1. Meghan Curran Dianna Milano Collean Toupin Reconstruction of Black & Urban Areas

2. Background of Reconstruction Reconstruction Period of US can be classified in two different ways: Reconstruction of the United States as a whole Reconstruction of the South Took place btw the years 1863-1887 Depending upon the state, reconstruction began/ended at different times. All federal policies were abandoned entirely in 1887 Consisted of politicians attempting to reunite the North & South Government was faced with deciding how the southern states should be punished for leaving the union. http://proliberty.com/observer/20051220.htm

3. President Lincoln started to reconstruct the North & South. President Andrew Johnson took over after Lincoln’s assassination in 1865 Acts laid out the process for readmitting southern states into the Union. 14th Amendment (1868) provided former slaves with national citizenship 15th Amendment (1870) granted black men the right to vote 2 new amendments created huge controversy in the South, created turmoil for African Americans Rejected the land distribution proposal known as “40 acres and a mule” The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 http://www.cartoonstock.com/vintage/directory/d/draft_riots.asp

4. Took a century of civil rights movements, protests & marches to defeat racial slurs, targeting and profiling they endured & to move up the social ladder Southern states created the “Black Codes” which kept the African American population under the authority of the whites. Black codes permitted the arrest of unemployed African Americans, but also made it difficult to find work. Required African Americans obtain a license for skilled work & work a certain amount of hours in order to be considered employed Basically left the African Americans still slaves because of the sharecropping system Only major southern cities saw large improvements in African American equality African American’s New Found “Freedom” http://www.lib.niu.edu/1996/iht329602.html

5. Discrimination African Americans were beat and killed for protesting & for no reason at all When African Americans tried to settle in the northern European and white neighborhoods, they were often driven out. People would burn their homes, destroy their property Had to face the stereotypes which added to the discrimination Scientific experiments were conducted to prove physical differences between African Americans & whites Cranial capacities of skulls measured, whites found to have a larger capacity, therefore white people were smarter http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html

6. Many southern states passed Jim Crow Laws The laws left the African Americans uneducated & made it more difficult for them to find jobs Jim Crow Laws segregated African Americans from whites in: Social settings Drinking fountains Schools Public transportation Jim Crow Laws & Segregation http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/white-only-1.html

7. Supreme Court Case in 1896 Over the constitutionality of Segregation Plessy was 7/8 white, with white skin & sat in all white section of the railroad car Was arrested for refusing to sit in the African American section of the railroad car & violating Louisiana’s Segregation laws Lost case Supreme court ruled it is constitutional as long as the laws followed the motto “separate but equal” Ruling further enforced the mistreatment of African Americans Plessy Vs. Ferguson http://vivian-folkenflik.org/core-course-winter%2011.htm

8. Voting 15th Amendment Found ways around the 15th amendment North Carolina (1835); former slaves banned from voting Steep Taxes Literacy tests Voter qualification laws Louisiana Grandfather Clause: Men allowed to vote if their fathers/grandfathers had been eligible to vote as of January 1, 1867. No African Americans qualified Loopholes existed in the restrictions that made otherwise ineligible whites eligible to vote African American man held a seat in congress in 1877 African Americans serving in several state legislatures by 1900 Late 1890’s = Racial tensions increased because government feared poor whites and African Americans would form and potentially threaten the power structure http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAvoting65.htm

9. Great Migration of African Americans moving from the south to the north, starting in 1890s The generation of young African Americans who were born after the Civil War saw slavery as “childhood tales” & had a new motivation to move north, earn money & make something of themselves Small migration back to Africa Establish all-black towns in Tennessee, Kansas and the Oklahoma Territory Organized civil rights organizations such as the Citizens Equal Rights Association (CERA, 1887) and the Afro-Amerian League (1890) The African American Response

10. Booker T. Washington Influential figure in the African American community from around 1895 until his death in 1915 Formerly a slave of Virginia, moved to West Virginia to work Completed high school & started to teach Wanted his students to study “actual things” like industrial training (modern technical school) Founded Tuskegee Normal (1881) Believed African Americans should concentrate on economic self-improvement rather than demanding social equality & civil rights Philosophy became known as the Atlanta Compromise after a speech in 1895 in Atlanta http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdbookr.htm

11. Frederick Douglas was born as a mulatto slave Mulatto: Someone with one Caucasian parent and one African parent He experienced a comfortable childhood though He lived on the outskirts of a Maryland plantation with his grandparents The harsh realities of slavery soon found Douglas though He was whipped, beat and brutally ridiculed by white workers He realized that knowledge and education were the only way that he was going to reach freedom Frederick Douglass

12. Frederick Douglass – Road to Freedom In 1938, Douglas escaped slavery in Baltimore by train He dressed as a sailor and carried the papers of a free black man For the rest of his life, Douglas spoke out against slavery and was a very influential abolitionist

13. Migrated north by the hundreds of thousands in early 20th century Labor shortage in first world war drew around 40,000 African Americans to the North over 2 years African Americans chose cheapest method to the north, usually resulting in large migrations to major cities such as St. Louis Baltimore Philadelphia Pittsburg New York Minneapolis Kansas City Cincinnati Cleveland Indianapolis Detroit Chicago Migration to the North http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/tiki-print_article.php?articleId=104

14. Migration to the North African Americans were able to find jobs, but faced discrimination in the north with the growing African American population Resented by the European-American working class. Whites would refuse to work alongside/train the African Americans Worked mainly in the steel, automobile, shipbuilding and meatpacking industries Working African Americans doubled from 500,000 to 901,000 during 1910-1920 Because of rising populations in major cities, housing shortages occurred Other ethnic groups resisted against change and discriminated, restricting African Americans to crowded neighborhoods, resulting in ghetto’s http://www.alaboola.com/lists/cartoon/index428142.php

15. Integration & Segregation in the North As African American’s migrated, they were integrated into society Divide between the working class and African Americans closed due to close working conditions African Americans from rural farm workers –> urban industrial workers Still faced segregation when it came to the whites African American migrants kept many southern traits, resulting in a stereotype of African Americans http://www.episcopalarchives.org/Afro-Anglican_history/exhibit/transitions/segregation_and_integration.php

16. 1955 – 1968 Goal was to get rid of racial discrimination against African Americans Organizations formed to help the movement NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) SNCC (Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee) CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Congress) Favored non-violent protests Sit-ins Boycotts Marches The Civil Rights Movement http://www.thedefendersonline.com/2010/05/04/two-ousted-sclc-officers-convene-a-separate-board-meeting-in-hopes-of-regaining-control/

17. Important Events in the Civil Rights Movement Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956): Bus boycott that resulted after the arrest of Rosa Pars Little Rock Arkansas (1957) First high school to be desegregated Greensboro Sit-ins (1960) in North Carolina at several diner counters where African Americans were not allowed to be served Freedom rides organized by CORE in 1961. African Americans and Whites sat anywhere on the busses and traveled from Washington D.C. to New Orleans Birmingham Campaigns (1963-1964): Peaceful protests where protestors were treated extremely harsh March on Washington (August 28, 1963): 200,000 to 300,00 demonstrators in front of Lincoln Memorial. “I have a Dream” Speech Mississippi Freedom Summer (1964): White college student movement to register African American's to vote

18. Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin Voting Rights Act of 1965 Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 Fair Housing Act of 1968 Outcomes of the Civil Rights Movement https://wikis.nyu.edu/ek6/modernamerica/index.php/Reform/TheCivilRightsMovement

19. Important Figures in the Civil Rights Movement Malcom X Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Rosa Parks

20. http://www.truth-it.net/15th_amendment_to_the_us_constitution.html http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/washington/bio.html “A Different Mirror; A History of Multicultural America” by Ronald Takaki http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html Sources