2. PERSONALITY
- It is the sum total of behaviors, attitude,
beliefs, and values that are characteristics of
an individual.
3. FACTORS IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
1. Hereditary. Characteristics that are present at
birth, such as body of build, hair type, eye color,
and skin pigmentation.
2. Birth Order. The order in which we are born
into our families also influence our personalities.
4. 3. Parental Characteristics. Personality
development in children is also influenced by
the characteristics of the parents.
4. The Cultural Environment. Cultural
environment determines the basic types of
personality traits of a person.
5. THE FILIPINO CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY
1. “Bahala na” Attitude
The Bahala na trait or the
equivalent of the Spanish Que
Sera Sera became a defense
mechanism for Filipinos, to
preserve mental balance and
mitigate the adverse effects
of their failures.
2. Hospitable and Peaceful
Filipinos consider it a
privilege to be able to offer
help and friendship to all
foreigners, including their
former colonial masters.
6. 3. Religiosity
Filipinos have strong
beliefs about their
religion and these beliefs
are stronger, than more
urbanized the area.
4. Loyalty and grateful
Filipinos are loyal and
grateful to friends who are
good and ever reliable in
both good times and in
adversity. Filipinos are ever
grateful to their benefactors
and their utang na loob .
7. 5. Adaptability and Resiliency
Filipinos can integrate in any
culture and can cope in any
climate.
8. 6. Respect for
Elders
• A character trait that has
remains a customary law
among Filipinos respect
for elders. Respect for
elders includes respect
for the authority of elder
brothers and sisters.
10. DEVIANCE
•is a violation of established
contextual, cultural, or social
norms, whether folkways,
mores, or codified law.
•Anything that deviates from
what people generally accepts
as normal.
11. Types of Deviant Activities
1. Crime
-the violation of formally enacted laws
-also known as FORMAL DEVIANCE
ex. Robbery, theft, rape, murder, and
assault
2. Violations of informal social norms
- violation of norms that have not been
codified into laws
- also refers to as INFORMAL DEVIANCE
ex. Wearing revealing clothes, doing
inappropriate behaviors.
12. Sanctions
Sanctions are imposed by society to regulate people’s thoughts
and behaviors in ways that limit, or punish deviance. This is also known
as SOCIAL CONTROL.
Types:
1. Positive Sanctions: affirmative reactions, usually in response to
conformity.
2. Negative Sanctions: negative social reactions to deviance.
FORMAL SANCTIONING OF DEVIANCE occurs when norms are
codified into law, and violation almost always result in negative
sanctions from justice system.
Ex. The police, the courts, the prison system.
13. DEGREES OF DEVIANCE
A. PRIMARY DEVIANCE- It is the occasional
violation of norms. Individuals who commit act of
primary deviance do not see themselves as deviant
and neither does society.
B. SECONDARY DEVIANCE- It refers to
deviance as a lifestyle and results in the
individual being labeled as deviant and
believing that label.
14. Three main
forms of
Social
Sanction for
Deviance:
1.Legal sanction,
2.Stigmatization
(ostracization), and
3.Preference for one
behavior over another.
15. Sociological
Perspectives
on Deviance
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVES
- It is a natural part of the society.
- Deviance results from the strain
of goals incompatible with the
available means of achieving
them.
- According to Strain Theory,
deviance is a natural growth of
the values, norms, and the
structure of society.
16. FIVE TYPES OF DEVIANCE
CONFORMIST
- It accepts the society’s goals and the socially
acceptable means of achieving them.
INNOVATION
- It is a response due to strain generated by our
culture’s emphasis on wealth and the lack of
opportunities.
17. RITUALISM
- It rejects the society’s goals but accepts
society’s institutionalised means.
RETREATISM
- It is the rejection of both cultural goals and
means, letting the person in question “drop out.”
REBELLION
- Similar to retreatism but they go one step
further to a “counterculture” that supports other
social order.
19. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVES
- Deviance is a result of competition and social
inequality.
- People without power commit deviant acts to obtain
economic rewards or to improve their low self-
esteem and stop feeling powerless.
- The ruling classes label as deviant any behavior that
threatens their power.
20. INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
- Interaction among individuals influences
deviance.
- Control theory suggests that strong bonds
make people conform to norms and refrain
from deviance.
- Cultural transmission theory proposes that
deviance is a learned behavior.
- Labeling theory examines how individuals
are identified as deviant.
21. 1. CONTROL THEORY
- Control theory explains deviance as a natural occurrence.
- It is interested in why people conform rather than in the
causes of deviance.
According to Travis Hirschi, a leading control theorist, people
develop bonds to their communities in four ways:
a. FIRST. They form attachments with others- parents, teachers, and friends-
who accept the norms of society.
b. SECOND. They have a strong belief in society’s moral codes, accepting that
some behavior is simply wrong.
c. THIRD. They show commitment to traditional societal values and goals,
such as getting a good education or job.
d. FINALLY. They are fully involved in nondeviant activities, leaving no time
for deviant behavior.
22. 2. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
- Socialization is also central to cultural transmission
theory.
- It explains deviance as a behavior learned in much the
same way that nondeviant behavior is learned through
interaction with others.
3. LABELING THEORY
- It focuses on how individuals come to be identified as
deviant.
- It believes in the idea that all people commit deviant
acts, yet not everyone is labeled as deviant.
