3. INTRODUCTION
• Using robots in the Operating room to assist the surgeon in
performing surgery.
• The surgeons view the patient via a terminal and manipulates the
robotic surgical instruments by control systems.
• Views of the organs being worked on are transmitted from tiny
cameras inserted into the body.
• We have already seen how robots have changed the manufacturing of
cars & other consumer goods by streamlining & speeding up the
assembly line.
4. HISTORY
• IN 1997 a reconstruction of the fallopian tubes operation was performed in Cleveland using
ZEUS.
• In May 1998 Dr. Friedrich-Wilhelm Mohr using the Da Vinci surgical robot performed the first
robotically assisted heart bypass at the Leipzig heart center in Germany.
• On 2 September 1999, Dr Randall wolf and Dr Robert Michler performed the first robotically
assisted heart bypass in the USA at the Ohio state university.
• In October 1999 the world’s first surgical robotics beating heart coronary artery bypass graft
(CABG) was performed in Canada by Dr. Douglass boyd and Dr. Reiza Rayman using the
ZEUS surgical robots.
5. CLASSIFICATI
ON
• Their are 3 different kinds of surgery
1. Supervisory controlled systems
2. Tele Surgical systems
3. Shared control systems
6. SUPERVISORY CONTROLLED
SYSTEMS
• Most automated one
• System follows specific set of
instructions
• Surgeon input data into robot
• Three step process
1. Planning
2. Registration
3. Navigation
7. TELE SURGICAL
SYSTEMS
• Tele surgical also called as remote
surgery
• It is performed by the surgeon at a
site removed from the patient
• Surgical tasks are directly performed
by the robotic system controlled by
the surgeon at the remote site
8. SHARED CONTROL
SYSTEMS
• Use of concept active constraints
• Defining regions of patients:
Close , safe ,boundary or forbidden
• Surgeons concentrate on safe
region
9. ADVANTAG
ES
• Telesurgery :- The use of a computer console to perform operations
from distance.
• Having fewer personnel :- Having fewer personnel in operating room
and allowing doctors the ability to operate.
• Less pain :- The patient would experience less trauma and bleeding
which means faster recovery.
• Enhanced precision :- Surgery with the help of robots may help to
remove these errors. Robotics helps to make the surgery with high
precision and high accuracy.
• Decrease the fatigue :- It helps to decrease the fatigue that doctors do
experience and that last for few hours.
10. DISADVANTAGES
• Time :- Robotic assisted heart surgery
can nearly take twice the amount of
time that is required by typical heart
surgery.
• Cost :- At this early stage in the
technology, the robotic system are quit
expensive.
• Efficiency and compatibility :- Current
operating room instruments and
equipments arenot compatible with
new robotic system, thus there is less
efficiency and compatibility.
11. APPLICATIONS
• Cardiac surgery :- Robot assisted MIDCA
band endoscope coronary artery bypass
(TECAB) surgeries are being performed
with the da Vinci system.
• Gynecology :- Robotics surgery in
gynaecology is one of the fastest growing
fields of robotics surgery.
• Orthopedic :- The Acrobat company LTD.
Sells the “Acrobot Sculptor” a robot that
contains a bone cutting tool to a pre-
defined volume.
12. • Pediatrics :- Surgical robotics has been
used in many types if pediatric
surgical procedure including
tracheoesophageal fistula repair
• Radio surgery :- The cyberknife
robotics radio surgery system used
image guidance and computer
controlled robotics to treat tumour
throughout the body
• Urology :- Removing the prostate
gland for cancer repair obstructed
kidneys repair bladder abnormalities
and remove diseased kidneys.
13. CONCLUSION
• Although still it is infancy, robotic surgery is the cutting edge development in
surgery that will have far-reaching implications. While improving precision
and dexterity, this emerging technology allows surgeon to perform operation
that were traditionally not amenable to minimal access techniques . As a
result the benefits of minimal access surgery may be applicable to wider
range of procedures. Safety has been established and many series of cases
have reported favourable outcomes. However randomized controlled trials
comparing robotic assisted procedures with Laproscopic or open techniques
are generally lacking.
