language, a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves.

1. Group 01 Presentation
Presented to: Mr. Muhammad Asad Javed

2. Content:
 Language development
 What is language?
 How is it different from speech?
 Age ranges
 Factors of language
 Variations in language
 Language diversity
 Immigrant education
 Culture and Diversity

3. What is Language?
 Language is interconnected with “Culture”
 Culture create words for the concept
 Children develop language by trying to make sense of what they hear, looking
for patterns and making up rules
 Reward and correction aids in helping the development of language

4. Language a basic instinct?

5.  We take the process of learning language for granted it seems like a basic
instinct like breathing or blinking
 In fact it is the most complex ability that a human being will ever master
 Language is a communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of
signals, such as voice, sound, gestures or written symbols
 Language is an instinct driven by specifically human evolutionary adaptations

6. Many psychologists disagree
 Language does not emerge from a unique instinct but operation of general
processes of
 Evolution
 Cognition
 Social processes
 And facts about the human body

7.  Many factors plays an important role in language development
 Biological
 Cultural
 Experiential

8. How language is different from speech?
 Speech is the sound of spoken language and includes the formation of a
sound, the nature of the sound quality and the rhythm and flow of the sound
 However language is the words we use and how we use them to share ideas
and get what we want
 Everyone enjoys hearing their child cooing or forming raspberry sounds. But
did you know how important those “simple” sounds are? From infancy,
children explore their mouths and begin to make sounds, that eventually
become recognizable speech sounds, and then, speech sounds build to
develop into language. The connection is obvious but there is a difference:
 Speech is the “sound” of spoken language and Language is the “words” we
use and how we use them to share ideas

9. Age range and milestones of language
development:
 2-3 years: identifies body parts call self “me” instead of name, uses short
sentences, matches 3-4 colors, knows big and little, likes to hear same story
repeated, form some plurals, answer “where” questions
 We can encourage language development by playing simple games, repeat
new words over and over, describe what you are doing, have the child deliver
simple messages for you, show them you understand what they are saying,
expand what the child says e.g. “More Juice” say “You want more juice?”

10.  3-4 years: can tell a story, sentence length of 4-5 words, vocabulary about
1000 words, knows last name, several nursery rhymes
 To encourage language development at this age you might talk about how
objects are same of different, help the child to tell stories by using books and
Pictures, encourage play with other children
 4-5 years: uses past tense, vocabulary about 1,500 words, identifies colors,
shapes asks many questions like why? and who?
 Help the child sort objects and things to encourage language development at
this age, teach them how to use telephone, let them help you plan activities
for holidays, let them tell and make up stories for you

11.  5-6 years: average 6 year old has vocabulary of about 10,000 words, they can
define objects by their use, knows addresses, understands same and different
 We can encourage their language development by praising the child when
they talk about feelings, thoughts, hopes, fears, sing songs, rhymes, talk to
them as you would to an adult
 At every age the key to encourage language development is to listen and
show your pleasure when the child talks to you, carry on the conversation,
ask questions, read books to them

12. Factors of language

13.  Some students learn a new language more quickly and easily
than others.
 some language learners are successful by virtue of their sheer
determination, hard work and persistence. However there are
other crucial factors influencing success that are largely beyond
the control of the learner.
 These factors can be broadly categorized as internal and
external.

14. There are two main factors of language
 Internal factors
 External factors

15. Internal factors
Internal factors, known as individual difference factors are learners
 Age
 Personality
introvert learner and extrovert learner
 Motivation
Intrinsic , extrinsic

16.  Cognition
 Native language
for example, a Dutch child will learn English more quickly than a
Japanese child.

17. External factors

18. External factors are those which characterize the particular language
learning situation.
 Curriculum
 Instruction
 Culture and Status

19.  Access to Native speaker
Native speaker is someone who speaks a language with native proficiency.
They have learned that language from childhood or it's the first language they
could speak.

20. Diversity in language Development
Dual-language Development:
 Children learning two languages simultaneously when they are growing up.
Additive Bilingualism:
 If you mastered your own first language, then added a second or third
language
 You kept your first language and added another

21. Conti…
 If family members and community value’s childes first language then child
keeps his/her first language when a second language is learned
 But if a child experiences a discrimination against the first ;language he/she
may ;leave the first language behind as proficiency is gained in a new
language
 Immigrants are more likely to experience

22. What is subtractive bilingualism?

23. Conti…
 If you are exposed to two languages from birth( bilingual children) reach the
language milestone in both languages on the same schedule as monolingual
children
 But overtime, these children can become fully and equally bilingual if the
dual-language exposure:
 Beings early in life(before age 5)
 occurs across a wide and rich range of context
 Is systematic, consistent and sustained in home and community

24. What Research says about Brain and Bilingualism?

25. Second-Language Learning
 When and how should you learn a second language?
 You must have to remember the distinction between critical periods for
learning and sensitive periods, when we are especially responsive to learning.
 The earlier people learn a second language the more their pronunciation is
near native.
 This is because from birth to 4 months, infants can discriminate at all the
basic sound building blocks from any of the world’s 6,000 or so languages.
 After about 14 months they lose their capability
 For adolescent's it is almost impossible to learn a new language without
speaking it with an accent

26. Benefits of Bilingualism
 Bilinguals are correlated with increased cognitive abilities such as
1. Concept formation
2. Creativity
3. Theory of mind
4. Cognitive flexibility
5. Attention and executive functioning
 Bilinguals have Advanced metalinguistic understanding
 Much better phoneme awareness skills

27. Language loss
Heritage language
 It is the language spoken in student’s home or by older relatives when the
larger society outside the home’s speak different language.
 Rather than losing one language to gain another, the goal should be Balanced
bilingualism being equally fluent in both languages.

28. Singed Languages
 People who can communicate in both a spoken and a signed language or in
two different signed languages and considered bilinguals ( Petitto, 2009)
 There are number of other parallels between spoken languages and other
signed languages.
 Many signed languages are used around the world:
 American sign language(ASL)
 Signed English (United States, Ireland, New Zeeland, Australia, Great Britain)
 In fact, research with children learning a signed language and a spoken
language from infancy demonstrate that “being exposed to two languages
from birth and in particular, being exposed to a signed language and a spoken
language from birth does not cause a child to be delayed or confused. (Petitto
& Kovelman, 2003

29. Contextualized & Academic Language
 Academic language is the wide range of language used in elementary and
secondary school and universities.
 Academic language includes the general words and concepts used in many
concepts such as:
1. Analyze
2. Evaluate
3. Summary
4. Factor in statistics
5. Factor the equation
 Academic language is associated with abstract, higher-order, complex
concepts(Vogt, Echevarria & short 2010).

30. Conti…
 Proficiency in a second language that has two aspects:
1. Face-to-face communication (takes 2-3 years)
2. Academic school of language such as reading and grammar (takes 5-7 years)

31. Immigrant students

32. Four students profiles:
 Balanced bilinguals: These students speak, read, and write well both in their
first language and is English. They have the academic knowledge needed to
continue learning in both languages and the skills and attitudes to do so
 Monolingual/literate students: These students are literate in their native
language (at or above grade level when working in their native language), but
speak limited English

33. Conti..
 Monolingual/preliterate students: These students are not literate. They may
not read or write in their native language or they may have very limited
literacy skills, they speak limited English. Limited
 Bilingual: These students can converse well in both languages, but for some
reason they have trouble learning academically. They may have underlying
challenges such as learning disabilities or emotional problems. Further testing
often is helpful to diagnose problems.

34. Generation 1.5
 The term 1.5 generation or 1.5G refers to individuals who immigrate to a new
country before or during their early teens. They earn the label the “1.5
generation”
 Ear learners

35. Conversational language
 Using appropriate language, listening ,understanding idioms.
 2-3 years =good skills
 5-10 years = mastery

36. How to Promote language learning?

37.  Provide structures, frameworks, scaffolds, and strategies
 Teach relevant background knowledge and key vocabulary concepts
 Give focused and useful feedback
 Keep students involved and engaged
 Shoe authentic respect for students, culture and language

38. listening speaking Reading Writing
Successful
learning

39. Myth Truth
Takes a little time 2-3 years for oral
5-7 for academic language
All bilingual maintain both languages It takes a great effort to maintain high
level skills in both languages
Needs to speaks l2 at home in Oder to
learn fast
Both languages in many contexts

40. Errors
 In first year

41. What is culture?
 Culture is a term that refers to a large and diverse set of mostly intangible
aspects of social life.
 culture consists of the values, beliefs, systems of language, communication,
and practices that people share in common and that can be used to define
them as a collective.

42. What is diversity?
 Diversity is the existence of variations of different characteristics in a group
of people.
 These characteristics could be everything that makes us unique, such as our
cognitive skills and personality traits, along with the things that shape our
identity. Example
 age,
 Gender
 Religion
 sexual orientation
 cultural background

43. What do you understand about cultural
diversity in education setting?

44. Students may differ in:
 Race
 Ethnic and religious group
 Language
 Economic status
 Family background

45. Do you agree that two students are the
same?

46. Multicultural education
 According to Banks and Banks (1995): Multicultural education is designed to
increase educational equity for all students.
 How Cultural Norms in Education Differ Around the World?
 Japan: Parents take teachers out
 United Kingdom: Students who wear slippers have better grades
 Korea and Japan: Napping during school is encouraged

47. How socioeconomic status SES effects?

48.  Psychological health
 Physical health
 Education
 Academic achievement
 Career aspiration

49. Successful teachers
 Provide guided or coached practice of what is being learned
 Provide help in the organization of students learning
 Reward approved and appropriate behaviour
 Teaches students the correct procedures to every function in the class

50. Thank you