is recycled, 15% burned, and 56% transported to disposal site. (v) Composting. A biological process
In 1990 recycling and composting reduced 64 million tons of solid waste that enables microorganisms decompose
that should have been transported to disposal site. At present 30% of waste organic wastes into farm manure.
material is recycled. This percentage increases twice compared to the condition
15 years ago.
Recycling of used batteries reached 94%, paper 42%, plastic bottles 40%, What is the responsibility of the
beverage and beer can 55%. producers?
The number of final waste disposal sites reduces from 8.000 in 1998 to If the household is given a role to
1.858 in 2001 with relatively the same capacity. reduce solid waste production through
4R principle, then the producers must
FACTS in OTHER COUNTRIES also be imposed with a clear responsibili-
ty. The producers could help the house-
United States is an industrialized nation with the biggest waste material hold in applying 4R principle. One of
producer 4,4 pounds of waste per capita per day, followed by Canada 3,75 them is through EPR (Extended Producer
pounds, and the Netherlands 3 pounds. Germany and Sweden are two industri- Responsibility) program which repre-
alized nations with the least waste material production. sents an effort to promote the producer to
United State is an industrialized nation with the highest recycling propor- reuse the product and packaging it pro-
tion at 24%, followed by Switzerland 23% and Japan 20%.
duces. An incentive program to produc-
ers is a must. OM
Percik 7
August 2004

10. M AIN FEATURE
Reducing Methane Gas
Emission
SOURCE: FANI WEDAHUDITAMA
F
inal disposal site is the largest
contributor in methane gas emis-
sion in the US, and probably also
in Indonesia. Whereas a disposal site is
actually one of energy source potentials.
LFG (landfill gas) is produced when solid
waste is undergoing decomposition. This
gas comprises 50% methane (CH4), the
main component of natural gas, and the
rest is carbon dioxide (CO2). As an illus-
tration, in December 2003, there are 360
LFG based power generating projects in
the US and another 600 potential final
disposal sites for similar establishment.
Some of the advantageous from using
LFG based energy are, (i) reduce unplea-
sant smell, (ii) minimize methane gas tricity is equivalent to planting 60.000 and cost saving.
emission and negative effect to global cli- acres of forest a year or reducing CO2 The LFG utilization program in US
mate. It is estimated an LFG project can emission of 45.000 cars a year. This has significantly reduce methane emis-
reduce up to 60-90% of methane gas pro- amount of energy can replace the use of sion at an amount of 14 metric million
duced in the disposal site, depending on coal for 1.000 locomotives or the use of tons carbon equivalent (MMTCE), a be-
the technology applied. Methane gas is 500 barrels of fuel oil, (iii) reduce air pol-
nefit in reducing green house gases from
processed to produce water and CO2 lution through burning less non-renew-
planting 18 million acres of forest or
when the gas is converted into electricity. able fuel, such as coal, natural gas and oil,
reducing annual emission of 13 millions
To produce approximately 4 MW of elec- (iv) creating new employment, income
of cars. While the other 600 waste dis-
posal sites with potentials for generating
Solid Waste and Climatic Change electricity from methane gas, based on
calculation, can generate power for the
W e may not quite aware that solid What is the waste material man- consumption of 1 million homes.
waste can influence the climate agement strategy for reducing There are several processing alterna-
through emission of green house gases in emission of green house gases? tives for converting methane gas into
several ways. energy, (i) electric power generator, (ii)
Minimizing the production of organic direct use in lieu of the ordinary fuel like
What is the linkage between solid waste for processing in the final disposal natural gas, coal and petroleum, (iii)
waste to climatic changes? site. As the waste decomposes methane cogeneration, a combination of heat and
First. Solid waste decomposition at gas is released. power (Combined Heat and Power/CHP)
the final disposal site produces methane Reducing incinerating of solid was- to generate electricity and heat.
gas which is 21 times stronger than CO2 te . This will reduce the production of Aside from the benefit of converting
in producing green house effect. CO2. LFG into power it should also be borne in
Second. An incinerator releases CO2, Recyclable waste usually need less mind that the process is also producing
the same type of gas produced by the energy for the processing, thus emission an emission of NOx gas which is detri-
trucks transporting the waste. could be kept to a minimum. mental to ozone layer and causing foggy
smoke to the surrounding. OM
8 Percik
August 2004

11. M AIN REPORT
Learn About Solid Waste
from the Chinese
SOURCE: ENDANG SETYANINGRUM
T
he Olympic contest in Athens was However, Beijing which produces 9.000
over, the Bamboo Curtain country tons of waste material per day (in com-
will in turn host the meeting in parison to 6.000 tons in Jakarta) has an
Beijing in 2008. In anticipation to the excellent service, in terms of its coverage
forthcoming event the Chinese people are (90%) as well as its quality of service.
busying themselves from straightening Although no separation is made at its
up the problems of infrastructures till source origin, but the transfer stations
making the city presentable and clean. are equipped with such a facility. In this
The scene is quite obvious in Beijing, the way the waste transported to final dispos-
capital city. Although this is seemingly al is only the residual. Then the organic
still a long way off, the city is tidying itself waste is processed into compost, in a city
up and infrastructure development works scale facility with the present capacity at
are rolling steadily. It is of course under- 200-400 tons/day.
standable, because they don't want to The collecting and transportation are
find out that the city with 16 million peo- almost the same with our condition here,
ple disappoint the athletes, officials and including the tricycle cart and compactor
supporters from all over the world while truck. But the transportation quality and
they stay there as their guests. efficiency is excellent because one trans-
For the Olympic event the Chinese fer station is built at 8 km spacing. The
government has issued a special policy final disposal site applying sanitary land-
for the improvement of city environment fill method is also in a sufficiently good
including its solid waste management quality. The table below presents the
system. The city government has formu- reader the total, area and capacity of
lated a local policy for waste material landfills in Beijing.
management containing, (i) increase the
level of coverage to 98% in 2007; (ii) Table 1 Landfills in Beijing
recycle and composting 30% of total solid
No Location Area (Ha) Capacity
waste; (iii) solid waste separation at the
(tons/day)
source up to 50% in 2007; (iv) in 2007
landfill management meets standard
1. Bishinshu landfill 33,7 1000
environmental requirement; and (v) con-
2. Liutilun landfill 46,5 1500
tinuing development of leachate process- produce the standard effluent set for
ing technology in order to meet the 3. Asuwei landfill 60 2000 Beijing. The following table indicates the
required effluent standard. 4. Anding landfill 21,6 700 process and effluent quality from several
landfills in Beijing vs. the effluent stan-
Solid Waste Management The components of a landfill com- dards for China and Beijing.
Condition prise a waterproof base, leachate collec-
Technical Aspect tor network, leachate pond, oxidation Table 2: Leachate processing result
Solid waste management in Beijing is ditch, a drainage ditch around the land-
not too far different than it is in In- fill, gas collector (presently is to be
Tipe Parameter
Effluent quality parameter
donesia. The composition and characte- burnt), control road, and buffer zone, Landfills
Landfills
Type of Leachate
Proses Pengolahan kualitas efluent leachate
Processing
Leachate COD
COD BOD
BOD Amonia
Amonia
ristic of solid waste in both places is al- weighing scale, heavy machinery, water
Beishinshu Diangkut ke sewerage
Transported to sewerage - - -
most similar. The handling process from tank, dirt cover, office, sport facility, a treatment plant
treatment plant
the initial source up to the final disposal stock of dirt for cover. Liulitun Oxidition Ditch
Oxidation ditch 324 22,9 17
Asuwei Oxidation Ditch
Oxidation ditch 787 126 24
is also the same, including the fact that no Though the facility is relatively suffi- Pilot Test RO Filtrasi dengan reverse osmosis 3 - 17 - 1,2 – 15
Reverse osmosis filter
separation is done in the source. cient, the leachate processing does not Membrane
9 Percik
August 2004

12. M AIN REPORT
SOURCE: ENDANG SETYANINGRUM
Table 3: Effluent standards Management
China and Beijing aspect
The city government of
Beijing is highly com-
COD < 300 < 60
mitted to improving
BOD < 150 < 20
the landfill quality
Amonia < 25 < 25
(except for the efflu-
ent, at present it is in a
Final dirt cover is done using clay soil, satisfactory condi-
geo textile, bentonite, and clay/top soil. tion).
The land is then planted with vegetation The existence of seri-
and is kept as an open space. ousness and profes-
sional attitude of the
Management aspect field workers is a valu-
Waste management in Beijing is oper- able asset to the suc-
ated by "Solid Waste Agency" (BSW-AD). cess of Beijing clean
This institution gets its funding (invest- program. In Indonesia
ment as well as O&M) from the city gov- 50% level. For Indonesian case a seri- generally, the workers with a cleaning
ernment budget and from the community ous application of 3R principle must job feel themselves as "men from odd
contribution. The amount of tariff start immediately. place".
depends on the size of family. A family of The transportation process is very effi- The contribution collected from com-
more than 3 members is charged at an cient, because transfer station is loca- munity is based on incentive to smaller
amount of RMB3 per person a month ted within the radius of 8 km. In Indo- families; in Indonesia incentives can be
(equivalent to Rp3.000). For a family of nesia it is built at a more than 25 km applied based on a lesser amount of
three or less RMB2 per person per month. spacing. waste.
Community participation in Beijing is A high capacity (200-400 tons/day) Enforcement of regulation against lit-
highly commendable, but the role of pri- composting installation is con- tering has been quite effective; in
vate sector in management is lacking. sidered advantageous (good com- Indonesia such a deed is conducted
post quality and is used by the far- indifferently and bears no marked con-
Lessons learned mers). In Indonesian application sequence, one is more afraid of run-
Technical aspect big scale composting can be done ning against traffic light, or "three in
A coverage increase to almost 100% in without the necessity for application one' regulation, or failure to put on
2007 indicates the seriousness of go- of the principle of economic benefit safety belt than throwing litters out of
vernment commitment. This condition system. the window.
is needed for a metropolitan city like Sanitary landfill applied in the final The community is quite conscious in
Jakarta. disposal is appropriate considering the clean environment. In Indonesia this
Although Beijing hasn't been applied availability of support components and kind of consciousness must be built; it
the 3R principle, but the separation operational reliability. For Indonesian might be necessary to include it in
process conducted at the transfer sta- application it is deemed necessary to school curriculum since early age.
tion has contributed a satisfactory build a strong will and hard work in The above lessons can be adopted by
result. Big/metropolitan cities in improving landfill quality. the Indonesian policy makers. Why not
Indonesia can adopt the practice by The application of a stricter effluent take a lesson from China, the Bamboo
putting up transfer stations equipped standard for Beijing has pushed the Curtain nation whose city cleanliness is
with separation facility. development of leachate processing comparable to that of European and
Another interesting thing is that for the technology such as reverse osmosis Japanese cities?
purpose of 2008 Olympic Games in (RO), all for the sake of safeguarding Endang Setyaningrum, Directorate of
2007 solid waste separation right at the environment particularly water Metropolitan, Ministry of Settlement and Regional
the initial source is targeted to reach resources. Infrastucture, Member of WSS Working Group
10 Percik
August 2004

13. M AIN REPORT
Governance Development Program
To Increase the Local Government
Concern to Environment
I
n the absence of Adipura award, the GOAL AND AIM OF GOVERNANCE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
attention to cleanliness is fading
out. The local governments that
used to be so eager to compete among Governance
each other for a clean and beautiful city Regional Effective
Development
government government
have almost gone, especially after 1998. Program
Good
Towns and cities that used to keep a rela-
Environmental
tively high mark in cleanliness, have sud- House of
Governance
denly gone down in evaluation conducted Civil Society Representative
Empowered
Program Public
in 2003. This happens in almost all big Society
cities -metropolitan, big, medium and
Stakeholders
small- of Indonesia, as can be seen in
Table 1.
has become and how urgent is the Capacity Development, M. Gempur
demand to redeem it, so that they could Adnan, describes the essence of Good
make an action plan for environmental Environmental Governance Program is
sustainability. However, the precondi- strengthening coordination system to
tion for an effective and sustainable envi- enable the government to get the most
ronmental management is the establish- accurate response so that solution to the
ment of good governance. It is from there most urgent issues could be taken. The
that a new paradigm was born, i.e. good system development includes the mecha-
environmental governance. nism to guarantee that all parties
This paradigm becomes the under- involved could voice out their ideas in a
lying principle for a Governance Develop- democratic manner, guarantee of a fair
Metropolitan City Big City Medium City Small City
ment Program of the Ministry of Envi- and transparent procedure in planning
ronment designed for the purpose of to and implementation, and the application
This fact tells us that in many places strengthening the capacity of the local of standard and criteria to judge a fair
of this country the environmental issues government to practice good governance and transparent implementation. Some
tend to increase. Some happens natural- principle in environmental sector and at of the elements in the Governance
ly, but many are caused by human hands the same time also improve the perfor- Development Program that are influen-
in line with the increasing number of mance of government administration. tial in the achievement of Good Environ-
population and a greater demand for na- This program is supported with Program mental Governance are as the following:
tural resources and living space. That's Warga Madani (Civil Society Program) 1. Motivation of the Head of the Regional
why, there is a need for capacity improve- which is directed towards community Administration;
ment in environmental management. empowerment. The Governance Deve- 2. Competence and commitment of chief
The old centralized model is no more lopment Program started implementa- of institution;
applicable, it should be replaced with a tion in 2002. It was launched in Bali on 5 3. Human resources capacity;
decentralized model. Each region may June to coincide with commemoration of 4. Existence of a support policy;
utilize all its potential and mobilize all the Environment Day. 5. Establishment of accountability sys-
segments of its community and be aware The Deputy Minister of Environment tem;
of how serious the environmental hazard for Regional Environmental Management 6. Availability of fund.
11 Percik
August 2004

14. M AIN REPORT
During 2002-2003 the activity was lected are fed into the baseline data bank Charter) is given to towns/cities whose
focused on the monitoring and evaluation and are updated on yearly basis. Capacity performance is nearing the predeter-
of environmental issues of the cities and development policy and program is for- mined criteria. Last June there were 15
urban areas, covering the aspects of solid mulated based on the existing data. towns received Anugerah Adipura and 15
waste management, management of ve- In the second implementation year others won the Piagam Adipura. The
getative covered open space, manage- (Jun 2003 - May 2004) the number of award was made by the President in a ce-
ment of public facility, and water pollu- participating towns/cities increases to remony held at the presidential palace.
tion control. This year 59 cities join the 123. Out of this number 31 are qualified The program does not end here. This
program. Beside a direct field observa- for nomination as the cleanest will continue. Of course with some
tion each region is given a set of question- towns/cities for winning Adipura award. adjustments in terms of monitoring and
naires to fill in. Evaluation is made on This award consists of Anugerah Adipura evaluation and in its institutionalization
managerial, learning capability, institu- (Adipura Award) for towns/cities whose aspects. The ultimate goal remains,
tion, physical output, and innovation performance exceeds predetermined cri- establishment of good environmental
aspects. The information and data col- teria, and Piagam Adipura (Adipura governance. (MJ)
M. Gempur Adnan, Deputy Minister of Environment for Regional
Environmental Management Capacity Development
"The key, Local Government Commitment"
E
veryone knows what to do with the area messy. We will encourage eve- limit up to these three things first
solid waste. Everyone also ryone to make litter free and clean city because the condition in the regions is
knows the shortcomings con- an issue. If this issue is not brought to that messy. If we tackle all at once,
nected to it, such as technical, financial, the surface the local government will nothing will happen. This program is
equipment, and human resources. But remain indifferent. Currently we are in essence quite similar to the Adipura.
why does the problem persist? Neither doing our best to raise this solid waste The mechanism is what makes it diffe-
in those regions to where once an assis- issue up to the decision making level, rent. In the good governance program
tance has been given. Then what is the regional and central. In this way we there is the capacity building compo-
keyword to this problem? We have hope regional and central commitment nent, which is absent in Adipura. In
come to a conclusion that all this will develop and thicken. Imagine if the
Adipura once a year, good governance
depends on the commitment of the president voices out, the governor
three times a year. Everything is trans-
regional government. Do they, the speaks louder, then we can expect that
parent. Each city knows what progress
regional government and its communi- something will get done. This pro-
it has made each time it is monitored
ty, have any commitment to solve the gram will be voluntary in nature. It
and evaluated. Other cities also have
problem of waste material? If they do, consists of two components, one is to
the opportunity to know. The commu-
money is no problem. The area will be encourage clean and green city. The
free from litters if the regional govern- second is capacity building. We encour- nity knows from the mass media
ment is committed. Otherwise, whate- age the regions to improve their capaci- because we always try to expose it. We
ver assistance given won't do any ty in environmental management espe- cannot expect, though, that the cities
good.There is always problem with cially one related to city. We organize winning the competition is indeed
money. It should be allocated to the workshops, training, comparative stud- clean. All is still dirty. But if we wait,
right direction. Through this program, ies, etc. in relation to city management. when will they reach a preferred level of
we intend to improvement the regional The focus is laid on solid waste, cleanliness? This means an endless
government's commitment. To instill improvement in public facility, and veg- wait. We hope in 5 years there will be
the feeling of disgraced once one finds etative covered open space. We will 50 clean cities in Indonesia. (MJ)
12 Percik
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15. I NTERVIEW
Budiman Arief, Secretary General, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure
"Bad Solid Waste
Management, Poor Health
Condition" SOURCE: MUJIYANTO
S
o l i d w aste is not an easy problem
to solve. As evidence, no definite
solution has yet been found for
solid waste problem in Indonesia. There
are many factors involved each intermin-
gling with the others. That is why, solid
waste management is a system so that its
implementation calls for a synergic effort
from all the stakeholders.
That is the essence of discussion
between Percik and Mr. Budiman Arief,
Secretary General, Ministry of Settlement
and Regional Infrastructure in his office.
The following are the excerpts of the con-
versation:
Speaking of the present solid
waste management in Indonesia,
how does it look like?
In general, solid waste management,
especially of the cities, is insufficient. All this makes solid waste management aspect is inter-related with the others. If
Though it was sufficiently good when left behind. The attention by the kabu- we want success, all the aspects must be
there was the Adipura program between paten/city government is also declining. properly considered. First is institution-
1986-1996, because it was motivated with There is probably interrelated factor al. The second, financial. The third, tech-
the reward for the cities which could influencing. The absence of reward re- nical. The fourth legal; and the fifth is
maintain cleanliness. After that the con- duces the attention. Solid waste handling community participation.
dition is declining. Only recently there is is actually one of the basic service to the Many would think that solid waste is
another program, good environmental public. Solid waste is closely related to purely technical, which is utterly mislead-
governance which started in 2002. But health. A city without a good solid waste ing. All the aspects must mutually sup-
the echo is not as extensive as the management one may be sure that the portive. Take for instance, the institu-
Adipura because the number of partici- level of health condition is poor because tional aspect. If in a city the responsible
pants is limited. garbage piles are the homes of disease institution is given a very low status, the
vector. institution will have a real hard time. A
Why was the condition declin- section or sub-section chief will have dif-
ing? Was it because of the absence What about financial factor? ficulty to see a Mayor because he is too
of reward or some other factor? If we look into solid waste mana- low an employee. Therefore there must
There was no reward indeed. gement in general, and this we have be an agreement, that for a big city the
Secondly there was that crisis. Solid informed to all kabupaten/kota govern- institution responsible for solid waste
waste handling is no priority any more. ments throughout the country, that there management must be a Dinas level. In a
The government attention is shifted to are 5 dominant aspects governing the medium city a sub-dinas, and not lower.
poverty and all other related problems. solid waste management. Each of the Financially there must be sufficient
13 Percik
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16. I NTERVIEW
fund. APBD for solid waste must not be How many regional govern- What is your opinion regarding
too small. It will be difficult. In reality, if ments have been granted the stimu- the community awareness of solid
it is managed properly, solid waste can lant? waste?
generate income, though not 100 percent Since 2001 there have been many. We I think the community has not fully
recovery. At least 70 percent of the have helped the newly established cities, understood the importance of solid waste
expenses can be recovered from the con- for example as initial equipment we gave management. For villagers solid waste
tribution. Thus the subsidy requirement them a truck. If later it turns out effective may have no significance because they
is only 30 percent. If the financial aspect we add with another one. have enough empty space, but for towns-
is not put into order and the contribution people it is just the opposite. The latter
is not properly collected, the effort will What plan does the government cannot manage their wastes on an indi-
only be wasting money. have for the future? vidual basis, rather they have to do it col-
From the legal aspect, the regulation I think we have to continue with what lectively. But the problem is, most of the
must be made effective. The regional go- we have started. Improvement must be townspeople come from the village. They
vernment regulation must be specific and made to final disposal ground. The re- bring the villager's habit with them. None
clear. If no action is taken against some gional government wants to apply sanita- of the services is given for free.
littering, what will happen next. Waste is ry landfill, but the fact is merely open
produced by man's activity, therefore law dumping. This is what causes many What is the linkage between the
must be upheld. protests. Open dumping should have government step in solid waste
From the technical aspect one cannot been left out entirely. We might not be handling with MDGs?
do as one wishes. There is calculation to able to apply a sanitary landfill technique I think one of the objectives of the
be made. What system to be applied, the in full, but we are heading there. We will MDGs is improvement of sanitation servi-
time for transport, what will be done at provide assistance to a regional govern- ce. Presently we are preparing a National
the disposal site. Then from the commu- ment who still has difficulty in handling a Action Plan. We have to translate MDGs
nity participation, this is one of the most final disposal ground. into Indonesian condition. The MDGs
important thing. If the community does objectives could be considered quantita-
not support, the costs will become What should be done with the tive as it is also qualitative. All the wastes
extremely high. Therefore community community? may be transported entirely, but if the
participation must be built and increased. All the regional governments must transport is once a week or once in two
All five aspects are inter-related. take action to educate the community weeks, qualitatively it is poor. Because
about solid waste management. As an solid waste must be transported once in
Does it mean there is no one example, there is a family who has paid a three days at the longest, otherwise it will
single dominant factor? garbage collector but he is still required to begin to decompose. Thus the level of
That is right. But the first thing is the pay a duty to the Dinas Kebersihan. This service may be considered in quantitative
availability of fund. Otherwise what can will lead the community into confusion. as well as in qualitative manner.
we do? But still, money is no guarantee. They should be given information that
from the technical point of view solid Can MDGs sanitation target par-
What has the government done waste management consists of waste col- ticularly with respect to solid waste
in the solid waste management? lecting from individual homes, than be achieved in 2015?
Depkimpraswil (ministry of public transport to disposal ground and finally If the standard is sanitary landfill like
work) is responsible for preparing guide- the processing. the developed countries, I doubt that we
lines. We have produced many guidelines The payment to RT/RW is only for could make it. But we can translate it in
how to handle solid waste in the right man- collecting which represents 30 percent of terms of qualitative result. What is im-
ner. That is not all, though. We also prepare the whole technical process. Sometimes, portant is that we make improvement
a stimulant program. We make it available however, what the RT/RW collects too from the previous condition. That is why
to the really interested regional government. much that nothing is left for the Dinas it is necessary to have a common agree-
If not interested, we wouldn't give it because Kebersihan. Therefore, the community ment among the related government
it would mean waste of money. Look at their must be educated so that they fully under- departments regarding our National
effort and see in what way we could help. stand what is what in solid waste mana- Action Plan and how the targets would be
This also is a kind of reward. gement. achieved.
14 Percik
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17. I NTERVIEW
How do you look at the linkage handling would not be big as it for road handling should be done with insti-
between regional autonomy and building or drinking water installation. If tutional approach?
solid waste? the regional governments have the inte- What I mean is this. An institution is
Actually, it has always been the rest solid waste handling could be done in something with a clear and definite responsi-
responsibility of the kabupaten/kota go- the right manner. bility. There must be an institution, but the
vernments. Pursuant to Law No. 22, community must be involved in a clear sys-
Government Regulation No. 25, earlier What is the central government tem. For instance RT/RW or a community
there was a government regulation No. 18 budget for solid waste handling? group is responsible in accumulation. The
year 1953 which stipulates that solid As I said earlier, the government only institution will take care the transport from
waste management is the responsibility of provides a stimulant. This Department the transfer stations to the final disposal
the kabupaten/kota government. There- provides basic infrastructures such as ground. Therefore the responsible institu-
fore, the responsibility rests with the drinking water, waste water, solid waste, tion must be clearly defined with a sufficient
regional government. drainage, and roads. We do not only pro- level of power.
vide them with a guideline but also a stim-
Does it mean that the change ulant. This is intended to build attention What is your expectation with
towards regional autonomy a few from within the regions our cities in the future?
years ago has no effect to the SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA
responsibility in solid waste mana-
gement?
I should say so. However we now
expect the regions would improve their
performance in handling their wastes.
What was before not very clear, it now
becomes more obvious.
What about inter-regional solid
waste handling that causes friction
such as the cases in Bantar Gebang
and Bojong?
Problem surely arises in a metropolitan
city. In smaller and medium sized cities they
can find solution because space is still rela-
tively easier to find. In a big city like Jakarta,
the management becomes more complex.
That is why the sanitary landfill must be built Does it mean the budget is suffi- Cleanliness and orderly condition
together with the other regions. Incinerator cient? must be established. Beauty is perhaps
I think is too expensive both in terms of Not enough. Still too small. And the re- something of a luxury.
investment as well as operational costs. We quired infrastructure is still insufficient. Cleanliness is the base point. If you
have to be careful in evaluating the technical want to put something into order, cleanli-
aspect. If our per capita income has reached Is there any country with compa- ness must go first. Bupati and the Mayor
USD5.000 we may then think about an rable condition that we can learn a must give a bigger attention in this case.
incinerator. lesson from? If there is a reward, I think it would be
I think there is a need for a compara- even better.
What is your opinion about the tive study to other countries with a com-
regional attention with respect to parable condition. It is not a good idea to What does the cooperation look like?
solid waste? go to developed countries like Australia or Solid waste is a NIMBY (not in my back-
Insufficient, I have to say. Why did we Japan. Too far. We go to places nearer to yard) phenomenon. Those who are affected
design Adipura? Because we thought us, such as a study to Kuching in must have a fair compensation. And the
that solid waste handling would be done Malaysia. We have done it already. approach to the community is made in the
well if there is a sufficient attention. I proper manner.
reckon that an investment for solid waste From what you said, solid waste (mujiyanto)
15 Percik
August 2004

18. A RTICLE
Solid Waste as a Source of Energy:
A Challenge to the World of
Solid Waste Management
In Indonesia
S
everal technologies for elimination fossil fuel can be brought to a minimum,
Sandhi Eko Bramono *)
of solid waste have been tried for and reducing the exploitation rate of fos-
application in Indonesia. The sil fuel from the earth.
most commonly used technology is sani- waste can be processed into a new pro-
tary landfill which is practiced in several duct with a higher market value and is The available technology
big cities. A sanitary landfill is essential- needed by the community. Why? Becau- Composting is basically an energy
ly a biological reactor in which solid waste se Indonesia is beginning to experience conversion process. But some of the
undergoes anaerobic decomposition. One an energy crisis. Fuel oil is getting existing energy is released and the mate-
of the products from the anaerobic scarcer, oil reserve is limited, and the rial produced contains a lower caloric
degradation is methane (CH4) gas which price of crude oil in the world market is value. This is because the anaerobic com-
contains a relatively high caloric value. increasing. There must be a renewable posting process produces a new solid and
This could become a significant source of source of energy with less negative simpler material and releases carbon
energy. impact to the environment. This is where dioxide (CO2) gas which is not readily
energy from solid waste can take an alter- used as an energy source. There are seve-
Compost is not sufficiently utilized native place, and at the same time as a ral other processes for converting energy
Compost produced from city waste means for elimination of solid waste. In from solid waste into new substance. The
cannot find a good market in Indonesia. so doing it is hoped that the burning of processes are among others:
Farmers, estate crop growers, and gar-
SOURCE: FANY WEDAHUDITAMA
deners are not interested in using com-
post. This is perhaps because compost
does not provide additional nutrition to
plant and soil, nor does it provide a direct
increase to plant produce. Besides, com-
post is not intended to take the role of
chemical fertilizers. Compost is more useful
for improvement of soil texture and increase
water holding capacity of the soil so that
water intake by plant roots increases. On the
other side, the government does not suffi-
ciently promote the community to use com-
post. In a number of compost production
installations the production is below the
optimum rate, to finally stop production for
lack of sustaining customers.
Source of energy
It is deemed necessary to embark on a
new concept for handling the problem of
city solid waste. As an alternative, solid
16 Percik
August 2004