2. Constructing Objects
new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30)
Detail:
– The new operator makes a Rectangle object
– It uses the parameters (5, 10, 20, and 30) to initialize
the data of the object
– returns the object
Usually the output of the new operator is stored
in a variable
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
4. Example
import java.awt.Rectangle;
public class Move
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
// Move the rectangle
box.translate(15, 25);
// Print information about the moved rectangle
System.out.println("After moving, the top-left corner is:");
System.out.println(box.getX());
System.out.println(box.getY());
}
}
5. Random class
Random r = new Random();
int i = r.nextInt(int n) Returns random int ≥ 0 and < n
int i = r.nextInt() Returns random int (full range)
long i = r.nextLong() Returns random long (full range)
float f = r.nextFloat() Returns random float ≥0.0 and <1.0
double d = r.nextDouble() Returns random double ≥ 0.0 and < 1.0
boolean b = r.nextBoolean() Returns random double (true ,false)
double x;
x = Math.random(); // assigns random number to x
5
import java.util.Random;
6. Object References
Describe the location of objects
The new operator returns a reference to a new object
Rectangle box = new Rectangle();
Multiple object variables can refer to the same object
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
Rectangle box2 = box;
box2.translate(15, 25);
Primitive type variables ≠ object variables
8. Constants: final
A final variable is a constant
Once its value has been set, it cannot be changed
Named constants make programs easier to read and maintain
Convention: use all-uppercase names for constants
final double QUARTER_VALUE = 0.25;
final double DIME_VALUE = 0.1;
8
9. Constants: static final
static is used with class members
If constant values are needed in several methods, declare them
together and tag them as static and final
Give static final constants public access to enable other classes to
use them
public class Math
{
. . .
public static final double E = 2.7182818284590452354;
public static final double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;
}
double circumference = Math.PI * diameter; (call without object)
9
10. Syntax : Constant Definition
In a method:
final typeName variableName = expression ;
In a class:
accessSpecifier static final typeName variableName =
expression;
Example:
final double NICKEL_VALUE = 0.05;
public static final double LITERS_PER_GALLON = 3.785;
Purpose:
To define a constant in a method or a class
10
11. Increment, and Decrement
items++ is the same as items = items + 1
items-- subtracts 1 from items
++a;
--a;
a++;
a--;
11
12. Arithmetic Operations
/ is the division operator
If both arguments are integers, the result is an
integer. The remainder is discarded
– 7.0 / 4 yields 1.75
– 7 / 4 yields 1
Get the remainder with % (pronounced "modulo")
7 % 4 is 312
13. The Math class
Math class: contains methods like sqrt and pow
To compute xn, you write Math.pow(x, n)
However, to compute x2 it is significantly more efficient simply to
compute x * x
To take the square root of a number x, use the Math.sqrt;
for example,
Math.sqrt(x)
13
Java.lang.Math
14. Mathematical Methods in Java
14
Math.sqrt(x) square root
Math.pow(x, y) power xy
Math.exp(x) ex
Math.log(x) natural log
Math.sin(x), Math.cos(x), Math.tan(x) sine, cosine, tangent (x in radian)
Math.round(x) closest integer to x
Math.min(x, y), Math.max(x, y) minimum, maximum
16. Self Check
What is the value of 1729 / 100? and 1729 % 100?
What does the following statement compute ?
double average = 20 + 25 + 30 / 3;
What is the value of Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2))
in mathematical notation?
Answers
17 and 29
Only 30 is divided by 3. To get the correct result, use
parentheses. Moreover, if all three are integers, you must divide
by 3.0 to avoid integer division:
(20 + 25 + 30) / 3.0
16
17. Calling Static Methods
A static method does not operate on an object
double x = 4;
double root = x.sqrt(); // Error
Static methods are defined inside classes
Naming convention: Classes start with an uppercase
letter; objects start with a lowercase letter
Math
System.out
17
18. Static Method Call
ClassName. methodName(parameters)
Example:
Math.sqrt(4)
Purpose:
To invoke a static method (a method that
does not operate on an object) and supply its
parameters18
19. Self Check
Why can't you call x.pow(y) to compute xy ?
Is the call System.out.println(4) a static
method call?
Answers
x is a number, not an object, and you cannot
invoke methods on numbers
No–the println method is called on the object
System.out19
20. Strings
A string is a sequence of characters
Strings are objects of the String class
String constants:
"Hello, World!"
String variables:
String message = "Hello, World!";
String length:
int n = message.length();
Empty string: ""
20
21. Concatenation
Use the + operator:
String name = "Dave";
String message = "Hello, " + name;
// message is "Hello, Dave"
If one of the arguments of the + operator is a
string, the other is converted to a string
String a = "Agent";
int n = 7;
String bond = a + n; // bond is Agent7
21
22. Converting between Strings and
Numbers
Convert to number:
int n = Integer.parseInt(str);
double x = Double.parseDouble(x);
int num = Integer.parseInt("1234");
Convert to string:
String str = "" + n;
str = Integer.toString(n);
String str = String.valueOf(num);22
23. Substrings
String greeting = "Hello, World!";
String sub = greeting.substring(0, 5);
// sub is "Hello"
Supply start and end positions, end is not
included
First position is at 0
23
24. Self Check
Assuming the String variable s holds the value "Agent", what is
the effect of the assignment s = s + s.length() ?
Assuming the String variable river holds the value "Mississippi",
what is the value of
river.substring(1, 2)? and
river.substring(2, river.length() - 3)?
Answers
s is set to the string Agent5
The strings "i" and
"ssissi"
24
25. Frame Windows
The JFrame class JFrame frame = new JFrame();
frame.setSize(300, 400);
frame.setTitle("An Empty Frame");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setVisible(true);
import javax.swing.*;
25
26. Frame program
import javax.swing.*;
public class frame
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
JFrame frame = new JFrame();
final int FRAME_WIDTH = 300;
final int FRAME_HEIGHT = 400;
frame.setSize(FRAME_WIDTH, FRAME_HEIGHT);
frame.setTitle("An Empty Frame");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
26
27. Self Check
How do you display a square frame with a title bar that
reads "Hello, World!"?
How can a program display two frames at once?
Answers
Modify the EmptyFrameViewer program as follows:
frame.setSize(300, 300);
frame.setTitle("Hello, World!");
Construct two JFrame objects, set each of their sizes,
and call setVisible(true) on each of them
27
28. Drawing Shapes
paintComponent: called whenever the component
needs to be repainted:
public class frame1 extends JComponent
{
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{
// Recover Graphics2D
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
. . .
}
}
28
29. Drawing Shapes
Graphics class lets you manipulate the graphics state
(such as current color)
Graphics2D class has methods to draw shape objects
Use a cast to recover the Graphics2D object from the
Graphics parameter
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
g2.draw(box);
java.awt package29
30. Rectangle Drawing Program Classes
frame1: its paintComponent method produces the drawing
frame: its main method constructs a frame and a frame1, adds the
component to the frame, and makes the frame visible
– Construct a frame
– Construct an object of your component class:
frame1 component = new frame1();
– Add the component to the frame
frame.add(component);
However, if you use an older version of Java (before Version 5), you
must make a slightly more complicated call:
frame.getContentPane().add(component);
– Make the frame visible
30
31. An example (produce a drawing
with two boxes)
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.Rectangle;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.Jcomponent; /** A component that draws two rectangles. */
public class frame1 extends Jcomponent {
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; // Recover Graphics2D
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30); // Construct a rectangle and
g2.draw(box); // draw it
box.translate(15, 25); // Move rectangle 15 units to the right and 25 units down
g2.draw(box); // Draw moved rectangle
} }
31
32. Create frame and add drawing
import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class frame {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame();
final int FRAME_WIDTH = 300;
final int FRAME_HEIGHT = 400;
frame.setSize(FRAME_WIDTH,FRAME_HEIGHT);
frame.setTitle("Two rectangles");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame1 component = new frame1();
frame.add(component);
frame.setVisible(true);
} }32
33. Self Check
How do you modify the program to draw two squares?
How do you modify the program to draw one rectangle and one
square?
What happens if you call g.draw(box) instead of g2.draw(box)?
Answers
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 20);
Replace the call to box.translate(15, 25) with
box = new Rectangle(20, 35, 20, 20);
The compiler complains that g doesn't have a draw method
33
34. Applets
This is almost the same outline as for a component, with two minor
differences:
– You extend JApplet, not JComponent
– You place the drawing code inside the paint method, not inside
paintComponent
To run an applet, you need an HTML file with the applet tag
You view applets with the appletviewer
34
35. JApplet
/*
<APPLET CODE="frameapplet.class" WIDTH=350 HEIGHT=200>
</APPLET>
*/
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.Rectangle;
import javax.swing.JApplet; /** An applet that draws two rectangles. */
public class frameapplet extends JApplet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ // Prepare for extended graphics
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; // Construct a rectangle and draw it
Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
g2.draw(box); // Move rectangle 15 units to the right and 25 units down
box.translate(15, 25); // Draw moved rectangle
g2.draw(box);
}
}
35
36. Graphical Shapes
Rectangle, Ellipse2D.Double, and Line2D.Double describe graphical
shapes
We won't use the .Float classes
These classes are inner classes–doesn't matter to us except for the
import statement:
import java.awt.geom.Ellipse2D; // no .Double
Must construct and draw the shape
Ellipse2D.Double ellipse = new Ellipse2D.Double(x, y, width, height);
g2.draw(ellipse);
36
37. Drawing Lines
To draw a line:
Line2D.Double segment = new Line2D.Double(x1, y1, x2, y2);
or
Point2D.Double from = new Point2D.Double(x1, y1);
Point2D.Double to = new Point2D.Double(x2, y2);
Line2D.Double segment = new Line2D.Double(from, to);
37
38. Self Check
Give instructions to draw a circle with center (100,100) and radius 25
Give instructions to draw a letter "V" by drawing two line segments
Give instructions to draw a string consisting of the letter "V"
Answers
g2.draw(new Ellipse2D.Double(75, 75, 50, 50);
Line2D.Double segment1 = new Line2D.Double(0, 0, 10, 30);
g2.draw(segment1);
Line2D.Double segment2 = new Line2D.Double(10, 30, 20, 0);
g2.draw(segment2);
g2.drawString("V", 0, 30);
38
Upper-left corner, Width , Height
39. Colors
Standard colors Color.BLUE, Color.RED, Color.PINK etc.
Specify red, green, blue between 0.0F and 1.0F
Color magenta = new Color(1.0F, 0.0F, 1.0F); // F = float
Set color in graphics context
g2.setColor(magenta);
Color is used when drawing and filling shapes
g2.fill(rectangle); // filled with current color
39
40. Self Check
What are the RGB color values of Color.BLUE?
How do you draw a yellow square on a red background?
Answers
0.0F, 0.0F, and 0.1F
First fill a big red square, then fill a small yellow square inside:
g2.setColor(Color.RED);
g2.fill(new Rectangle(0, 0, 200, 200));
g2.setColor(Color.YELLOW);
g2.fill(new Rectangle(50, 50, 100, 100));
Note: Use import java.awt.Color;
40
41. Drawing Graphical Shapes
Rectangle leftRectangle
= new Rectangle(100, 100, 30, 60);
Rectangle rightRectangle
= new Rectangle(160, 100, 30, 60);
Line2D.Double topLine
= new Line2D.Double(130, 100, 160, 100);
Line2D.Double bottomLine
= new Line2D.Double(130, 160, 160, 160);
41
42. Reading Text Input
A graphical application can obtain input by displaying a
JOptionPane
The showInputDialog method displays a prompt and
waits for user input
The showInputDialog method returns the string that the
user typed
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter x");
double x = Double.parseDouble(input);
42
43. An Example
import java.awt.Color; import javax.swing.Jframe;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane; import javax.swing.JComponent;
public class ColorViewer {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame(); final int FRAME_WIDTH = 300; final int FRAME_HEIGHT = 400;
frame.setSize(FRAME_WIDTH, FRAME_HEIGHT);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
String input; // Ask the user for red, green, blue values
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("red:");
double red = Double.parseDouble(input);
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("green:");
double green = Double.parseDouble(input);
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("blue:");
double blue = Double.parseDouble(input);
Color fillColor = new Color( (float) red, (float) green, (float) blue);
ColoredSquarecomponent = new ColoredSquare (fillColor);
frame.add(component); frame.setVisible(true); } }43
44. Example cont.
import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.Rectangle; import javax.swing.JComponent;
public class ColoredSquare extends Jcomponent {
private Color fillColor;
public ColoredSquare (Color aColor) { fillColor = aColor; }
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; // Select color into graphics context
g2.setColor(fillColor); // Const and fill a square whose center is center of the window
final int SQUARE_LENGTH = 100;
Rectangle square = new Rectangle((getWidth() - SQUARE_LENGTH) / 2, (getHeight()
SQUARE_LENGTH) / 2, SQUARE_LENGTH, SQUARE_LENGTH);
g2.fill(square); }
}44