The document discusses hybrid cars. It begins by defining a hybrid car as one that combines two power sources, such as a gasoline engine and electric motor. It then outlines the evolution of hybrid cars from early prototypes in the 1800s to modern models. The key benefits of hybrids are discussed as improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and less dependence on fossil fuels. The basic components and operation of hybrid vehicles are also described.
2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• What makes it a hybrid?
• Evolution of hybrid cars
• Why hybrid cars?
• Components, model and hoe it works?
• Variants
• Hybrid performance, efficiency and maintenance
• Advanced technologies
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
• In an era where energy conservation is developing “trends” not
only among the learned but also among the ordinary
responsible citizens.
• Fuel efficiency along with the minimum pollution has become
the benchmark for any new automobile.
• In the same context “Hybrid Cars” come as the latest addition.
4. WHAT MAKE IT A HYBRID
• Any vehicle is hybrid when it combines two or more sources of
power.
• A simple example:
• A mo-ped(a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because
it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal
power of its rider.
• A hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) combines the power of a
conventional internal combustion engine with an electric with
an electric motor.
5. EVOLUTION OF HYBRID CARS
• 1839: First electric vehicle
• 1898: Ferdin and Porsche built a hybrid
• 1905: Gas Electric car
• 1997: Toyota Prius available in japan
• 1999: Honda Insight release in US(70 mpg)
• 2002: Honda Civic hybrid launched
• 2004: Toyota Prius ii introduced, ford escaped hybrid introduced
• 2007: Toyota Highlander hybrid
• 2009: Mercedes Benz s400 blue hybrid(first lithium-ion battery hybrid and first Mercedes hybrid)
• 2010: Mazda tribute cross over
6. WHY HYBRID CARS
• As there is a constant rise in the fuel prices, it is a must for us to look for
alternatives such as hybrids.
• Hybrids have the optimum mileage in its class.
• Dependency on fossil fuel can be decreased.
• The produced much less emissions and use about 50% less fuel then the
average new vehicle in the same class(Partial-zero emissions).
• Regenerative braking actually make city driving more economically then on
the highway
• Plug-in hybrid vehicle eventually can be charged at parking locations using
renewable energy. They will use at least half as much fuel as the hybrids.
7. GLOBAL WARMING: STILL AN ISSUE
• Hybrids are less-emission vehicles.
• Will cut down emissions of global-warming pollutants from 1/3
to1/2.
• Later models may cut down these emission even more.
8. BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYBRID CARS
• IC engines
• Electric motor
• Batteries
• Transmission
9.
10. HOW HYBRID CAR WORKS
• Hybrid cars integrate the power of the conventional gasoline engine with that of an
electric motor.
• A high power battery pack provides energy to the motor which it self get recharged when
the car is decelerating.
• The gas engine can also assist the battery recharging, which kills the need to plug the car
to an external source of energy
• Mild hybrids are incapable of independently operating the vehicle.
• The electric motor acts as a side-kick to the gas engine, assisting it whenever surplus
power is needed
• The IC engine installed in hybrid cars are often smaller than those in normal cars for a
simple reasonthat hybrid have the electric motor for assistance.
13. HYBRID PERFORMANCE
• The key factor for the hybrid car is its ability to use a smaller
engine.
• The hybrid engine is sized for running at the average power not
the peak.
• When it does reach that point that it need help up a hill or to
pass someone, it draws extra power from the batteries to run
the electric motor to get the job
14. HYBRID EFFICIENCY
• Shuts the engine off at low speeds
• Recover energy and store it into battery.
• Displacement of cylinder is small so less fuel consumption
• They use electric power at start and stops
• They use the gasoline engine at cruising speeds
• Smaller engines are more efficient.
15. HYBRID MAINTENANCE
• Warranties:
• The average warranty for a hybrid now is around either 8yr/100,000
miles or even10yr/150,000 miles.
• Brake pads:
No maintenance.
• Batteries:
$6800 for new Toyota and honda hybrid but batteries tested to go
for 180,000 miles and more.
17. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS
Revolution in battery technology:
• Today’s automotive starter batteries :lead-acid.
• RAV4 EV(Toyota Prius hybrid battery): nickel metal-hybrid
• New batteries based on lithium-ion or Li-polymer:5x lighter for
same energy
• These advancements make it possible for larger battery store in
vehicle
18. CONTD….
BMW bright idea:
• BMW has moved onto the hybrid gas electric vehicle, with X3suv
that feature super capacitors instead of batteries to store
energy.
• The super caps are safely designed so that in case of accidents
they discharged immediately , so as to avoid further possible
damage.
19. ADVANTAGES
• Excellent gas mileage
• Fewer tailpipe emissions
• Lighter batteries than electric vehicles
• Regenerating braking system that store electric energy in batteries
• Uses less fuel to recharge batteries
• 20%-25% better mileage than ICE
• 30% reduction in emissions
• Less maintenance compared
• To conventional cars
• Increased engine life
20. DISADVANTAGES
• Reduced, but not emission-free.
• HECs are partial zero-emission vehicle (PZEVs)-they produce
zero emission only when engine is not running.
• Slightly expensive than conventional vehicles.
• Has a payback period in average use.
• Batteries are expensive and are toxic waste.
21. CONCLUSION
• Present day automobile, not only stress on power, performance &
luxury, but also focuses in emissions, efficiency & reliability.
• The demand for fossil fuels will be at a critical stages in the coming
future, resulting in high prices of fuels.
• The present emission rates from the vehicles are so high are so high
that they add to the global warming.
• There is a need for clean & less emission vehicles.
• Hence, hybrids are the vehicles of the future.
