2. Society and Population
Population distribution in India –
demographic characteristics
Malthusian theories of population
Population explosion in India and its
impact on health status
Family welfare programmes
3. The science of population is also called demography – a
fundamental approach to the understanding of human
society.
The task of a demographer is to ascertain the number
of people in a given area, the changes that have taken
place over the last years and to estimate future trend.
Births, Deaths and Migration are considered here – it
is sociologically important also – to a great extent it is
socially determined – population is studied not only with
reference to area but also with reference to its
characteristics.
4. The births depend upon the fertility whereas the deaths
depend upon mortality.
Thus these three factors, i.e., Fertility, Mortality and
Migration influence the number of people in a particular area.
These factors are, to a great extent, socially determined and
socially determining.
The demographer studies the population not only with
reference to area but also with reference to the
characteristics such as age, sex, literacy, religion, occupation
and marital status.
5. All these traits which are selected by the populationist are
socially important.
The census, therefore, gives information that is both
demographically and socially important.
Society plays a vital role to increase the population and to
maintain the social order. The uncontrolled growth of
population may threaten the social order. If that is so, the
society has to impose restraints on such growth.
Therefore, an adjustment between the rate of population
growth and the social condition is necessary.
6. The society does not allow the people to reproduce to
their full biological capacity.
It always puts control on the actual reproduction which
are both conscious and unconscious controls.
On the other hand society encourages fertility
consciously and unconsciously.
7. Unconscious Controls for fertility:
◦ Taboos on the association of males and females. (for Ex: a wife will
not associate with men other then her husband)
◦ Taboos on sexual intercourse. (for Ex: a brother will not intercourse
with his sister)
◦ Taboos against fornication and adultery at different levels. (for Ex: a
man and woman will not intercourse unless married).
Conscious Controls for fertility:
◦ In fixing the minimum age for marriage.
◦ Forbidding widow remarriage.
◦ Monogamous Marriage.
◦ Limiting the size of the family.
8. Consciously encourage for fertility:
◦ A rebate (discount) in income tax.
◦ A higher dearness allowance.
◦ A facility for getting a house
◦ Admission to certain positions.
Unconsciously encourage for fertility:
◦ Salvation of the soul.
◦ Security of old age.
◦ The production of goods.
◦ The assurance of affection.
9. Age at marriage - Polygamy
Separation and divorce - Widowhood
Celibacy - Urbanization
Family system - Occupation
Social status of women - Transport facility
Geographical factor - Medical facility
10. (i) Situations Defined as Calling for Death:-
The aged and infirm may be left to their lot.
Deformed children and Female infanticide exposure.
Sati practice.
War – suicide in war – suicide for various reasons.
Thus, killing or suicide whether institutionalized or
individualistic is an important cause of death in society.
11. (ii) Practices Intended to Give Health
but Having the Opposite Effect:-
Magical Treatment
Prayer
Sacrifice
Priestly ministration – which are intended to give
health produce opposite effect.
12. (iii) Practices considered Irrelevant to Health,
but Injuring it:-
Injurious customs such as eating with hands,
walking barefooted, betel chewing, custom of
wearing tight dress.
Thus, there are several social factors which cause
sickness and death.
However, the society also tries to check sickness
and mortality and reduce the mortality rate.
13. No systematic study has ever been made of the
causes of migration. The causes are so
complicated.
The migrant has an end in view when deciding
migration.
These ends are so varied that no absolute list can
be made of them once for all.
The attitude of the people in the home country as
well as in the receiving country also determines
the extent of migration.
14. Always in migration there is an element of emotional
and economic cost.
It is not easy to leave one’s relatives, friends and
familiar surroundings.
Nor it is easy pay for high journey fare.
The principal attractions were economic opportunity
and religious and civil liberty available in the new land.
15. Migration
◦ Immigration: coming people from other
country.
◦ Emigration: going people from home country.
◦ Mass migration: large number of people expect
in time of political emergency.
16. Who migrates?
◦ Mostly young adults – males – intelligence – superior
persons – technical expert, including engineers,
doctors, teachers and scientists.
Problems of immigrants:
◦ Mistreated – housing problems – exploited – sense of
injustice – language – culture – prejustice etc.,
19. RANK STATE OR UNION TERRITORY
POPULATION RURAL POP. URBAN POP. DENSITY
(PER KM²)
UT1 National Capital Territory of Delhi 13,850,507 944,727 12,905,780 9,340
18 Jammu and Kashmir 10,143,700 7,627,062 2,516,638 46
19 Uttarakhand 8,489,349 6,310,275 2,179,074 159
20 Himachal Pradesh 6,077,900 5,482,319 595,581 109
21 Tripura 3,199,203 2,653,453 545,750 305
22 Meghalaya 2,318,822 1,864,711 454,111 103
23 Manipurβ
2,166,788 1,590,820 575,968 97
24 Nagaland 1,990,036 1,647,249 342,787 120
25 Goa 1,347,668 677,091 670,577 364
26 Arunachal Pradesh 1,097,968 870,087 227,881 13
UT2 Pondicherry 974,345 325,726 648,619 2,034
UT3 Chandigarh 900,635 92,120 808,515 7,900
27 Mizoram 888,573 447,567 441,006 42
28 Sikkim 540,851 480,981 59,870 76
UT4 Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
356,152 239,954 116,198 43
UT5 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 220,490 170,027 50,463 449
UT6 Daman and Diu 158,204 100,856 57,348 1,413
UT7 Lakshadweep 60,650 33,683 26,967 1,895
Total India 1,028,610,328 742,490,639 286,119,689 313
20. Thomas Robert Malthus was born on Feb 14, 1766.
The title of his essay was on “The Essay on the Principle of
Population as it Affects the Future Improvements of
Society”.
This important work of Malthus is a landmark in the history
of Population Studies.
For many years to come, all views on Population were
classified as Pre-Malthusian, Malthusian, Anti Malthusian and
Neo Malthusian.
21. The Central Theme of Essay begins with
◦ Human beings great potentials of produce
children.
◦ In agriculture Divinising returns operates.
◦ First, the food is necessary for the
Existence of man.
◦ Secondly, the Passion between the sexes is
necessary and it will remain nearly in the
present state.
22. Also, he specifies that, “Population When
unchecked increases in a Geometrical
ratio, but Subsistence increases only in an
Arithmetic ratio”.
Statement of theory:
◦ Population growth
◦ Food production
23. Human affection cannot be avoid.
When husband and wife join, that time child
birth is unstopped one.
When the family planning is failed, that time
population will increase.
After 25 years, the population rate is double in
particular area.
The population rate goes geometrical ratio. (E.g.)
2:4:8:16:32………
24. Without food, human cannot live.
Compare with population growth the food
production is less level of growth.
The food production grows is arithmetical
ratio. (E.g.) 2:4:6:8:10….
25. The difference is affected the people living
conditions. For e.g.: Price of items is increase its
changing the living conditions.
When the population growth and food production are
disequilibrium, that time society face evil practices.
For e.g.: murder, robbery, theft etc.,
Food production is not increase suddenly but at the
same time the society cannot stop the population
growth fully.
26. Thus Malthus recognised that powerful checks
were constantly in operation to stop population
growth, and classified them under two headings.
Restraint (Preventive Checks or control)
Misery (Positive Checks or control)
The first of these checks may be called as Preventive
Checks to Population. Malthus included here two types.
◦ Moral Restraint
◦ Artificial Restraint
27. Moral restraint:
◦ Control from marriage.
◦ Self control to child birth.
◦ Conduct strictly moral during the period of this restraints.
Artificial restraints:
◦ Contraceptive methods.
◦ Law restricted extra marital relations.
◦ Increase the family planning.
28. Malthus classified the second one is positive checks
into two categories,
◦ Exclusive Misery which were brought about by
Natural causes. for e.g. Famine.
◦ The other being those which mankind brought upon
himself such as war.
29.
30. Population explosion or overpopulation denotes a
situation in which the number of people living in a
country rapidly exceeds its carrying or sustaining
capabilities.
It is not just the quantity of people but the ratio of it
in connection with the natural or artificial resources at
hand.
Population explosion can occur due to a number of
reasons such as a step-up of birth rates, down slope of
mortality rates with the advent of modern medical
sciences, a simultaneous increase in immigration and
decrease in emigration and so on.
31. In India, the over population has engulfed almost
all our achievements in industrial, agricultural
production, supporting services like medical care,
housing, transport, educational and banking etc.,
It has put serious pressures on every sector of
our economy and all the sections in our society.
If our ratio or rates of overcrowding population
will decrease then all our national problems can be
traced back.
32. In India the rate of growth of population has
reduced in some states while others it is yet to be
reduced.
The total available population and density of
population are important features to decide our
Nation wealth.
Whether the rate of increase in population, really
affects the country and human health progress.
33. Decline in the death rate due to control on infant mortality.
Improved medicine, science, technology.
Age at marriage.
Superstitious.
Family structure.
Poverty and economic backwardness.
Illiteracy.
Unemployment.
Migration.
Urbanization, industrialization etc.,
34. Lack of Food – shelter – unemployment -
underemployment– poverty – pollution – low
economic status – low level of per-capita –
deforestation – high cost of price – poor
sanitation – lack of water supply – unreached
Govt. plan – malnutrition -
35. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has a number of
schemes to cover the under-privileged sections of society and
help them with maternity, post and neo-natal healthcare and
family planning.
These include the Janani Suraksha Yojana, Rehabilitation of
Polio Victims and several financial assistance schemes for
surgery and other health problems.
Counseling centres are also available across the country as part
of the government sponsored family welfare schemes.
36. National Family Welfare Programme - India launched the
National Family Welfare Programme in 1951 with the objective
of reducing the birth rate to the extent necessary to stabilize
the population at a level consistent with the requirement of the
National economy. The Family Welfare Programme in India is
recognised as a priority area, and is being implemented as a
100% centrally sponsored programme.
National Population Policy - The National Population Policy, 2000
affirms the commitment of government towards voluntary and
informed choice and consent of citizens while availing of
reproductive health care services and continuation of the target
free approach in administering family planning services.
37. National Rural Health Mission - The National Rural Health Mission (2005-
12) seeks to provide effective healthcare to rural population throughout
the country with special focus on 18 states, which have weak public health
indicators and/or weak infrastructure. The mission aims at effective
integration of health concerns with determinants of health like sanitation
and hygiene, nutrition and safe drinking water through a District Plan for
Health.
Urban Family Welfare - This Scheme was introduced following the
recommendation of the Krishnan Committee in 1983. The main focus was to
provide services through setting up of Health Posts mainly in slum areas.
The services provided are mainly outreach of RCH (Reproductive Child
Health) services, preventive services, First Aid and referral services
including distribution of contraceptives.
38. Sterilization Beds Scheme - A Scheme for reservation of Sterilization beds in
Hospital run by Government, Local Bodies and Voluntary Organisations was
introduced as early as in the year 1964 in order to provide immediate facilities
for tubectomy operations in hospitals where such cases could not be admitted
due to lack of beds etc. But later with the introduction of the Post Partum
Programme some of the beds were transferred to Post Partum Programme and
thereafter the beds were only sanctioned to hospitals send by Local Bodies
and Voluntary Organizations.
Reproductive and Child Health Programme - The Reproductive and Child Health
Programme was launched in October 1997 incorporating new approach to
population and development issues, as exposed in the International Conference
in Population and Development held at Cairo in 1994. The programme integrated
and strengthened in services/interventions under the Child Survival and Safe
Motherhood Programme and Family Planning Services and added to the basket
of services, new areas on Reproductive Tract/Sexually Transmitted infections
(RTI/STI).
