Future directions of project cargo via air Various technologies that may be used Conventional and unconventional air craft types

1. The Future of
Project Cargo by Air

2. 2011 Revenue tonne-kilometer (RTK)
12,000
10,500 billion RTK
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
202 billon RTK
0.5 billion RTK
which is
0.25% of Air Cargo RTK
Air Cargo
Ruslan Charters
0
Maritime
2

3. Aircraft
3

4. Project Cargo market size does not justify completely new aircraft designs.
So project cargo aircraft come from two sources:
1. Existing or modified commercial aircraft, e.g. B747
2. Existing or modified military freighter aircraft, e.g. An-124
4

5. Boeing, USA
B747-8F
B747 Dreamlifter
Payload 140T, Cabin 48.6 x 6.1 x 3.0m
Nose Door 2.6 x 2.5m Side Door 3.4 x 3.0m
Payload 113.4T, Cabin 1,840 CBM
The B747-8F is the latest B747 freighter variant which
follows the successful B747-200F and B747-400F.
Primarily used for general cargo, but also regularly
carries project cargo.
Produced by large modifications to B747-400 airframes.
4 produced. Entered service in 2007. Used by Boeing to
transport major assemblies of the B787.
It will operate beyond 2025
The B747-8F entered service in 2011. It will operate
beyond 2030
5

6. Airbus, France
A300-600F Payload 55T, Cabin 33 x 5.3 x 2.5m
Side Door 3.6 x 2.5m
A300-600ST Beluga
Payload 47T, Cabin 37.7 x 7.1 x 7.1m 1,400 CBM
Based on modifications to the A300-600, 5 have
been produced. Entered service in 1995. Primary
task is to carry Airbus components, but also offered
for charter flights.
A330-200F Payload 65T, Cabin 45 x 5.3 x 2.5m
Side Door 3.6 x 2.5m
6

7. Freighter Aircraft for military use are designed for:
 Short landing distances
 Minimum ground handling equipment, e.g. no high loaders.
A high wing design means cabin floor is closer to ground. Ramp loading.
These traits are co-incidentally ideal for the movement of outsized and heavy
project cargo.
7

8. An124-100
Wing at top of fuselage
allows lower cargo cabin floor
3m (and 0m when “kneeling”)
B747-400F
Wing at bottom of fuselage
means higher main deck floor
5m

9. B747-400F
An124-100
73 m
32.0°
65 m
37.5°
 Longer range at high payload
 Shorter runway at high payload

10. Antonov Company, Ukraine
An-124-100
Payload 120T, Cabin 36.5 x 6.4 x 4.4m
An-225
Payload 250T, Cabin 43 x 6.4 x 4.4 m
An-124 was originally produced in Ukraine and Russia as
a military transporter in 1982. The An-124-100
commercial variant had its first commercial flight in 1989.
The are currently around 26 aircraft flying commercially
today of which 17 are offered by Ruslan International.
The world’s largest aircraft. Produced in Ukraine in
1988 to carry the “Buran” space plane. First
commercial flight in 2001. One airframe offered for
charter world-wide on an ad-hoc basis.. Holds many
world records including flying a 186.7T piece.
Life-extension programme means they can operate
through to around 2027 (oldest) to 2046 (newest).
Upgraded 150T payload version under evaluation.
Life-extension programme means it can operate
through to around 2033.
Production line under consideration for 150T payload
version with increased range.
10

11. Lockheed, USA
McDonnell Douglas / Boeing, USA
C-5B
C-17
Payload 122.5T, Cabin 38.1 x 5.8 x 4.1m
All delivered to U.S Air Force:
1969 to 1973 81 C-5A aircraft delivered.
1986 to 1989 50 C-5B aircraft delivered.
2 C-5C airframes produced with larger cargo cabin.
1998 C-5 AMP (Aviation Modernization Program)
2006 C-5M Super Galaxy (Reliability Enhancement
and Re-engining Program - RERP) planned to
extend its service life beyond 2040.
Currently around 94 C-5 aircraft with U.S. Air Force.
Payload 77.5T, Cabin 20.8 x 5.5 x 3.8 to 4.5m
Operated primarily by U.S. Air Force and air forces in UK,
Australia, Canada, India, Qatar, UAE…
First flew in 1991. Still in production. Design lifetime of 20
years, so will be flying beyond 2033. 230 aircraft had
been produced by 2011.
The MD-17 (later BC-17) was proposed for commercial
use.
Lockheed planned a civil version, the L-500.
11

12. Ilyushin, Russia
Antonov Company, Ukraine
An-12
IL-76TD-90VD Payload 47T, Cabin 18 x 3.4 x 3.2m
Payload 18T Cabin 13.6 x 3.0 x 2.4m
900 built. Produced between 1957 to 1973. Used for
both military and commercial flights.
Offered for charter world-wide. Volga-Dnepr Airlines has 5
modernized IL-76TD-90VD in its fleet. A business plan for
the project requires construction of up to 15 IL-76TD90VD aircraft up to 2020. It will operate beyond 2040.
This variant meets current and projected engine noise
requirements worldwide.
An-178
Payload 18T Cabin 12.9 x 2.8 x 2.8m
Derived from An-158 passenger aircraft. Plans to fly
first airframe in 2014
12

13. New generation of the short takeoff and landing tactical military medium transports
Airbus Military, Spain
Antonov Company, Ukraine
A400M
An-70 Payload 47T, Cabin 19.1 x 4 x 4.1m
Payload 37T, Cabin 17.7 x 4 x 4m
Runway length 770m landing for 20T payload.
First flight 2009. Customers include Belgium,
France, Germany, Luxemburg, Malaysia, Spain,
Turkey and UK...
Runway length 600 to 700m for landing with 20T
payload and 1550m landing for 47T payload
First flight 1994. First two serial production versions
will be delivered to Ukraine Ministry of Defence in
2014.
174 sold. 1 delivered to France in 2013.
13

14. Xi’an Aircraft Industrial Corp, China
Y-20
Payload 66T,
Cabin
Service entry 2017
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Japan
XC-2
Payload 37.6T,
Cabin 16 x 4 x 4m
Lockheed Martin, USA
C-130J-30, Super Hercules
Payload 21.7T,
Cabin 16.8 x 3.1 x 2.7m
Latest version C-130 series
UAC/HAL, Russia/India
IL-214 - MTA
Payload 18.5T
Cabin 13.9 x 3.5 x 3.4m
Shaanxi Aircraft Industrial (Group) Co., China
Y-9
Payload 30T
Cabin 16.2 x 3.2 x 2.4m
Alenia Aermacchi, Italy
C-27J
Payload 11.5T
Cabin 8.6 x 2.5 x 2.6m
Embraer, Brazil
KC-390
Payload 23T,
Cabin 12.7 x 3.4 x 3.0m
Airbus Military, Spain
C-295
Payload 9.7T
Cabin 12.7 x 2.4 x 1.9m
14

15. Beriev Aircraft Company, Russia
Be-2500 Payload 1000T
A super-heavy transport seaplane concept intended for
transoceanic routes. Would operate to major ports. Can fly
using Wing-In-Ground effect (WIG) above the ocean or
aircraft mode.
Would be developed with foreign partners.
15

16. Airships
16

17. l
Payload Increases
with Aircraft Area
20T
20T total
L
20T
2l
80T total
Payload Increases
with Airship Volume
20T total
2L
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
160T total
3L
3l
20T
180T total
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
20T
540T total
17

18. Advanced Technologies Group (ATG)
Airship Cargo Freight Rates - Estimated in 2002
Payload
(Tonne)
20
200
1000
Freight Rates
($ per Tonne-Km)
1.50
0.20
0.06
Comments from Authors of
“The Rebirth of Airships”
“slightly more costly than conventional air freight”
“comparable to marine freight”
ATG’s rate estimates were based upon computer simulations
Source: “The Rebirth of Airships” by Barry E. Prentice, Al Phillips, Richard P. Beilock, and Jim Thomson.
Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, Spring 2005
18

19. BoxWing
Air


Jet
Transports
Propeller
P-3
Transports

747
A3X
C-5
X

C-130

C-121

Hybrid
Aircraft

Cost per ton-mile

Land

Truck

Train

Sea

Merchant
Ship


Theoretical Limit
(per Gabrielli - von Karman)

Maximum Speed
Source: Lockheed Martin
19

20. Fixed Lift Airship
Hybrid Airship
Variable Lift Airship
Airframe Lifted by
Helium Buoyancy
Helium Buoyancy
Helium Buoyancy
Helium Buoyancy
Dynamic lift
Helium Buoyancy
Payload Lifted by
Payload swapped with ballast
during onload & offload
Shape of airship acts as wing.
Must fly forwards.
Helium is compressed to vary
the buoyancy
Hover and
vertical take-off
and landing.
Yes
Generally No
Some models can lift reduced
payloads vertically.
Yes
Ballast needed?
Always
Sometimes
Never
Standard
Smaller than others
Standard
Airship Size
For a given payload
Note: Vectored thrust also contributes to airship lift control (as well as airship position and orientation)
20

21. Fixed Lift Airships
Luftschiffbau Zeppelin GmbH, Germany
CargoLifter AG, Germany
“CL 160” Payload 160T, Cargo Bay 50 x 8 x 8m
“Graf Zeppelin II (LZ130)
“Useful Lift” (equivalent to payload) 58T
Designed as a passenger airship, it flew from 1938 to
1940.
Another airship the “ZRCV” proposed in 1936 would
have had a “useful lift” of 135T
Instrumental in raising the profile and progressing
some technologies for project cargo airships.
However, CL 160 never came to fruition and the
company closed in 2002. Shareholder has since
founded CL CargoLifter GmbH & Co. KG and is
focusing on smaller airships.
21

22. Hybrid Airships
Lockheed Martin, USA
P791
LMZ1M
This technology demonstrator first
flew in 2006
In January 2013, Lockheed Martin posted with FAA proposed hybrid certification
criteria for the LMZ1M
 envelope has 1,285,000 cubic foot displacement
 four thrusters to allow thrust vectoring
 manned cargo lifting hybrid airship
 a gondola accommodating eight passengers and two crewmembers
 and a large cargo bay, and external load capabilities.
Partner, Aviation Capital Enterprise (ACE)
from Canada announced in March 2011
plans for three variants of “SkyTug” ranging
in size from 20 tons (18T) to several
hundred tons.
Source: Defence Industry Daily
20 tons (18T)
SkyTug - 90m long
70 tons (64T)
SkyFreighter
500 tons (454T) SkyLiner
Payload ?T, “a large cargo bay and external load capabilities”
1,285,000 Cubic foot is 36,400 CBM, so approximately 18T payload
Lockheed Martin website states it is working with the commercial market to bring
the first generation commercial Hybrid Airship to the market in 2014, and that it
is planning hybrids up to 500 tons (454T) payload.
22

23. Hybrid Airships
Northrop Grumman, USA
and
LEMV Payload 6.8T (in heavy-lift
configuration)
Hybrid Air Vehicles, UK
Airlander 200 Payload 200T (80T vertically), Cabin 49.4 x 7.5 x 5.0m
Airlander 50 Payload 50T (20T vertically), Cabin 6x 20ft containers
Airlander 20 Payload 20T.
Long Endurance Multi-Intelligence Vehicle
(LEMV). A surveillance airship for U.S.
military. It first flew in 2012. Project is
currently on hold.
The “Airlander” variants above are planned (not yet built / flying). Hybrid Air
Vehicles has asked the U.S. military to return to them the retired LEMV.
Altitude 20,000 ft, 3 weeks flight duration
(when remotely operated) with 1.2T.
Range 2,400 nm (4400km) with 6.8T.
Other designs:
HAV606 Payload 200T Envelope 457,500 CBM Airship 185 x 77 x 47m
HAV366 Payload 50T Envelope 80,000 CBM Airship 109 x 56 x 33m
HAV304 Payload 6.8T Envelope 38,000 CBM Airship 91 x 34 x 26m
23

24. Hybrid Airships
Shanghai Vantage Airship Manufacture Co., Ltd, China
CA-200T
Payload 200T, Cabin 60 x 12 x 8m
CA-60T
Payload 60T, Cabin 30 x 8 x 4m
The “Combined Loading Airships” CA-200T and CA-60T are at the design and development
stage. Intention is to progress these types with international partners.
Ohio Airships, USA
Dynalifter Series
DL-1000
Payload 145T, Cabin 45.7 x 12.2 x 4.6m
DL-800
Payload 45T, Cabin 30.5 x 7.9 x 4.6m
DL-600
Payload 20T, Cabin 24.4 x 6.1 x 4.3m
DL-100 Prototype built in 2013 and is being tested.
24

25. Variable Lift Airships
Worldwide Aeros Corporation, USA
Dragon Dream Payload 0T,
No cargo cabin
A half-scale demonstrator which successfully
passed all Pentagon and NASA tests under the
'Project Pelican' Program.
Dragon Dream’s first flight was very recently, in
September 2013.
However, a set-back occurred after returning the
airship to the hangar when part of the roof fell on
to the airship.
“Aeroscraft” Series
ML-86X
ML-868
ML-866
Payload 454T, Cabin 138.7 x 22.6 x 16.5m
Payload 227T, Cabin 115.8 x 18.6 x 13.7m
Payload 60T, Cabin 67.1 x 12.2 x 9.1m
At the Paris Air Show this year, the CEO stated his goal to
have the first ML-866 in-service in 2016 with a total of 24
ML-866 and ML-868 airships in service by 2021
ML-868 Data:
Range 4,800 nm (8,900 km),
Altitude 12,000 ft, (18,000 ft if pilots wear oxygen masks)
25

26. Variable Lift Airships
Augur - RosAeroSystems, Russia
ATLANT-100 Payload 55T, Cabin 28 x 10 x 6m
ATLANT-30 Payload 15T,
Seeking to develop and fly an ATLANT airship in 2017. Ground test rigs built of the air
pressurization system and thrust vectoring systems
Skylifter , Australia
Skylifter 150T, External payload
Varialift Airships plc, UK
ARH-250 Payload 250T, Cabin 250 x 100 x 20m
ARH-50 Payload 50T, Cabin 100 x 50 x 10m
Skylite Aeronautics, USA
GeoShip Payload 1000T, Cabin 50m x 50m x 10m
KNARR, Denmark
KNARR – Designed to carry wind turbine blades
26

27. Helium
Worldwide Helium Use 2012 by Katie Peek. August 2013 issue of Popular Science
27

28. Helium
Very approximately how long will global helium resource last?
Total Global Resource around 50,000 million CBM
Global Helium Consumption 180 million CBM per year
(Source: US Geological Survey in 2012)
So enough helium for 50,000/180 = 278 years at 2012 consumption rate.
Very approximately how many airships can be produced each year?
Assuming 1 to 5% global helium consumption used for cargo airships

1.8 to 9.0 million CBM of helium per year
Equivalent to:

4 to 20 airships (200T payload) per year
based on 457,500 CBM envelope size of HAV606 hybrid airship
OR

23 to 112 airships (50T payload) per year
based on 80,000 CBM envelope size of HAV366 hybrid airship
28

29. Aircraft
Airships
Technology
Proven technology
Still under development.
Unproven in military
environment and
commercial markets.
Helium
Does not restrict
production rate of aircraft.
No effect on repairs.
Does restrict production
rate of airships.
Might delay repairs.
Commercial role.
Carrying max payload
Smaller, Faster (4x faster),
Higher altitude.
Faster positioning
Faster loaded flights.
Airport to airport.
Fewer weather delays.
Higher $ per tonne-km
Larger, Slower,
Lower altitude.
Slower positioning
Slower loaded flights.
Door to door (or nearly).
More weather delays.
Lower $ per tonne-km
Military role.
Carrying max payload
Smaller, Faster,
Higher altitude
Less likely to be hit, but
can tolerate fewer hits
Larger, Slower,
Lower altitude
More likely to be hit, but
can tolerate more hits.
One DoD study suggested option of using airships to carry cargo close to hostile area and
aircraft to carry cargo last leg into hostile area (dependent on threat level).
29

30. Thank you
30