1. MODELO DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS DE LAS
PREPARATORIAS FEDERALES POR
COOPERACION
PREFEMUN 2012
SC
SECURITY COUNCIL
Topic A): The situation of terrorist groups as a
threat to the international security: the al-Qaida
and Taliban Case

2. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal
organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of
international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United
Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping
operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the
authorization of military action. Its powers are exercised through United
Nations Security Council resolutions.
The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at
Church House, Westminster, and London. Since its first meeting, the
Council, which exists in continuous session, has travelled widely,
holding meetings in many cities, such as Paris and Addis Ababa, as
well as at its current permanent home at the United Nations
Headquarters in New York City.
There are 15 members of the Security Council, consisting of five veto-
wielding permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States) and 10 elected non-permanent
members with two-year terms. This basic structure is set out in Chapter
V of the UN Charter. Security Council members must always be
present at UN headquarters in New York so that the Security Council
can meet at any time. This requirement of the United Nations Charter
was adopted to address a weakness of the League of Nations since
that organization was often unable to respond quickly to a crisis.
Permanent members
See also:
China and the United Nations, France and the United Nations, Russia
and the United Nations, Soviet Union and the United Nations, United
Kingdom and the United Nations, and United States and the United
Nations
(Sc) Under Chapter VII of the Charter, the Security Council can take
enforcement measures to maintain or restore international peace and
security. Such measures range from economic and/or other sanctions
not involving the use of armed force to international military action.

3. The use of mandatory sanctions is intended to apply pressure on a
State or entity to comply with the objectives set by the Security Council
without resorting to the use of force. Sanctions thus offer the Security
Council an important instrument to enforce its decisions. The universal
character of the United Nations makes it an especially appropriate
body to establish and monitor such measures.
The Council has resorted to mandatory sanctions as an enforcement
tool when peace has been threatened and diplomatic efforts have
failed. The range of sanctions has included comprehensive economic
and trade sanctions and/or more targeted measures such as arms
embargoes, travel bans, financial or diplomatic restrictions.
At the same time, a great number of States and humanitarian
organizations have expressed concerns at the possible adverse impact
of sanctions on the most vulnerable segments of the population.
Concerns have also been expressed at the negative impact sanctions
can have on the economy of third countries.
In response to these concerns, relevant Security Council decisions
have reflected a more refined approach to the design, application and
implementation of mandatory sanctions. These refinements have
included measures targeted at specific actors, as well as humanitarian
exceptions embodied in Security Council resolutions
¨Is time to do a drastic change. Already lost too many lives. It is time to
end the killings. To exert all its influence to end this tragic conflict¨
Ban Ki Moon
SecretaryGeneralof the United Nations

4. The CTC is assisted by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive
Directorate (CTED), which carries out the policy decisions of the
Committee, conducts expert assessments of each Member State and
facilitates counter-terrorism technical assistance to countries.
Resolution 1373 (2001), adopted unanimously on 28 September 2001,
calls upon Member States to implement a number of measures
intended to enhance their legal and institutional ability to counter
terrorist activities, including taking steps to:
Criminalize the financing of terrorism
Freeze without delay any funds related to persons involved in
acts of terrorism
Deny all forms of financial support for terrorist groups
Suppress the provision of safe haven, sustenance or support for
terrorists
Share information with other governments on any groups
practicing or planning terrorist acts
Cooperate with other governments in the investigation, detection,
arrest, extradition and prosecution of those involved in such acts;
and
Criminalize active and passive assistance for terrorism in
domestic law and bring violators to justice.
The resolution also calls on States to become parties, as soon as
possible, to the relevant international counter-terrorism legal
instruments.
Resolution 1624 (2005) pertains to incitement to commit acts of
terrorism, calling on UN Member States to prohibit it by law, prevent
such conduct and deny safe haven to anyone "with respect to whom
there is credible and relevant information giving serious reasons for
considering that they have been guilty of such conduct."

5. Working Methods
In short, the work of the CTC and CTED comprises:
Country visits - at their request, to monitor progress, as well as to
evaluate the nature and level of technical assistance a given
country may need in order to implement resolution 1373 (2001);
Technical assistance - to help connect countries to available
technical, financial, regulatory and legislative assistance
programmers, as well as to potential donors;
Country reports – to provide a comprehensive snapshot of the
counter-terrorism situation in each country and serve as a tool for
dialogue between the Committee and Member States;
Best practices – to encourage countries to apply known best
practices, codes and standards, taking into account their own
circumstances and needs; and
Special meetings – to develop closer ties with relevant
international, regional and sub regional organizations, and to help
avoid duplication of effort and waste of resources through better
coordination
Terrorism is defined as political violence in an asymmetrical conflict
that is designed to induce terror and psychic fear (sometimes
indiscriminate) through the violent victimization and destruction of
noncombatant targets (sometimes iconic symbols). Such acts are
meant to send a message from an illicit clandestine organization. The
purpose of terrorism is to exploit the media in order to achieve
maximum attainable publicity as an amplifying force multiplier in order
to influence the targeted audience(s) in order to reach short- and
midterm political goals and/or desired long-term end states.
Terrorist acts frequently have a political purpose. Terrorism is a
political tactic, like letter-writing or protesting, which is used by activists
when they believe that no other means will affect the kind of change

6. they desire. The change is desired so badly that failure to achieve
change is seen as a worse outcome than the deaths of civilians. This is
often where the inter-relationship between terrorism and religion
occurs. When a political struggle is integrated into the framework of a
religious or "cosmic´´.struggle, such as over the control of an ancestral
homeland or holy site such as Israel and Jerusalem, failing in the
political goal (nationalism) becomes equated with spiritual failure,
which, for the highly committed, is worse than their own death or the
deaths of innocent civilians
Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare, and is more common when
direct conventional warfare will not be effective because forces vary
greatly in power.
The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large-scale,
unresolved political conflict. The type of conflict varies widely; historical
examples include:
Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state or become
part of a different state
Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
Imposition of a particular form of government
Economic deprivation of a population
Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army
Religious fanaticism
Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity,
usually using explosives or poison. There is concern about terrorist
attacks employing weapons of mass destruction. Terrorist
organizations usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may
train participants, plant undercover agents, and raise money from
supporters or through organized crime. Communications occur through
modern telecommunications, or through old-fashioned methods such
as couriers.

7. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) was a popular name for the Iraqi division of the
international Salafi jihadi militant organization al-Qaeda. It was
recognized as a part of the greater Iraqi insurgency.
Following the 2003 U.S-led invasion of Iraq, JTJ developed into an
expanding militant network including some of the remnants of Ansar al-
Islam and a growing number of foreign fighters, with the purpose of
resisting the coalition occupation forces and their Iraqi allies. Many
foreign fighters arriving in Iraq were inititally not associated with the
group, but once in the country they became dependent on Zarqawi's
local contacts. In May 2004, JTJ joined forces with an obscure Islamist
militant group Salafiah al-Mujahidiah
The group's strength is unknown, with estimates that ranged from just
850 to several thousand full-time fighters in 2007. In 2006, the State
Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research estimated that
AQI’s core membership was "more than 1,000(¡mil que?" (These
figures do not include the other six AQI-led Salafi groups organized in
the Islamic State of Iraq.) The group is said to be suffering high
manpower losses (including from its many "martyrdom" operations),
but for a long time this appeared to have little effect on its strength and
capabilities, implying a constant flow of volunteers from Iraq and
abroad.
In 2007 some observers and scholars suggested that the threat posed
by AQI was being exaggerated and a "heavy focus on Al-Qaeda
obscures a much more complicated situation on the ground."
According to both the July 2007 National Intelligence Estimate and the
Defense Intelligence Agency reports, AQI accounted for 15 percent of
attacks in Iraq.
However, the Congressional Research Service noted in its September
2007 report that attacks from al-Qaeda are less than two percent of the
violence in Iraq and criticized the Bush administration’s statistics,
noting that its false reporting of insurgency attacks as AQI attacks has
increased since the surge operations began in 2007.
In March 2007, the U.S.-sponsored Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
analyzed AQI attacks for that month and concluded the group had

8. Taken credit for 43 out of 439 attacks on Iraqi security forces and
Shiite militias, and 17 out of 357 attacks on U.S. troops.
U.S. officials say several top al-Qaeda leaders are in their custody.
These include a senior lieutenant, Abu Zubaydah, who was captured in
Pakistan in March 2002, and Abd al-Hadi al-Iraqi, a senior commander
in Afghanistan. In March 2003, the alleged mastermind of the
September 11 attacks, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and al-Qaeda's
treasurer, Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi, were also captured in Pakistan.
They, along with four others detained at Guantanamo Bay, were
charged with murder, terrorism, and violating rules of war in February
2008
Bin Laden's death will serve as a deterrent for many wannabe radicals
who were inspired by his notional invincibility, argues.
"Such vertical, quasi-religious death cults always rely upon the leader,
because the leader's survival is the key to perpetuating the belief that
utopia is possible," he says. Lawrence Wright, an expert on al-Qaeda,
says the organization will have a difficult time finding a successor.

9.  Questions:
1. - what position has taken your delegation with these facts of
terrorism?
2. -what measures could be undertaken to identify the
possibility of any attack how could the information be
transmitted?
3.-what are the best strategies to cut back the terrorism
accesses to financial resources?
4. - What measures in the national level could be proposed to
encourage the international security and how they would be
coordinated?
Bibliography:
http://www.un.org/es/sg/
www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/.../rolesc.shtml
www.un.org/sc/members.asp
www.globalpolicy.org/security-council.html