Brief information on Water Resources in Environmental Studies in form of ppt

1. (Managed By Shree Tapi Brahmcharyashram Sabha)
Shree Swami AtmanandVidhya Sankul, Kapodra,Varachha Road, Surat, Gujarat, India. 395006
Phone: 0261-2573552 Fax No.: 0261-2573554 Email: ssasit@yahoo.in Web: www.ssasit.ac.in
Shree Swami Atmanand Saraswati Institute of Technology,
Surat
Water Resources
1

2. Presented by:
Patel Raj G – 82
Patel Trupal M - 89
Piludaria Rushang P-93
Tank Nikunj A-111
Vadapalli Siddhesh J -115
Water Resources 2

3. Introduction
Water Resources- Indian Scenario
Sources of Water
Uses of water
Overutilization of Water Resources
Water Conservation
Rain water Harvesting
Contents

4. Water’s Importance
 No species can live without water.
 Plays a key role in shaping the earth’s
surface, moderating climate,
removing and diluting wastes.
 Takes huge amount to provide food,
shelter and other needs.
 71% of our planet
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5. How Much Water Is Available?
 71% of earth is water
 97.4% of that is in oceans
 Most of the remaining 2.6% is in ice caps and
glaciers.
 Only about 0.014% is easily available fresh
water.
If earth’s water was 26 gallons, 2.5 teaspoons
would be available.
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6. Supply of Water Resources
Small fraction (.014%) is readily
available for human use
6

7. Supply of Water Resources
Lakes
0.0007%
Soil
moisture
0.0005%
Ice caps
and glaciers
0.592%
Freshwater
Groundwater
0.592%
0.014%
Readily accessible freshwater
Biota
0.0001%
Rivers
0.0001%
Atmospheric
water vapor
0.0001%
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8. Water Resources- Indian Scenario
 Total Geographical area of India = 3290 B.m2
or3.29M km2 .
 Average annual precipitation = 1.2m
 Total precipitation = 3290 * 1.2=4000 B.m3
 Average annual runoff = 1896 B.m3
 Evaporation losses = 2131 B.m3
 Population of India = 1.1 Billion(2005)
 Per capita availability of water =1869B.m2 /1.1B =
1700m3
 The average runoff of India is about 1869 B.m3 which
is about 2.5 times of the Mississippi-Missouri river
basin , which is almost equal in area to the whole of
India.
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9. Water sources
Surface runoff – 2/3 lost to floods and not available for human use.
 Reliable runoff = one third
• Amount of runoff that we can count on year to year
Groundwater
 Zone of saturation
 Water table – top of zone of saturation
 Aquifer – water saturated layers of sand, gravel or bedrock through
which groundwater flows.
 Recharge slow ~ 1 meter per year
9

10. Sources of Water :
 There are 2 types of Water Sources available on Earth:
1.Surface Water
2.Ground Water
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11. Surface Water 11

12. Sources of Surface Water :
1. Lakes
2. Pounds
3. Streams
4. Rivers
5. Storage Reservoir
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13. 1. Lakes
 These are the natural large sized
depressions formed within the
surface of earth and filled with
rainfall.
 The quality of water in a lake is
generally good and does not
need much purification.
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14. 2.Ponds
 Ponds are also natural inland
depressions filled with rainwater but
are small and shallow water bodies
compared to lake.
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15. 3.Streams
 Streams are formed by the small
amount of water running down
the hills joining to rivers or lakes.
 The quantity of water available in
them is very less and sometimes
they may go dry.
15

16. 4. Rivers
 When number of streams combine
together, a river is formed.
 Rivers are the most importance
sources of water for public water
supply schemes.
 The quality of water available from
river is quite variable as in monsoon
season, water is highly turbid
compared to non- monsoon
seasons.
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17. 5.Storage Reservoir
 Storage Reservoir are formed by the
constructing dams across the river
valley.
 Huge quality of water is stored in the
reservoir formed upstream of the
dams.
 Various types of Storage Reservoir are
:
 Public water supply
 Irrigation
 Power generator
 Flood control , etc….
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18. Groundwater
 One of the most important source
of water.
 Precipitation filters down through
pores and cracks in soil and rocks.
 Groundwater found within 1km of
the surface contains 100 times
more water than all the rivers,
streams and lakes
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19. Sources of Ground Water :
1. Open wells
2. Tubes wells
3. Artesian wells
4. Springs
5. Infiltration galleries
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20. 1. Open wells
 Open well are the wells which have
comparatively large diameters but low
yields and are not very deep.
 The diameter of the open wells usually very
from 1m to 10m.
 The yield of such wells in most of the cases
is about 20 m3/hour or less.
 A properly constructed open well
penetrating a permeable aquifer can yield
100 to 300 m3/hour.
 Types of open wells are:
 shallow wells
 Deep wells
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21. 2.Tubes wells
 A tube well is along pipe sunk into the
ground intercepting one or more water
bearing strata.
 As compare to open wells the diameter of
the tube wells are much less and usually
range from 80mm to 600mm.
 The tube wells may be classified as :
 Shallow tube wells
 Deep tube wells
 The tube wells may also be classified as :
 Strainer type tube wells
 Cavity types tube wells
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22. 3. Artesian wells
 A confined aquifer is the one in
which ground water is confined
under pressure greater than
atmospheric pressure by overlying
relatively impermeable strata. It is
also known as artesian aquifer or
pressure aquifer.
 A well dug in the confined aquifer ,
in which water level rises above the
water table but remain below
ground level , is called artesian well.
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23. 4. Springs
 The natural outflow of ground water
at the earth’s surface is called
Springs.
 A previous layer sandwiched
between the impervious layers gives
rise to a natural spring.
 The quantity of water available from
spring is generally small and
temporal.
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24. 5.Infiltration galleries
 The infiltration galleries are the
network of small diameter horizontal
tunnels constructed under the bed
of rivers at shallow depth(3 to 5 m)
along the banks of the rivers.
 These galleries receive water
through porous drains connected to
them and send that water to sump
well by gravity flow which can be
utilized for different purposes.
24

25. Groundwater and surface water are
critical resources
 Some precipitation infiltrates the ground and percolates downward through
spaces in soil, gravel, and rock until an impenetrable layer of rock stops this
groundwater—one of our most important sources of freshwater.
 The zone of saturation is where the spaces are completely filled with water.
 The top of this groundwater zone is the water table.
 Aquifers: underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock
through which groundwater flows—typically moving only a meter or so (about 3
feet) per year and rarely more than 0.3 meter (1 foot) per day.
 Watertight layers of rock or clay below such aquifers keep the water from
escaping deeper into the earth.
25

26. Groundwater and surface water are
critical resources
 Surface water is the freshwater from precipitation and snowmelt
that flows across the earth’s land surface and into lakes,
wetlands, streams, rivers, estuaries, and ultimately to the oceans.
 Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the
atmosphere by evaporation is called surface runoff.
 The land from which surface water drains into a particular river,
lake, wetland, or other body of water is called its watershed, or
drainage basin.
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27. Uses of water :
 The uses of water may be broadly divided into three categories as under :
1. Consumptive use
 Irrigation use
2. Partial Consumptive use
 Domestic use
 Industries use
 Institutional use
 Public use
 Fired demand
3. Non Consumptive use
 navigational use
 Recreational use
 Hydro electric power generation
 Pollution control
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28. Use of Water Resources
Humans directly or indirectly use about 54% of reliable runoff
Withdraw 34% of reliable runoff for:
 Agriculture – 70%
 Industry – 20%
 Domestic – 10%
Leave 20% of runoff in streams for human use:
transport goods, dilute pollution, sustain fisheries
Could use up to 70-90% of the reliable runoff by 2025
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29. Overutilization of Water Resources :
 With the growth of human population there is an increasing need for larger amounts of
water to fulfill a variety of basic needs.
 Today in many areas this requirement cannot be met.
 Overutilization of water occurs at various levels.
 Most people use more water than they really need.
 Most of us waste water during a bath by using a shower or during washing of clothes.
 Many agriculturists use more water than necessary to grow crops.
 Water disputes between the Indian states are increasing as they have meet the increase
in demand due to over use of water.
 Expansion of business activities from industrialized to services such that tourism and
entertainment , requires increased water services including basic supply and sanitation.
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30. Problem Due to over exploitation of
Water Resources :
 Overuse of surface water create the following problem :
 Decrease in the flow of water in rivers
 drying up of non-perennial rivers
 Drying of lakes and ponds particularly in summer.
 Reduction of surface area of wet lands
 Water logging
 Migration of people
 Desertification of soil
1.Surface water:
30

31.  Overuse of ground water create the following problem :
 Drying of springs and shallow wells
 Increased salinity
 Increase in the pumping cost as water table lowers
 Depletion of water in aquifers due to heavy pumping
 Sea water intrusion in coastal areas
 Decrease in the production due to scarcity of irrigation water.
2.Ground water:
Problem Due to over exploitation of
Water Resources :
31

32. Water Conservation
 Important step for solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is
to change people's attitudes and habits
 Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.
 Use only as much water as you require. Close the taps well after use. While
brushing or other use, do not leave the tap running, open it only when you require
it. See that there are no leaking taps.
 Use a washing machine that does not consume too much water. Do not leave the
taps running while washing dishes and clothes.
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33. Water Conservation…
 Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of the water. Water in which the
vegetables & fruits have been washed - use to water the flowers & plants.
 At the end of the day if you have water left in your water bottle do not throw it
away, pour it over some plants.
 Re-use water as much as possible
 Change in attitude & habits for water conservation
 Every drop counts!!!
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34. Water Conservation
 Reducing Agricultural Water Waste
 Agriculture is very inefficient with water
 Micro irrigation- irrigation that conserves
waster by piping to
crops through sealed
systems
Also called drip or
trickle irrigation
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35. Water Conservation
 Reducing Industrial Water Waste
 Stricter laws provide incentive to conserve water
Recycling water within the plant
 Water scarcity (in addition to stricter pollution control
requirements) will encourage further industrial recycling
 Potential to conserve water is huge!
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36. Water Conservation
 Reducing Municipal Water
Waste
 Gray Water
 Can be used to flush
toilets, wash car or water
lawn
 Water saving household
fixtures
 Government incentives
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37. Conserving at Home
 Install water-saving shower heads and faucets
 Install low-flush toilets
 Fix leaky fixtures
 Purchase high efficiency appliances
 Modify personal habits
 Use the dishwasher instead of washing by hand
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38. Why Rain water harvesting
 To conserve & augment the storage of ground water
 To reduce water table depletion
 To improve the quality of ground water
 To arrest sea water intrusion in coastal areas
 To avoid flood & water stagnation in urban areas
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39.  Harvesting rainwater has several functions:
 providing water to people and livestock
 providing water for food and cash crops
 increasing groundwater recharge
 reducing storm water discharges, urban
floods and overloading of sewage treatment
plants
 reducing seawater ingress in coastal areas
Functions of rainwater harvesting 39

40.  Rainwater is a free source of nearly pure water and rainwater harvesting refers
to collection and storage of rainwater and other activities aimed at harvesting
surface and ground water. It also includes prevention of losses through
evaporation and seepage and all other hydrological and engineering
interventions, aimed at conservation and efficient utilization of the limited
water. In general, water harvestings the activity of direct collection of
rainwater. The rainwater collected can be stored for direct use or can be
recharged into the ground water.
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Concept and Technology of Rainwater Harvesting
Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.
Recharge to ground water.
There are two main techniques of rain water
harvestings.

41. Roof catchment systems
Domestic rainwater harvesting system
consist of:
• a collection surface,
• a storage tank, and
• guttering or channels to transport
the water from one to the other.
Peripheral equipment sometimes
incorporated:
• a first-flush system,
• a filtration equipment, and
• settling chambers
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42. Ground & rock catchment systems
 System components
Ground & rock catchment systems
consist of:
 a collection surface,
 a storage tank, and
 guttering or channels
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43. RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rain
Roof Top
Filtration
or
Recharge to ground water
Storage
Rooftop Water
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44. All rainwater-harvesting systems comprise
six basic components irrespective of the
size of the system.
1. Catchments area/roof: The surface upon which the rain falls; the roof has to be
appropriately sloped preferably towards the direction of storage and recharge.
2. Gutters and downspouts: The transport channels from catchments surface to storage;
these have to be designed depending on site, rainfall characteristics and roof
characteristics.
3. Leaf screens and roof washers: The systems that remove contaminants and debris; a first
rain separator has to be put in place to divert and manage the first 2.5 mm of rain.
4. Storage tanks: Sumps, tanks etc. where collected rain-water is safely stored or recharging
the ground water through open wells, bore wells or percolation pits etc.
5. Conveying: The delivery system for the treated rainwater, either by gravity or pump;
6. Water treatment: Filters to remove solids and organic material and equipment, and
additives to settle, filter, and disinfect.
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45. 45
Rain Water Distribution & Management

46. Three big ideas
 One of the major global environmental problems is the growing
shortage of freshwater in many parts of the world.
 We can use water more sustainably by cutting water waste, raising
water prices, and protecting aquifers, forests and other ecosystems
that store and release water.
 Reducing water pollution requires preventing it, working with
nature to treat sewage, cutting resource use and waste, reducing
poverty, and slowing population growth.
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47. Distribution of population and water resources
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