Practical_Research_1_Qualitative_2.pptx

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1:
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

ARE YOU READY TO
ANSWER YOUR OWN
QUESTIONS IN LIFE?
WARM-UP!

NATURE OF
INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH

INQUIRY- defined as “a seeking for truth,
information or knowledge. The information is
sought through questioning.
The exploratory nature of inquiry allows
individuals particularly students to grapple with
different ways of looking at ideas and issues and
to think creatively about problems that do not
possess simple answer.

THE WORD RESEARCH IS DERIVED FROM THE
OLD FRENCH WORD CERCHIER, WHICH
MEANS TO “SEEK OR SEARCH.” “SEARCH”
MEANING TO INVESTIGATE. THE PREFIX “RE”
MEANS “AGAIN” AND SIGNIFIES OF THE
SEARCH. LITERALLY, RESEARCH MEANS TO
“INVESTIGATE AGAIN”.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Is defined as careful, systematic study in the field of
knowledge, undertaken to discover or establish facts or
principles (Webster, 1984).
Defined as a scientific investigation of phenomena
which includes collection, analysis and interpretation of
facts (Calmorin, 2004).
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for
the purpose of prediction or explanation; a more
formal, systematic and intensive process of carrying on
a scientific method of analysis.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is the systematic investigation and study of
materials and sources to establish facts and reach
new conclusions (Walker, 2010).

Thomas Edison was probably the greatest
inventor in American History, When he
attended school, His teachers complained that
he was “too slow” and hard to handle.
At the age of 10 he had already set up first
chemistry laboratory, Edison’s inexhaustible
energy and genius (1 percent
inspiration and 99 percent
perspiration)

When Tomas Edison invented the light
bulb, he tried 2,000 experiments before he
got it to work. A young reporter asked him
how it felt to have invented the light bulb.
It just happened to be a 2,000 step
process.

Synthesis:
• Research is an action (verb)
• It is both physical and mental activity
• Everybody commits mistakes, failed but its
ok.
• Be a novice (neophyte) first, then
eventually become an expert (professional)

Man’s Major Problems Demand Research
The following are examples of man’s problems for which products of
research are born:
1.In Metro Manila, employees, teachers, students, businessmen and
many others find difficulty in commuting everyday due to the heavy
traffic, ____________________?__________________________
Hence, the LRT (Light Rail Transit) is constructed to ease the
problem.
2. Three decades ago businessmen, engineers, and accountants found
difficulty in computing _________________?________________
So calculators were invented to solve the problem.

3. In the early 20th century, rural folks found difficulty in seeing events in
far distance. ______________?_______________
Hence, televisions, movies were invented to solve the problem thereby
enabling man to see and hear events that happen at great distance.
4. A century or two ago, our great grandparents found difficulty in going
to far places because they just used bamboo rafts and it took them
several months to reach their destination, i.e. from Mindanao to Manila.
_______________?______________
Now, Manila can be reached in just an hour or two due to the invention
of the airplane. Likewise, ships, buses, jeepneys, automobiles, are also
products of research which have enabled man to reach far places in
short periods of time.

5. A century ago, Filipinos found difficulty in communicating with their
relatives and friends here and abroad. __________?_________
The problem has been greatly reduced by new communication facilities
such as the telephone, fax machines, cellphones, computers and many
others which make possible even instant communication over long
distance.
6. More than a century ago, rural folks merely used coconut oil lamp to
lighten their houses, _________________?_________________
until electricity was discovered and used to provide light and other
conveniences.

RESEARCH
New
knowledge
New
Technology
New skills
New tools
/devices
Better condition/welfare
practice
Improved quality of life

Significance of Research
1. To gather necessary information
2. To improve standard of living
3. To have a safer life
4. To know the truth
5. To explore our history

Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Based on observations and
experimentation of theories.
2.Systematic. Follows orderly and sequential procedures.
3. Employs hypothesis. The hypothesis guides the
investigation process.
4. Analytical. There is no error in the researcher’s
interpretations.

Characteristics of Research
5. Objective. All findings are logically based on
empirical data (unbiased and logical).
6. Original work. Researcher’s own investigation.

Six Blind Men and the Elephant

It was six men of Indostan,
To learning much inclined,
Who went to see the Elephant
(Though all of them were blind),
That each by observation
Might satisfy his mind.

The First approach'd the Elephant,
And happening to fall
Against his broad and sturdy side,
At once began to bawl:
"God bless me! but the Elephant
Is very like a wall!"

The Second, feeling of the tusk,
Cried, -"Ho! what have we here
So very round and smooth and sharp?
To me 'tis mighty clear,
This wonder of an Elephant
Is very like a spear!"

The Third approach'd the animal,
And happening to take
The squirming trunk within his hands,
Thus boldly up and spake:
"I see," -quoth he- "the Elephant
Is very like a snake!"

The Fourth reached out an eager hand,
And felt about the knee:
"What most this wondrous beast is like
Is mighty plain," -quoth he,-
"'Tis clear enough the Elephant
Is very like a tree!"

The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear,
Said- "E'en the blindest man
Can tell what this resembles most;
Deny the fact who can,
This marvel of an Elephant
Is very like a fan!"

The Sixth no sooner had begun
About the beast to grope,
Then, seizing on the swinging tail
That fell within his scope,
"I see," -quoth he,- "the Elephant
Is very like a rope!"

And so these men of Indostan
Disputed loud and long,
Each in his own opinion
Exceeding stiff and strong,
Though each was partly in the right,
And all were in the wrong!

Implications to Educational Research:
• A Picture of Relativism and Tolerance
• In turn, each individual creates his/her own version of
reality from experience and perspective.
• Therefore, research provides a solid foundation for the
discovery and creation of knowledge.
• Warning: Limited touch of truth turn into overreaching
misinterpretations and misjudgments.
• Synthesis: Open our eyes wider and seek every
opportunity to discover/experience the totality.

Characteristics of Qualitative Research
1. Concern for context and meaning
• Human experience
2. Naturally occurring settings
• Behavior as it happens naturally in a school,
classroom, community or organization
3. Humans as Instruments
• Only human being can do the field work
methods

Characteristics of Qualitative Research
4. Descriptive Data
• Data used are in the form of words or pictures
or other visuals rather than numbers and
statistics.
5. Emergent Design
• The design cannot be finalized at the onset.

Ethics and Research
ETHICS- Norms of conduct that distinguish
between acceptable and unacceptable
behavior.
Research Ethics:
1. A research project needs to be designed to
create valid outcomes if it is believed to be
pursuing truth.

Research Ethics:
2. Researchers have a duty to ensure that they do not
deliberately mislead participants as to the nature of the
research.
3. Researchers have a duty to avoid causing both physical
and psychological difficulties to participants.
4. Researchers are ethically bound to maintain the
privacy of participants and confidentiality for any
information they give and anonymity for their identity.

Research Ethics:
5. Society trusts that the results of research
reflect an honest attempt to describe the world
accurately and without bias.
Synthesis: It is the researcher’s ethical
responsibility not to harm the human
participants.

Some Ethical Principles
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for Intellectual Property

Some Ethical Principles
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible publication
9. Respect for colleagues
10. Social Responsibility
11. Non-discrimination
12. Competence
13. Legality
on

• Ethical Challenge: Conflict of interest between
the researcher and the what is being researched

Ethical Issues:
1. The researcher may uncover or get hold of
practices that may not be acceptable.
2. The issues of anonymity and confidentiality.
3. The researcher is expected to give back to the
participants of the research and to show
appreciation for their commitment of time,
effort and cooperation.
4. The researcher writes a letter and seeks to be
allowed to conduct a study.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES
In the conduct of research
EXCELLENCE
INTEGRITY
OPENNESS
• Relevant and researchable
• Appropriate research methods
• Logical, coherent, and evidence-based findings
• High ethical standards
• Honest and accurate in the collection, analysis, and reporting
of data
• Collaborative research work
• Multi-disciplinary perspectives
• Truthful and timely dissemination of research results

KNOWING THE RESEARCH PROCESS
43

1
•CONCEPTUALIZATION PHASE
2
•DESIGN PHASE
3
•EMPIRICAL PHASE
4
•ANALYTICAL PHASE
5
•DISSEMINATION PHASE
The Research Process
44

Conceptualization Phase
1.Topic/Problem Identification
2.Review of Literature
3.Hypotheses/Proposition Development
4.Framework Development
5.Objective Formulation
Design Phase
6.Research Plan Formulation
Empirical Phase
7.Data Gathering/Collection
Analytical Phase
8.Data Analysis & Interpretation
9.Conclusion
Dissemination Phase
10. Communicating and Utilizing the
Findings
45

Define the Research
Problem
Review the Literature Formulate Hypothesis Design Research
Interpret
and Report
Analyze
Data
Collect
Data

1.KNOWLEDGE
2.TIME
3.AFFORDABILITY
4.ACCESSIBILITY
5.APPLICABILITY
6.NOVELTY
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CONDUCTING
RESEARCH

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
APPROACH
QUALITATIVE
APPROACH

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
THE INVESTIGATOR PRIMARILY USES QUANTIFIABLE CLAIMS FOR
DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE (e.g., cause and effect thinking,
reduction to specific variables and hypotheses and questions,
use of measurement and observation, and the test of theories),
EMPLOYS STRATEGIES OF INQUIRY SUCH AS EXPERIMENTS AND
SURVEY, AND COLLECTS DATA ON PREDETERMINED
INSTRUMENTS THAT YIELD STATISTICAL DATA.
based on numbers and mathematical
calculations

QUALITATIVE APPROACH
One in which the inquirer often makes knowledge claims based
primarily on constructivist perspectives (i.e., the multiple
meanings of individual experiences, meanings socially and
historically constructed, with an intent of developing theory
or pattern) or advocacy/participatory perspectives. It also
uses strategies of inquiry such as narratives, phenomenology,
ethnographies, grounded theory studies, or case studies. THE
RESEARCHER COLLECTS OPEN-ENDED, EMERGING DATA WITH
THE PRIMARY INTENT OF DEVELOPING THEMES FROM THE
DATA
based on written or spoken narratives

Comparison chart
Qualitative Quantitative
Purpose The purpose is to explain and
gain insight and
understanding of phenomena
through intensive collection of
narrative data.
The purpose is to explain,
predict, and/or control
phenomena through focused
collection of numerical data.

Comparison chart
Group Studied
Smaller and not randomly
selected
Larger and randomly
selected

Comparison chart
Sampling Purposive: Intent to select
“small, ” not necessarily
representative, sample in
order to get in-depth
understanding
Random: Intent to select
“large, ” representative
sample in order to
generalize results to a
population

Comparison chart
Variables
Study of the whole not
variables
Specific variables studied

Comparison chart
Type of Data Collected
Words, images Numbers and statistics.

Comparison chart
Form of Data Collected
Qualitative data such as
open-ended responses,
interviews, participant
observations, field notes,
reflections
Quantitative data based on
precise measurements using
structured and validated
data-collection instruments

Comparison chart
Type of Data Analysis
Identify patterns, features,
themes
Identify statistical
relationships

Comparison chart
Approach
to Inquiry
subjective, holistic,
process- oriented
Objective, focused, outcome-
oriented
Research
Setting
Controlled setting
not as important
Controlled to the
degree possible

Comparison chart
Measurement Non-standardized,
narrative (written word)
Standardized, numerical
(measurements, numbers)
Design and
Method
Flexible, specified only in
general terms in advance of
study. Nonintervention, minimal
disturbance All Descriptive—
History, Biography, Ethnography,
Phenomenology, Grounded
Theory, Case Study, (hybrids of
these) Consider many variables,
small group
Structured, inflexible, specified in
detail in advance of study.
Intervention, manipulation and
control- Descriptive, Correlation
Causal-Comparative, Experimental.
Consider few variables, large group

Comparison chart
Role of Researcher
Researcher and their biases
may be known to participants
in the study, & participant
characteristics may be known
to the researcher
Researcher and their biases
are not known to participants
in the study, & participants
characteristics are
deliberately hidden from the
researcher

Comparison chart
Data
Analysis
Raw data are in words.
Essentially ongoing, involves
using the
observations/comments to
come to a conclusion.
Raw data are numbers
Performed at the end of
study, involves statistics
(using numbers to come to
conclusions).

Comparison chart
Scientific
method
Exploratory or bottom-up:
the researcher generates a
new hypothesis and theory
from the data collected
Confirmatory or top-down:
the researcher tests the
hypothesis and theory with
the data

Comparison chart
Focus Wide-angle lens: examines
the breadth and depth of
phenomena
Narrow-angle lens: tests
specific hypotheses

Comparison chart
Nature of
Observation
Study behavior in a natural
environment
Study behavior under
controlled conditions:
isolate causal effects

Comparison chart
Final Report
Narrative report with
contextual description &
direct quotations from
research participants
Statistical report with
correlations, comparisons of
means, & statistical
significance of findings

What is Qualitative Research?
• As an inquiry process of understanding a
social or human problem based on building a
complex holistic picture formed with words,
reporting detailed views of informants and
conducted in a natural setting (Cresswell,
1994).

• Qualitative researchers are interested in
understanding the meaning people
have constructed, that is, how people make
sense of their world and the
experiences they have in the world. (Merriam,
2009. )

• Qualitative researchers are interested in
understanding the meaning people
have constructed, that is, how people make
sense of their world and the
experiences they have in the world (Merriam,
2009).

Synthesis: Is interpretive, follows a non-linear
research path and speaks a language of “cases
and contexts.” Cases that arise from daily life
are closely examined.

Qualitative Research Methods?
1. Participant Observation- Immersion in the
natural setting.
2. Observation- systematic noting or recording
of events.
3. In-depth Interviewing- Large amount of data
are gathered quickly and immediate follow-up
and clarifications are possible.

4. Focus Group Interviewing- Asks focused
questions, in order to encourage discussion and
the expression of differing opinions and points
of view.
5. Content Analysis- Systematic examination of
forms of communication to document patterns
objectively.

6. Narratology- Narrative inquiry (story telling,
retelling and reliving of personal experiences)
7. Films, Videos and Photography- Provide
visual records of events.

Strengths of Qualitative Research
1. Offers the best light on or best answers to
certain phenomena-social, economic,
political or even psychological.
2. Results are exhaustive.

Strengths of Qualitative Research
3. Offers several avenues to understand
phenomena, behavior, human conditions and
the like.
4. Can build on, or even develop theories
through consistent themes, categories,
relationships.

Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. Total immersion in the natural setting of the
research can be time-consuming, tedious
and resource-draining.
2. The personal-self and the researcher-self are
inseparable, so, subjectivity, on the part of
the researcher, can happen.

TOPIC
Feasible
Relevant
Clear
77
Ethical

1. A research problem must be relevant.
Contribute to knowledge and development, problem should be worth
investigating and worth the time, money and effort to be spent on it.
2. A research problem must be feasible.
Adequate technical expertise skills, equipment, experience
Adequate number of respondents/participants
Affordable time and money
Manageable in scope
Characteristics of a Good Research Problem

3. A research problem must be clear.
It should be specific, clear and unambiguous. Deals with a limited aspect
of a certain phenomenon.
4. A research problem must be ethical.
The conduct of study should not pose any danger, embarrassment, hurt or
any risk to research respondents/participants or anyone.

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS
1. Pressing issues on an individual, organizational
or societal level or success stories
2. Wide reading/critical film viewing (books,
journals, magazines, newspapers, monographs,
films, videos and documentaries)
3. Social networking

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS
4. Replication (theses and dissertations)
5. Lectures, Talks, Seminars
6. Gray Areas (these are points of interest but very
little is known about them)
Ex: Is female circumcision still practiced among
specific groups of people?
Synthesis: Your interest will bring you to wider reading,
pursuit of relevant materials like pictures, videos and the
like, and equally important, to people who have knowledge
of interest in your topic.

WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE
Title: Original, Clear, Concise &
Specific

3 Basic tips on writing a good research
paper title
1] Keep it simple, brief and attractive: The primary
function of a title is to provide a precise summary
of the paper’s content. So keep the title brief and
clear.
2] Use appropriate descriptive words: A good
research paper title should contain key words used
in the manuscript and should define the nature of
the study.

3 Basic tips on writing a good research
paper title
3] Avoid abbreviations and jargon. Lesser-known or
specific abbreviations and jargon that would not be
immediately familiar to the readers should be left
out.

Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in
40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan reports improved
cognitive function
Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in
40 dementia patients
(Length of finalized title: 13 words)
Subtitle title
X therapy improves cognitive function in 40 dementia patients: A
randomized trial
(Title length: 12 words)

Broad and Specific Topics
Broad: Low Self-Esteem
Specific: Low Self-Esteem in Adolescents: Root
Causes, Manifestations and Intervention
Broad: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Specific: HIV: Causes, Prevention, Treatment and
Care

Broad and Specific Topics
Broad: Pre-Service Teachers
Specific: Pre-Service Teachers: Experiences,
Achievements and Challenges
Broad: Smoking
Specific: Health Hazards of Direct and Indirect
Smoking: Prevention and Cure

Stating Research Questions
Specific: Low Self-Esteem in Adolescents: Root
Causes, Manifestations and Intervention
Research Questions:
1. What are the root causes of low self-esteem in
adolescents?
2. What kind of behavior do adolescents with low
self-esteem manifest?
3. What intervention program could be proposed
to boost the self-esteem of adolescents?

Specific: Experiences of Filipino Fathers and
Mothers on Natural Disaster
Research Questions:
1. What reactions do Filipino fathers and mothers
experience during and after a natural disaster?
2. How do they cope with the experience of a
natural disaster?
3. How do the experiences of Filipino fathers and
mothers differ in terms of coping and reaction?

Specific: Impoverished School Children in Tarlac
City: A Case Study
Research Questions:
1. How are the impoverished school children analyzed in the
following conditions:
1.1 Social
1.2 Economics
1.3 Health and Nutrition
2. What are the difficulties and concerns of these school children
in attending school?
3. What assistance program could be proposed to help in the

Case Study Design. Is a problem solving technique that the study is
described from the past, present and future. Is an intensive
investigation to a problem or an issue faced by a particular individual or
group of individuals.
Examples: Single Mothers of Tarlac Province
Victims of Domestic Violence in the Municipality
of Concepcion, Tarlac

Phenomenological research. The goal of phenomenological
research is to describe participants’ experiences in a specific
context and understand a phenomenon.
• examines uniqueness of individual's lived situations, each
person has own reality; reality is subjective
Examples:
A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of
Caregivers
Pagpapatawad at Pagpapalaya: A Phenomenological Study

Ethnographic Research. Is an inquiry process guided by experience
in the research setting. Ethnography as a branch of anthropology
dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures.
Examples: Marriage Practices of Aeta Groups
Beliefs and Practices Among Farmers in Tarlac
Province
The mainstay of early culture anthropologists, ethnography is an in-depth
description of a people group done through “immersed” participant
observation and recorded in the vernacular of the host society.

Historical Research. Is a systematic process of searching for the
facts and then using the information to describe, analyze and
interpret the past.
Example: Historical Development of Tarlac Cathedral

Difference Between Case Study and Phenomenology
Case Study: A case
study can be defined
as a research
method that is used
to investigate an
individual, a group of
people or an event.
Phenomenology: Ph
enomenology is a
research
methodology as well
as a philosophy that
explores the lived
experiences of
people as well as the
structures of
meaning.

Case Study: In a case
study, the attention
is paid to the
individual, a group or
an event.
Phenomenology: In
Phenomenology, the
attention is paid to
the lived
experiences of
individuals.
Focus

Case Study: A case
study is a research
method used in a
number of
disciplines.
Phenomenology: Ph
enomenology is a
philosophy as well
as a methodology
used mainly in the
social sciences.
Nature

Case Study: A case
study produces rich,
qualitative data.
Phenomenology: Ph
enomenology
produces qualitative
data that mainly
explore the
subjective meanings
that people produce
and sustain.
Type of Data

Case Study: Data
collection methods
include observations,
interviews,
questionnaires, etc.
Phenomenology: Int
erviews are the
main method of
data collection.
Data Collection

Case Study: Data
collection methods
include observation,
interview,
questionnaire,
analysis of recorded
data, etc.
Phenomenology: Int
erview is the main
method of data
collection (long and
intensive).
Data Collection

Case Study: The
information obtained
from a case study
cannot be used to
make
generalizations.
Phenomenology: Inf
ormation relies
heavily on the
interviewing skills of
the researcher and
the articulate skills
of the participants.
Limitations

Case Study:
Children with
Autism: A Case Study
Phenomenology:
Caregivers’ Journey
with Autistic
Children: A
Phenomenological
Study
Example

OPEN FORUM
WORKSHOP
CRITIQUING OF OUTPUTS

RESEARCH DESIGNS
(QUANTITATIVE APPROACH)
Descriptive Design- the study focuses at the present condition. It is
valuable in providing facts on which scientific judgments may be
based.
Types of Descriptive Design
1. Descriptive- Survey. This is appropriate wherever the object of any class
vary among themselves.
Example: Problems Met by Senior High School
Students in Tarlac Province

2. Descriptive-Evaluative. This is to appraise carefully the
worthiness of the current study.
Example: Evaluation on the Implementation of Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) in Tarlac City
3. Descriptive-Comparative. It is a comparative survey where the
researcher considers at least two entities
Example: A Comparative Analysis on the Implementation of
Kindergarten Curriculum Between Private and Public
Schools in Tarlac Province

4. Correlational Study. This is designed to determine the
relationship of two variables.
Example: A Correlation Between Personality Traits and
Learning Styles Among Senior High School Students of
Capas, Tarlac

Experimental Design- a problem-solving approach that the study is
described in the future on what will be when certain variables are
carefully controlled or manipulated.
Types of Experimental Design
1. Single-Group Design. It involves a single treatment with two or
more levels.
Example: Teaching Mathematics in Three
Methods

2. Two-Group Design. Two comparable groups are employed as
experimental and control groups.
Example: Effectiveness of Teaching Science Using the Traditional and
Modern Approaches
Experimental Group- Modern (CAI)
Control Group- Traditional (Chalkboard)
Example: Growth Rate of Tilapia Cultured in Fish Cage with and without
supplemental feeds
Experimental- with supplemental feeds
Control- without supplemental feeds

3. Two-Pair Group Design. Is an elaboration of the two –group
design wherein there are two experimental groups and two control
groups.
Example: Teaching Reading Using Two Traditional Approaches
(Control) and Two Modern Approaches (Experimental)

Thinking is a multifaceted process,
not a singular one.

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