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Similar a Peter Ehren LSM 2014-1
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Peter Ehren LSM 2014-1
- 2. 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 US$/year Exportton/year Year Li2CO3 ton/year Li2CO3 price US$/year Price!History!!(Chilean!export!data)! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 2!
- 3. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 3! From!Resource!to!Product!Batteries Glass Molecular Sieves Ceramics Desiccants or Dehumidifiers Emanel Brazing Fluxes Frits Fluxesundentes Chemicals Aluminum Process Polymers Cement Pharmaceuticals Organic intermediate Pharmaceuticals, es Agrochemicals Flavors Fragrances HP Lithium Carbonate Lithium Bromide (air conditioning) Lithium Fluoride Lithium Nitrate Lithium Phosphate Lithium Sulfate Lithium Silicate Lithium Borates Lithium Acetate Lithium Benzonate Lithium Citrate Lithium Salicytate Lithium Peroxide Primary Batteries Aluminum Alloys Greases Glass Ceramics Natural resources © Ehren-González Limitada Lithium Carbonate Basic Chemicals Performance Chemicals Lithium Hydroxide! ! Lithium! Carbonate! ! Brines! ! Minerals! ! Specialty! Inorganics! ! Low Na ! Lithium Chloride! ! High Na ! Lithium Chloride! ! High Na ! Lithium Metal! ! Low Na ! Lithium Metal! ! Butyllithium! ! Specialty! Organics! ! Specialty! Inorganics! !
- 4. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 4! Every!Deposit!is!Unique! A. Brine!composi7on!! B. Climate!! C. Reservoir!Hydrogeology! D. Reserves! E. Fresh!Water!&!Energy! F. Port!Distance!/!Reagents!Supply!! G. Environmental!Management! H. Social!Responsibility! I. Market!Requirements! J. Cost!Drivers!
- 5. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 5! A.!Brine!Composi7on:!Parameters!! • Li#concentra+on:# ## • Mg/Li#ra+o! !Indicates!how!much!Magnesium!has!to!be! removed!by!frac7onal!crystalliza7on!and/or!selec7ve! precipita7on.! • SO4/Li#ra+o.! !Indicates!a!Lithium!Sulfate!deposits!(high! SO4/Li)!or!a!Lithium!Chloride!deposit!(low!SO4/Li).! • Ca/Li#ra+o! !Indicates!how!much!Calcium!has!to!be! removed!by!frac7onal!crystalliza7on!and/or!selec7ve! precipita7on! • K#concentra+on# • SO4/K#ra+o#!!!!!Indicates!a!Potassium!Sulfate!deposit!(high! SO4/K)!or!Potassium!Chloride!!!deposit!(low!SO4/K)!!
- 6. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 6! A.!Brine!Composi7on!!! World!Wide!Resources! Note:!Salar!de!Atacama!has!several!different!brine!types:! • High!sulfate!brine !SulPoMag^!Li2SO4! • Low!sulfate!brine !KCl^LiCl! • High!calcium!brine !KCl^LiCl^!CaCl2! • Salar!de!Olaroz!!!!!!!!!!Number!for!Produc7on!wells! ! Deposit Deposit type Li K Mg Ca SO4 Mg/Li SO4/Li Ca/Li SO4/K Salar de Atacama Average (Rockwood Lithium and SQM) SulpoMag- Li2SO4- LiCl- CaCl2 1,835 22,626 11,741 379 20,180 6 11 0.2 0.9 Salar de Hombre Muerto (FMC) Na2SO4- K2SO4- Li2SO4 744 7,404 1,020 636 10,236 1 14 0.9 1.4 Silver Peak (Rockwood Lithium) Na2SO4- K2SO4- Li2SO5 245 5,655 352 213 7,576 1 31 0.9 1.3 Salar de Olaroz (Orocobre) Na2SO4- K2SO4- Li2SO6 774 6,227 2,005 416 18,630 3 24 0.5 3.0 Salar de Cauchari (LAC) Na2SO4- K2SO4- Li2SO7 618 5,127 1,770 476 19,110 3 31 0.8 3.7 Salar de Maricunga (Li3) KCl-LiCl- CaCl2 1,036 8,869 8,247 11,919 1,095 8 1 11.5 0.1 Salar de Uyuni Average SulpoMag- Li2SO4 424 8,719 7,872 557 10,342 19 24 1.3 1.2 Salar de Rincón ( Rincon Lithium) SulpoMag- Li2SO4 397 7,513 3,419 494 12,209 9 31 1.2 1.6 West Taijinaier (CITIC) SulpoMag- Li2SO4 256 8,444 15,737 ND 35,315 61 138 4.2 Zhabuye Salt Lake Li2CO3-Na2SO4 1,217 17,083 17 - 38,917 0 32 2.3
- 8. Salar de Atacama Average (Chemetall y SQM) Salar de Hombre Muerto (FMC) Silver Peak (Chemetall) Salar de Uyuni Average Salar de Rincón ( Rincon Lithium) Salar de Olaroz (Orocobre) Salar de Cauchari (LAC) Salinas Grandes (Orocobre) Qarhan East Taijinaier Chang West Taijinaier Chang Mg K2SO4 Silvite Leonite Schoenite Kainite Carnalite Glaserita Tenardite T=25 oC Astrakanite Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 8! A.!Brine!Composi7on:!!!Janecke!Projec7on! Halite=!NaCl! Silvite=!KCl! Gypsum=!CaSO4*2H20! Glaserite=!Na2SO4*3K2SO4! Ternadite=!Na2SO4! Glaubersalt=!Na2SO4*10H20! Schoenite=!K2SO4*MgSO4*6H2O! Leonite=!K2SO4*MgSO4*4H2O! Carnalite=!KCl*MgCL2*6H20! Bischofite=MgCl2*6H20! !! ! ! !
- 11. B.!Climate:!Salar!Comparison! • Salar!de!Olaroz!is!overburdened!with!sediments!(Olaroz^!Cauchari!about!500!km2)! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 11! Salar Surface Altitude Precipitation Evaporation rate Depth ? Deposit Km2 m mm/year mm/year m Salar de Atacama Average (Rockwood Lithium y SQM) 3000 2300 15 3200 Salar de Hombre Muerto (FMC) 565 1300 100 2710 Silver Peak (Rockwood Lithium) 83 4100 130 1300 Salar de Olaroz (Orocobre) 250 3900 100 2600 600 Salar de Cauchari (LAC) 28 3900 100 2600 600 Salar de Uyuni Average 10582 3650 168 1789 Salar de Rincón ( Rincon Lithium) 260 3700 100 2650 Salar de Maricunga (Li3) 145 3800 125 2400 Zhabuye Salt Lake 247 4412 150 2300 West Taijinaier (CITIC) 570 2700 25 2800
- 13. C.!Reservoir!Hydrogeology:!Salar!Types! • Salar!types! – mature!halite!salars!and!! – immature!clas7c!salars! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 13! The#Evalua+on#of#Brine#Prospects#and#the#Requirement#for# Modifica+ons#to#Filing#Standards# John#Houston1,†,#Andrew#Butcher2,#Peter#Ehren3,#Keith#Evans4#and#Linda# Godfrey5!
- 14. C.!Reservoir!Hydrogeology:!Salar!Types! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 14! Area Elevation (km2 ) (m asl) Uyuni 10,000 3,653 Immature Atacama 2,900 2,300 Mature Olaroz- Cauchari 550 3,900 Immature Huayatayoc- Salinas Grande Rincon 280 3,740 Largely mature Arizaro 1,600 3,500 Immature Pocitos 435 3,660 Immature Antofalla 540 3,580 ?Immature Hombre Muerto W 350 3,750 Mature Hombre Muerto E 280 3,750 Immature Maricunga 90 3,760 Mixed Salar Salar type 2,500 3,400 Immature
- 17. D.!Reserves! • Project!live! • Mining!Plan! • Pumping!rate!! • Produc7on!Rates! • Reservoir!Modeling! • =>!Avoid!excessive!exploita7on!of!! brine!deposit!in!order!to!control! declining!grades! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 17!
- 18. E.!Fresh!Water!&!Energy!! • The!fresh!water!normally!is!scarce!around!Salars!and!Salt! Lakes! =>The!objec7ve!is!to!reduce!water!consump7on! • Processes!that!en!general!consume!more!water!are!! – Adsorp7on!process!(for!example:!FMC)! – Membrane!technologies!(East!Tajinaier)! – Ion!exchange!technology!! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 18!
- 19. E.!Fresh!Water!&!Energy!! • Energy!requirements! – Solar!Energy!for!the!evapora7on!ponds! – Electrical!energy!for!the!plant! – Energy!for!brine!hea7ng!! – Energy!for!product!drying! • ¿!Electrical!Grid!close!to!project?! • ¿!Gas!pipeline!close!to!project?! ! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 19!
- 20. F.!Distance!to!Port!/! !Reagent!Supply! • Soda!ash!importa7on!(Li2CO3!precipita7on)! • Lithium!carbonate!export! • Lime!(!Magnesium!removal)! • Sodium!sulfate!(!Calcium!removal)! • By!products!(!Potash)! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 20!
- 21. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 21! G.!Environmental!Management! • Environmental!Legal!Framework! • Flora!and!Fauna! – Lagoons! – Vegas!and!wetlands! – Flamingos,!!Vicuñas,!Fox,!etc.! • Tourists!Interest^! – Scenery!impact! – Industrial!interven7on! • Protected!Areas!such!as! – Na7onal!Parks!! – Na7onal!!Reserves! • Hydrogeological!issues.!! – Pumping!rates:!! – Environmental!well!monitoring!and!! alert!system! – Hydrogeological!modeling!for!brine!! extrac7on!effects! • Indigenous!Communi7es!
- 22. Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 22! G.!Environmental!Issues:!Process! • Waste!Salts!Managements!! • End^brine!management!=>!! – Salar!de!Olaroz!Process:!Zero!Liquid!discharge!and!Li2CO3! end^liquor!recovery! – Salar!de!Atacama!Process:!Zero!Liquid!discharge!and! Li2CO3!evapora7on! – Salar!de!Hombre!Muerto:!!End!brine!of!adsorp7on! process!purged!to!lower!part!of!Salar!basins! – Poten7al!solvent!extrac7on!and!IX!process:!!End!brine! reinjec7on!!to!Salar!?! – POSCO!process!(according!to!patent):!End!brine! reinjec7on!!to!Salar!?! !
- 23. I.!Social!Responsibility! • Indigenous!communi7es! • Shared!Value! • Local!providers! • Local!employees! ! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 23!
- 24. J.!Market!Requirement:!! Product!specifica7on! • Lithium!Carbonate!Bapery!Grade! …!every!day!more!pure! • Lithium!hydroxide!for!bapery!grade! …..!every!day!more!pure! • Samples!for!the!industry! • Rela7onship!with!off^takers!and!poten7al! clients! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 24!
- 25. K.!Cost!Drivers:!!Brines! • Soda!Ash!=>!Lithium!Carbonate!precipita7on! • Lime!=>!magnesium!removal!(low!Mg/Li)!! !!!!!!!!!(Silver!Peak/!Salar!de!Olaroz/!!Salar!de!Rincon)! • Sodium!sulfate!!=>!calcium!removal!! !!!!!!!!(Salar!de!Maricunga/!Salar!de!Rincon!)! • Brine!hea7ng! • Salt!Harves7ng!! – Halite!(All)! – Silvinite!salts!(All,!Salar!de!Atacama)! – Carnalite!(All,!Salar!de!Atacama)! – Bischofite!(All,!Salar!de!Atacama)! • A!good!brine!project!should!have!an!opera7onal!costs! between!1,500!and!2,800!USD/ton! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 25!
- 26. 3rd Lithium Asia Conference Chengdu, ChinaK.!Cost!Drivers:!Opera7onal!Minerals! • Mining#(#%Li2O=grade#)# • Spodumene#produc+on### • Ore#Calcining#(>1000#oC)# • Soda#Ash#=>#Lithium#Carbonate#precipita+on# • Sodium#sulfate##by#product# • Brine#Hea+ng# • Product#drying# • Electricity# • A!good!mineral!project!should!have!an!opera7onal! costs!between!3,000!and!3,500!USD/ton! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 26! Galaxy opCalciner kiln www.galaxylithium.com PipeworkControl room checking bulk I/Os
- 27. K.!Cost!Drivers:!Opera7onal!Minerals! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 27! 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 3.80% 3.00% 2.00% 1.50% 1.00% 0.50% USD/ton %Li2O in lithium minerals Li2CO3 Spodumene in Li2CO3 Spodumene concentrate 18,000!ton/year.! Stripping!ra7o!of!2! Cost!basis!2008!Australia! 8.05!tons!of!6%!Li2O!spodumene!/!ton!Li2CO3!
- 28. K.!Cost!Drivers:!Investment! • Well!field!! • Brine!transport!pipelines! • Solar!Evapora7on!Ponds! • Power!Supply! • Lithium!Carbonate!plant! • Potassium!Chloride!plant! • Infrastructure:!Buildings,!Camp,!Laboratories,! ect.!! ! ! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 28!
- 29. Final!Words! • Every!Brine!deposit!is!unique!and!requires!it´s!tailor!made! process! • Do!not!copy!–!paste!! • Learn!from!the!other!projects! • Simulate!the!process!and!calculate!the!costs! • Analyze!the!best!process!op7on!and!test!it! • Be!cost!effec7ve.! ! ! How!much!be+er!is!it!to!get!wisdom!than!gold!!(…Lithium)! and!to!get!understanding!rather!to!be!chosen!than!silver!(…Potash)!!(Proverbs!16:16!(KJV))! ! Thanks!to! My!wife,!for!her!support!and!advise!on!environmental!management!issues! My!son,!MaIas!(11)!!who!helped!my!with!the!special!effects! Annelies(10)!and!Daniel(2)!!for!missing!me!when!I!am!not!at!home! My!clients!who!have!trusted!me!in!this!small!lithium!world! ! ! Presenta7on!by!Peter!Ehren! 29!